Experience shows that the noise and sound quality in vehicles are often a recurring criticism. The bodies of modern vehicles consist predominantly of thin sheets of metal. It is hard to prevent the excitation of bending vibrations and the subsequent emission of disturbing noise while driving. The noise spectrum in a car that can be heard by the driver is from ”latent roar” to ”chattering” noise of the body and engine. In automotive vehicles damped materials, especially plastics or materials made from sheet metal and surface damping treatments, are used. Those have high internal energy losses and damp sound oscillatory systems found in the body or interior of cars. A further advantage of such treated components is that they are applied to existing components working over wide temperature and frequency ranges. Many companies provide such ”sound-absorbing compounds”. The requirements for these damping materials are high temperature-resistance, water repellence, fuel and oil-resistance and good adhesion to the base material [17]. The acoustic properties, especially the damping of the plate vibrations through rubber are of interest. the question arises how can the damping coeficient of coated metal sheets can be measured and secondly, by how much the road noise is reduced when built-in sheets are coated with a known damped material. With the Oberst Bar Test Method (named after Dr. H. Oberst) the properties are determined of the internal damping materials that can be used to simulate mechanical constructions to determine damping of larger surfaces. This method describes a laboratory test procedure for measuring the mechanical properties of damped materials. A block diagram of the test system consisting of a damped material bonded to a vibrating cantilever steel bar is shown in figure 2.1. This method is useful for testing materials such as metals, enamels, ceramics, rubbers, plastics, reinforced epoxy matrices and wood. In addition to damping measurement, the test allows for the determination of the Young’s modulus E of the material. E is calculated from the resonance frequency of a given mode and from the physical constants of the bar. By associating the damping factor with the Young’s modulus, a complex quantity is defined which is called the Complex Modulus of Elasticity. Measurements of dynamic mechanical properties are also useful in the research on the molecular structure of materials.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole body vibration training on selected health and fitness parameters, including: blood glucose levels, blood pressure, anthropometric profile, muscular flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance of persons with diabetes mellitus type II. The study was conducted in a descriptive, explorative manner utilizing a quasiexperimental design with an equistatic approach, employing match-pair design to participant grouping. The experimental design was a non-randomized two-group pre- and post-test design, in which approximately 16 male and female participants, who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling with diabetes mellitus type II, completed the study. Pre- and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit. The whole body vibration training (experimental) group, trained three times a week for a period of ten weeks, performing exercises on the vibration platform with progressive increments in the intensity, duration, and number of the exercises. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. The dependant variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ANOVA was done to determine pre- and post-test differences for both the experimental and control groups for all the variables. Post-Hoc analysis was done to determine and compare differences which may have existed between the experimental and control groups, with practical significance being determined by Cohen’s D analysis. The analysis of the results revealed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance.

Accurate predictions of ground-borne vibration levels in the vicinity of an underground railway are greatly sought after in modern urban centers. Yet the complexity involved in simulating the underground environment means that it is necessary to make simplifying assumptions about this system. One such commonly made assumption is to ignore the effects of nearby embedded structures such as piled foundations and neighbouring tunnels. Through the formulation of computationally efficient mathematical models, this dissertation examines the dynamic behaviour of these two particular types of structures. The effect of the dynamic behaviour of these structures on the ground-borne vibration generated by an underground railway is considered. The modelling of piled foundations begins with consideration of a single pile embedded in a linear, viscoelastic halfspace. Two approaches are pursued: the modification of an existing plane-strain pile model; and the development of a fully three-dimensional model formulated in the wavenumber domain. Methods for adapting models of infinite structures to simulate finite systems using mirror-imaging techniques are described. The interaction between two neighbouring piles is considered using the method of joining subsystems, and these results are extended to formulate models for pile groups. The mathematical model is validated against existing numerical solutions and is found to be both accurate and efficient. A building model and a model for the pile cap are developed, and are attached to the piled foundation. A case study is used to illustrate a procedure for assessing the vibration performance of pile groups subject to vibration generated by an underground railway. The two-tunnel model uses the superposition of displacement fields to produce a fully coupled model of two infinitely long tunnels embedded in a homogeneous, viscoelastic fullspace. The significance of the interactions occurring between the two tunnels is quantified by calculating the insertion gains that result from the existence of a second tunnel. The results show that a high degree of inaccuracy exists in any underground-railway vibration prediction model that includes only one of the two tunnels present.

