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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The pleiotropic effects of a TolC mutation in Vibrio furnissii

Tape, Hannah Louise Upton January 2012 (has links)
The ability of bacteria to successfully adapt to changing environments allows for increased resistance to antibiotics, an increasing problem in drug development. Efflux via the cellular membrane is one of the major and most significant mechanisms bacteria employ for defense against antimicrobials. The outer membrane protein, TolC, is a nonspecific channel with broad substrate specificity and is a fundamental constituent of a number of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux systems. TolC, which interacts with membrane bound antiporters to export various substrates, including antimicrobials, has been a focus for antibiotic development. The capacity to expel a wide range of compounds such as toxins, bile, dyes and detergents, further establishes the significance of these systems in aiding bacterial survival. Continued investigation and discovery of compounds secreted via TolC is required to fully understand the role of efflux systems. In addition to exporting compounds out of cells, TolC has been researched in connection with a number of metabolic processes including virulence, motility and quorum sensing. This work contributes to knowledge of interactions between these pathways by analysing phenotypic changes and alterations in gene expression in the tolC- mutant within Vibrio furnissii. Vibrio species are strongly associated with a number of reported phenotypic changes induced by mutations in tolC, particularly virulence and quorum sensing; the emerging pathogen V. furnissii is therefore a model organism for this study. Notably, this bacterium has become significant within the bio-fuel industry due to reports that it is able to synthesise large quantities of hydrocarbons. The potential for bacteria to produce hydrocarbons and fatty acids suitable for use in bio-fuels has considerable industrial applications. This work establishes the quantities of hydrocarbons and lipids present in V. furnissii and examines the role of TolC in the secretion of these compounds. Resistance nodulation division efflux pumps are a class of MDR systems that have been identified as targets for antimicrobial drug development. Understanding the consequence of disrupting the integral outer membrane component TolC, is therefore of significant interest. This work examines the connection between pathways disrupted within tolC- mutants, showing that quorum sensing gene regulation is altered within the mutant and subsequently, expression of the virulence factor AphB is increased. Reduced motility is also observed in the tolC- mutant, a phenotype that appears to result from disruption of the membrane and mis-assembled flagella. Investigation into cellular stress, recently reported to occur within tolC- mutants, was performed by comparing the capability of wild type and mutant cells to metabolise selenite, and cope with the subsequent increase in superoxides generated. Results show that tolC- mutants employ mechanisms which cope with the inevitable intracellular build up of substrates, particularly those that may be toxic to the cell.
2

Detecção molecular e resistência a antimicrobianos no grupo V. fluvialis - V. furnissii / Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance in group V. fluvialis - V. furnissii