This thesis includes studies of developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering with broad frequency response range and high spatial resolution. Distributed vibration sensor based on all-polarization-maintaining configurations of the phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is developed to achieve high frequency response and spatial resolution. Signal fading and noise induced by polarization change can be mitigated via polarization-maintaining components. Pencil-break event is tested as a vibration source and the layout of the sensing fiber part is designed for real applications. The spatial resolution is 1m and the maximum distance between sensing fiber and vibration event is 18cm. Wavelet denoising method is introduced to improve the performance of the distributed vibration sensor based on phase-sensitive OTDR in standard single-mode fiber. Noise can be reduced more effectively by thresholding the wavelet coefficient. Sub-meter spatial resolution is obtained with a detectable frequency up to 8 kHz. A new distributed vibration sensor based on time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme is also studied. A special probe waveform including a narrow pules and a quasi-continuous wave can combine the conventional phase-sensitive OTDR system and polarization diversity scheme together in one single-mode fiber without crosstalk. Position and frequency of the vibration can be determined by these two detection systems consecutively in different time slots. Vibration event up to 0.6 MHz is detected with 1m spatial resolution along a 680m single-mode sensing fiber. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is investigated to study the non-stationary vibration events measured by our phase OTDR system. The CWT approach can access both frequency and time information of the vibration event simultaneously. Distributed vibration measurements of 500Hz and 500Hz to 1 kHz sweep events over 20 cm fiber length are demonstrated using a single-mode fiber. Optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) for vibration sensing is proposed for the first time. The local Rayleigh backscatter spectrum shift in time sequence could be used to determine dynamic strain information at a specific position of the vibrated state with respect to that of the non-vibrated state. Measurable frequency range of 0-32 Hz with the spatial resolution of 10 cm is demonstrated along a 17 m fiber.

Rolling element bearings are one of the most significant elements and frequently-used components in mechanical systems. Bearing fault detection and diagnosis is important for preventing productivity loss and averting catastrophic failures of mechanical systems. In industrial applications, bearing life is often difficult to predict due to different application conditions, load and speed variations, as well as maintenance practices. Therefore, reliable fault detection is necessary to ensure productive and safe operations. Vibration analysis is the most widely used method for detection and diagnosis of bearing malfunctions. A measured vibration signal from a sensor is often contaminated by noise and vibration interference components. Over the years, many methods have been developed to reveal fault signatures, and remove noise and vibration interference components. Though many vibration based methods have been proposed in the literature, the high frequency resonance (HFR) technique is one of a very few methods have received certain industrial acceptance. However, the effectiveness of the HFR methods depends, to a great extent, on some parameters such as bandwidth and centre frequency of the fault excited resonance, and window length. Proper selection these parameters is often a knowledge-demanding and time-consuming process. In particular, the filter designed based on the improperly selected bandwidth and center frequency of the fault excited resonance can filter out the true fault information and mislead the detection/diagnosis decisions. In addition, even if these parameters can be selected properly at beginning of each process, they may become invalid in a time-varying environment after a certain period of time. Hence, they may have to be re-calculated and updated, which is again a time-consuming and error-prone process. This undermines the practical significance of the above methods for online monitoring of bearing conditions. To overcome the shortcomings of existing methods, the following four non-parametric and non-filtering methods are proposed: 1. An amplitude demodulation differentiation (ADD) method, 2. A calculus enhanced energy operator (CEEO) method, 3. A higher order analytic energy operator (HO_AEO) approach, and 4. A higher order energy operator fusion (HOEO_F) technique. The proposed methods have been evaluated using both simulated and experimental data.