Mayer, Cintia Carolina da Silva 19 October 2010 (has links)
Introdução - Vibrio fluvialis é um microorganismo que provoca a gastroenterite muito semelhante à cólera, mas também há relatos de casos extra-intestinais como sepse, ferida, peritonite e celulite hemorrágica e encefalite. Acredita-se que a infecção por esse microorganismo esteja vinculada ao consumo de peixes crus ou mal cozidos contaminados e / ou frutos do mar. A identificação dessa bactéria por métodos fenotípicos continua a ser um problema devido à sua grande semelhança com Aeromonas hydrophila e V.furnissii; por isso, a utilização de uma ferramenta de diferenciação entre essas espécies é importante. Nas últimas décadas, o aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos tem sido um fator preocupante, porque ela interfere na escolha dos medicamentos para o tratamento eficaz e há uma necessidade de rápida produção de novos antibióticos. Ambientes costeiros e estuários estão em perigo de serem contaminados por esgoto, que pode conter drogas que agem de forma seletiva, permitindo o desenvolvimento de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Vários estudos demonstraram que estirpes clínicas de V. fluvialis são resistentes a múltiplas drogas. Objetivos - Desenvolver um marcador molecular baseado no 16S rDNA capaz de detectar o grupo V. fluvialis-V. furnissii, e avaliar a susceptibilidade a antibióticos destas espécies, principalmente a partir de amostras ambientais. Métodos - Após a elaboração dos iniciadores a partir do alinhamento das espécies do gênero Vibrio, foram utilizadas cepas identificadas fenotipicamente como V. fluvialis e de V. furnissii para a sua detecção molecular. O perfil de susceptibilidade a antibióticos pelo método da disco-difusão foi realizada, assim como a investigação molecular da presença do elemento SXT e de seus genes de resistência a antimicrobianos. Resultados: Com a utilização dos iniciadores desenvolvidos foi possível confirmar corretamente as espécies. Observou-se alta porcentagem de resistência a ampicilina e cefalotina, sendo que 65,9por centode V. fluviais e 43,24por centode V. furnissi apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois dos antibióticos utilizados. Somente em uma cepa de V. fluvialis detectou-se a presença de SXT e houve uma banda desconhecida de alto peso molecular quando da pesquisa do gene sulII. Conclusões: O método molecular mostrou ser um importante instrumento para se detectar espécies altamente relacionadas. Foram detectadas cepas resistentes a múltiplos antibióticos, indicando que o meio ambiente é um provável reservatório de genes de resistência; porém necessita-se de futuras investigações moleculares para se determinar o papel destes e sua possível associação com elementos genéticos. A detecção do elemento SXT sem a presença dos seus genes de resistência conhecidos atualmente reforça a idéia da extensão de seu papel adaptativo, além de ser o primeiro relato de sua existência na América do Sul / Introduction - Vibrio fluvialis is a microorganism that causes gastroenteritis very similar to cholera, however there are also reports of extraintestinal cases as sepse, skin wounds, peritonitis and hemorrhagic cellulitis and cerebritis. It is believed that infection by this organism is linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated fish and / or seafood. Identification of this bacteria by phenotypic methods remains a problem due to its great similarity with Aeromonas hydrophila and V.furnissii, therefore the use of a tool to differentiate these species is important. In recent decades, increasing antimicrobial resistance has been a concerning factor because it interferes in the choice of drugs for effective treatment and there is a need for rapid production of new antibiotics. Coastal and estuarine environments are in danger of being contaminated by sewage, which may contain drugs that will act selectively, allowing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Several studies have demonstrated that clinical strains of V. fluvialis are resistant to multiple drugs. Objectives - To develop a 16S rDNA - molecular marker able to detect the group V. fluvialis-V.furnissii, and to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of this species mainly from environmental samples. Methods - After the development of primers from alignment of the genus Vibrio strains phenotypically identified as V. fluvialis and V. furnissii were used for their molecular identification. The profile of antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disk diffusion method, and the molecular investigation of the presence of the SXT element and their antimicrobial resistance genes. Results - The primers developed were able to confirm correctly the species. A high percentage of resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin was observed, V. fluvialis and V. furnissii showed resistance to at least two of the antibiotics used, 65.9 per cent and 43.24 per cent respectively. Only in one strain of V. fluvialis we detected presence of SXT and there was an unknown band of high molecular weight when we investigated gene sulII. Conclusions - Molecular identification has proved to be an important tool for differentiating highly related species. Strains resistant to multiple antibiotics were detected, indicating that the environment is likely a reservoir for resistance genes, but it is needed further molecular investigations to determine their role and their possible association with genetic elements. Detection of the SXT element without the presence of its known resistance genes reinforces the idea of the extent of its adaptive role, and this is the first report of its existence in South America
3

Detecção molecular e resistência a antimicrobianos no grupo V. fluvialis - V. furnissii / Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance in group V. fluvialis - V. furnissii