Nos travaux sont consacrés à la promotion du modèle de percolation phénoménologique en employant des méthodes indépendantes et libres de tout paramètre. Nous avons utilisé à cet effet des codes ab initio existants (PWscf et SIESTA) et développé une méthode semi-empirique pour étudier les propriétés vibrationnelles des alliages AxB1 xC. Les paramètres techniques du code PWscf ont été testés sur les composés binaires ZnSe, ZnTe et BeSe pour lesquels nous avons confronté nos résultats aux données expérimentales et théoriques disponibles. La validation du modèle de percolation a et e effectué sur l alliage Zn(Se,Te) appartenant à la catégorie des semi-conducteurs 1-liaison ! 2-modes. Nous avons confirmé le caractère général du comportement bimodal prévu par le modèle de percolation en montrant son existence pour chacune des liaisons Zn Se et Zn Te. Les propriétés vibrationnelles et structurales de Zn(Se,Te) ont et e calculées à différentes concentrations avec des cellules optimisées à 64 atomes. Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec l expérience. Nous présentons en détail notre méthode semi-empirique de calcul de spectre de phonons, applicable en principe à tous les alliages sans restriction sur la taille des super-cellules. La mise au point a été réalisé sur les alliages (Zn,Be)Se et (In,Ga)As avec des cellules à64 atomes relaxées d une façon ab initio. L application de notre méthode à(In,Ga)As à 50% simulé par une super-cellule à 8.103 atomes relaxée avec un potentiel harmonique met en évidence que l étude des phonons demande des super-cellules qui reflètent fidèlement le désordre d un alliage / Our work is devoted to promoting the percolation model using phenomenological methods which are independent and free from any need of external parameters. We used for this purpose existing ab initio codes (PWscf and SIESTA) and developed a semiempirical method to study the vibrational properties of AxB1 xC alloys. The technical parameters of the PWscf code were tested on ZnSe, BeSe ZnTe binary compounds, for which we have confronted our results with theoretical and experimental data available. The percolation model validation was done on the alloy Zn(Se, Te) belonging to the category of 1-bond ! 2-modes semi-conductors. We have confirmed the general bimodal behavior provided by the percolation model showing its existence for each bond Zn Se and Zn Te. The vibrational and structural properties of Zn(Se, Te) were calculated for different concentration using optimized cells of 64 atoms. The results are in good agreement with experiments. We present in detail our semi empirical method of calculating the spectrum of phonons, in principle applicable to all alloys without restriction on the size of super-cells. The development was carried out on (Zn, Be)Se and (In, Ga)As alloys with cells of up to 64 atoms relaxed from first principles. The application of our method to (In, Ga)As at 50% simulated by a super-cell of 8.103 atoms with a harmonic relaxation potential underlines the fact that the study of phonons in alloys requires the use of supercells which adequately describe the alloy disorder

In this thesis a mathematical model for the combined effects of vortex-induced oscillation and galloping of a square section cylinder in cross flow is examined. The model equations are obtained by simply combining Parkinson and Smith's Quasi-Steady Model for galloping with the Hartlen-Currie model for vortex-induced vibration, which is essentially the same model used by Bouclin in the hydrodynamic case. The semi-empirical model is solved using three popular approximate analytical methods, and the methods of solution are evaluated. The solution of the model is compared with recent experimental data. The methods of solution used are the Method of Van Der Pol, (also called the method of Harmonic Balance), the Method of Multiple Scales, and some results from the Hopf Bifurcation Theory. The Method of Multiple Scales provides the most useful solutions, getting good results even with just the ༠(1) terms, although the next-order terms are necessary for the solution in the resonance regions. The phenomenon of subharmonic resonance, observed in recent experiments, is also observed in the solution of the model equations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The detection of damage in structures through the use of vibrational methods offers particular advantages, which makes it an attractive method to use in specific applications. In this work the advantages and some of the possible applications of vibrational damage detection methods will be discussed. A study of the field of damage detection using vibration techniques is undertaken. Available methods are categorised in general groups according to the underlying principles. The principle, on which each group functions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each, concerning the practical application thereof, is explained. The goal of this work, which entails developing a damage detection method using large amounts of raw data directly and combining some of the most favourable properties of the different groups to detect damage, are set. The new method is developed and compared both numerically as well as experimentally to two methods, chosen from the literature because of similar methodology and their reputation for effective damage detection. The methods will be tested numerically with respect to accuracy, sensitivity and multiple damage detection ability. Finally experimental data is gathered and used to verify the methods damage detection ability. The new method provides a different approach to damage detection, by combining an available vibration detection method with the maximum available amount of data in order to increase the damage detection ability. / Dissertation (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castanhera_IsabeladaCosta_M.pdf: 4815385 bytes, checksum: a3fe6159dcb93e0e05191d8e898977e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Na década de 1970, o fresamento de materiais, sobretudo aços, endurecidos a mais de 45 HRC era desaconselhado, visto que a usinabilidade de aços tende a diminuir com o aumento de dureza. Com investimentos em máquinas-ferramenta e materiais de ferramenta, o fresamento de aços endurecidos tornou-se aconselhável, tanto para formas geométricas mais simples quanto para formas geométricas complexas, pois os centros de usinagem alcançam maiores rotações e eixos de posicionamento e usinagem. Para tanto, toda a estrutura destas máquinas-ferramentas é reforçada. As ferramentas apresentam materiais mais nobres e coberturas mais resistentes e tenazes. O fresamento do tipo high speed machining é utilizado principalmente para a usinagem de moldes e matrizes, tanto para abertura das cavidades, quanto para usinagem em acabamento fino, substituindo, quando possível, o processo de eletroerosão. Para a usinagem de uma superfície curva de aço ferramenta para trabalho a frio AISI D6, as estratégias de trajetória de ferramenta escolhidas podem afetar de modo significativo o acabamento da peça e a vida de ferramenta alcançada, sendo a estratégia descendente, que trabalha com menores diâmetros efetivos de corte, a estratégia que proporcionou as melhores vidas de ferramenta. A inclinação de ferramenta, para que se evite o contato do centro da fresa do tipo ball nose, pode apresentar grande influência no acabamento superficial, com rugosidade baixa ou rugosidade alta, sem garantia de que a simples inclinação da ferramenta apresenta contribuição positiva à rugosidade. A inclinação da ferramenta apresenta contribuição na forma de manifestação da vibração durante o corte. A vibração que resulta em diferentes forças com que cada dente corte o cavaco apresenta a maior influência na rugosidade / Abstract: In 1970 decade, milling harder than 45 HRC steels was inadvisable because of the low machinability. The investments in machining centers enabled the hardened steels milling for simple geometries or complex geometries workpieces, because the spindle speed and the extra axis for positioning and machining. The machine structure is enhanced. Tool materials are advanced, sub micrometric grain size cemented carbide and resistant tool coating. High speed machining is utilized principally in molds and dies machining for cavities opening or super finishing, reducing production time, costs reduction and EDM process substitution. In a tool steel AISI D6 hardened at 60 HRC curve surface milling, the chosen tool path strategy may affect surface finish and tool life. Downward cut, which works in lower effective diameters than upward cut, improved tool life. Tool inclination, utilized to avoid tool center in cut of tool type ball nose, may influence significantly the surface finish. Tool vibration influences surface finish because of tool bend, which promotes different cut force for each tool tooth. Tool inclination does not guarantee a good surface finish or a good vibration behavior. Tool inclination might change the manner the vibration presents itself. The vibration responsible by different cut forces in each tooth is the most influential vibration in roughness in presented cut / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Michael John Brennan / Banca: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Aldemir Aparecido Cavalini Junior / Resumo: Os sistemas produtivos modernos requerem, cada vez mais, confiabilidade e bom desempenho de seus equipamentos que, ao apresentarem níveis de vibração elevados, tendem a se deteriorar precocemente e produzir variações no processo produtivo, comprometendo assim sua utilização. Dado o interesse em mitigar os efeitos da vibração, nos últimos anos o estudo de sistemas que sejam capazes de controlar os deslocamentos e as forças dinâmicas geradas por equipamentos vem ganhando espaço considerável na engenharia. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de uma técnica de controle semiativo que emprega a alteração das propriedades dinâmicas através da modificação da rigidez do sistema, para produzir o efeito de atenuação de vibrações. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliação do efeito de alteração da rigidez do sistema através de análise adimensional dinâmica do sistema e, além disso, foram também equacionados analiticamente todos os parâmetros envolvidos no controle das propriedades do sistema. Foi desenvolvido o projeto teórico de um dispositivo capaz de realizar a modificação da rigidez de um sistema mecânico, sendo este simulado em condições de aplicação na atenuação de vibrações de um equipamento que atravessa sua frequência natural. Os resultados demonstram que o dispositivo tem aplicação bastante efetiva para pequenas estruturas e que o conceito pode ser estendido para experimentos com sistemas reais / Abstract: Modern production systems increasingly require good reliability and performance of their machines and equipment. Those which have high vibration levels tend to deteriorate sooner and to produce poor production processes, which means that the maximum availability cannot be exploited. In recent years, due to the desire to mitigate the effects of vibration, systems which are capable of controlling the dynamic displacements and forces generated by equipment, have been studied. The work in this dissertation presents a study of a semi-active control technique which changes the dynamic properties of a machine, through the modification of the system stiffness, to produce the effect of vibration reduction. A methodology is developed to evaluate the effect of the system stiffness alteration through dynamic analysis. A potential implementation of a design capable of modifying the stiffness of a mechanical system is presented, and simulations are carried out into its performance as a machine passes through its natural frequency. The results show that the design works in principle and has the potential to work in a real experimental system / Mestre