Cintia Carolina da Silva Mayer 19 October 2010 (has links)
Introdução - Vibrio fluvialis é um microorganismo que provoca a gastroenterite muito semelhante à cólera, mas também há relatos de casos extra-intestinais como sepse, ferida, peritonite e celulite hemorrágica e encefalite. Acredita-se que a infecção por esse microorganismo esteja vinculada ao consumo de peixes crus ou mal cozidos contaminados e / ou frutos do mar. A identificação dessa bactéria por métodos fenotípicos continua a ser um problema devido à sua grande semelhança com Aeromonas hydrophila e V.furnissii; por isso, a utilização de uma ferramenta de diferenciação entre essas espécies é importante. Nas últimas décadas, o aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos tem sido um fator preocupante, porque ela interfere na escolha dos medicamentos para o tratamento eficaz e há uma necessidade de rápida produção de novos antibióticos. Ambientes costeiros e estuários estão em perigo de serem contaminados por esgoto, que pode conter drogas que agem de forma seletiva, permitindo o desenvolvimento de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Vários estudos demonstraram que estirpes clínicas de V. fluvialis são resistentes a múltiplas drogas. Objetivos - Desenvolver um marcador molecular baseado no 16S rDNA capaz de detectar o grupo V. fluvialis-V. furnissii, e avaliar a susceptibilidade a antibióticos destas espécies, principalmente a partir de amostras ambientais. Métodos - Após a elaboração dos iniciadores a partir do alinhamento das espécies do gênero Vibrio, foram utilizadas cepas identificadas fenotipicamente como V. fluvialis e de V. furnissii para a sua detecção molecular. O perfil de susceptibilidade a antibióticos pelo método da disco-difusão foi realizada, assim como a investigação molecular da presença do elemento SXT e de seus genes de resistência a antimicrobianos. Resultados: Com a utilização dos iniciadores desenvolvidos foi possível confirmar corretamente as espécies. Observou-se alta porcentagem de resistência a ampicilina e cefalotina, sendo que 65,9por centode V. fluviais e 43,24por centode V. furnissi apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois dos antibióticos utilizados. Somente em uma cepa de V. fluvialis detectou-se a presença de SXT e houve uma banda desconhecida de alto peso molecular quando da pesquisa do gene sulII. Conclusões: O método molecular mostrou ser um importante instrumento para se detectar espécies altamente relacionadas. Foram detectadas cepas resistentes a múltiplos antibióticos, indicando que o meio ambiente é um provável reservatório de genes de resistência; porém necessita-se de futuras investigações moleculares para se determinar o papel destes e sua possível associação com elementos genéticos. A detecção do elemento SXT sem a presença dos seus genes de resistência conhecidos atualmente reforça a idéia da extensão de seu papel adaptativo, além de ser o primeiro relato de sua existência na América do Sul / Introduction - Vibrio fluvialis is a microorganism that causes gastroenteritis very similar to cholera, however there are also reports of extraintestinal cases as sepse, skin wounds, peritonitis and hemorrhagic cellulitis and cerebritis. It is believed that infection by this organism is linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated fish and / or seafood. Identification of this bacteria by phenotypic methods remains a problem due to its great similarity with Aeromonas hydrophila and V.furnissii, therefore the use of a tool to differentiate these species is important. In recent decades, increasing antimicrobial resistance has been a concerning factor because it interferes in the choice of drugs for effective treatment and there is a need for rapid production of new antibiotics. Coastal and estuarine environments are in danger of being contaminated by sewage, which may contain drugs that will act selectively, allowing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Several studies have demonstrated that clinical strains of V. fluvialis are resistant to multiple drugs. Objectives - To develop a 16S rDNA - molecular marker able to detect the group V. fluvialis-V.furnissii, and to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of this species mainly from environmental samples. Methods - After the development of primers from alignment of the genus Vibrio strains phenotypically identified as V. fluvialis and V. furnissii were used for their molecular identification. The profile of antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disk diffusion method, and the molecular investigation of the presence of the SXT element and their antimicrobial resistance genes. Results - The primers developed were able to confirm correctly the species. A high percentage of resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin was observed, V. fluvialis and V. furnissii showed resistance to at least two of the antibiotics used, 65.9 per cent and 43.24 per cent respectively. Only in one strain of V. fluvialis we detected presence of SXT and there was an unknown band of high molecular weight when we investigated gene sulII. Conclusions - Molecular identification has proved to be an important tool for differentiating highly related species. Strains resistant to multiple antibiotics were detected, indicating that the environment is likely a reservoir for resistance genes, but it is needed further molecular investigations to determine their role and their possible association with genetic elements. Detection of the SXT element without the presence of its known resistance genes reinforces the idea of the extent of its adaptive role, and this is the first report of its existence in South America

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