Ce travail répond à la question de l’identification de l'équation du mouvement à partir des mesures expérimentales. Les structures considérées ont soit une soit deux dimensions. La méthode présentée utilise les méthodes inverses locales qui se basent sur les mesures du champs vibratoire stationnaire. Ces méthodes sont indépendantes des conditions aux limites qui sont inconnues pour l'observateur. Deux méthodes de sélection des modèles sont utilisées pour choisir l'équation du mouvement la plus adaptée parmi un ensemble des modèles a priori. La méthode est appliquée a des nombreux cas expérimentaux. Trois problématiques sont traités: identification de la force axiale dans les poutres et membranes, identification de l'orthotropie de la plaque et identification d'un panel sandwich épais. / This works deals with a question of identification of the equation of motion based on experimental measurements. The considered structures are either one or two-dimensional plane structures. The developed methodology employs local inverse methods based on local steady-state vibration field and it is therefore independent of boundary conditions. Two different model selection techniques are used to select the most adapted equation of motion from a set of apriori candidate models. The method is applied to various experimental case studies as identification of axial force in beams and membranes, identification of plate orthotropy and identification of thick sandwich panel model.

A interação entre as ondas vibratórias geradas pela resposta estrutural de uma placa e os modos acústicos de uma cavidade, que é uma das principais fontes de ruído no interior de cabines de automóveis, é estudada empregando técnicas computacionais e experimentais. Para investigar este fenômeno foi construído um protótipo que consiste de uma cavidade feita de acrílico que simula o interior de um veículo. O teto deste modelo pode ser substituído por uma placa de alumínio flexível, para que se possa gerar efeitos de acoplamento entre o campo acústico e a resposta estrutural. Inicialmente, foi feito um estudo analítico do modelo, empregando-se técnicas de elementos finitos com o objetivo de extrair as freqüências naturais e modos vibroacústicos em uma faixa de freqüência abaixo de 300 Hz, em dois casos diferentes: com e sem a presença de assentos dentro da cavidade. Depois disso, o modelo foi submetido a vários testes experimentais, para se obterem as funções de resposta em freqüência, as freqüências naturais vibroacústicas e os modos acústicos e estruturais, usando excitação acústica e estrutural e empregando métodos padrões de análise modal. Para fins de comparação, as FRF\'s vibroacústicas foram obtidas de duas maneiras diferentes: com excitação estrutural e resposta acústica e com excitação acústica e resposta estrutural. As freqüências naturais e os modos vibroacústicos foram medidos usando excitação acústica e estrutural. Neste caso, é mostrada a importância do controle da força excitadora. Alguns parâmetros experimentais foram variados, tais como posicionamento das excitações acústica e estrutural e o tipo de suspensão. Finalmente, é apresentada uma compilação das diferentes técnicas para a extração dos parâmetros modais vibroacústicos, propondo novas metodologias para a medição dos modos acústicos e estruturais em freqüências abaixo de 70 Hz, controlando a força excitadora e utilizando métodos de ajuste de curvas. É mostrado que o uso de excitação acústica e estrutural merece alguns cuidados, visto que a aplicação dos métodos traz restrições de acordo com a faixa de freqüência e a escolha da melhor forma de extração dos modos vibroacústicos depende da freqüência estudada. / The interaction between the vibration waves generated by the structural response of a plate and the acoustic modes of a cavity, which is one of the main noise sources in automobile passenger cabin, is addressed employing both computational and experimental techniques. In order to investigate this phenomenon a prototype which consists of a cavity made of acrylic that resembles a vehicle interior was built. The roof of this model can be replaced by a flexible aluminum plate in order to generate coupling effects between the acoustic field and the structural response. Initially an analytical study was performed on the model employing finite element techniques with the aim of extracting the vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes in a frequency range below 300 Hz in two different cases: with and without the presence of seats inside the cavity. After that, the model was submitted to several experimental tests in order to obtain the frequency response functions, vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes, using acoustic and structural excitation and employing standard modal testing methods. For comparison purposes, the vibroacoustic FRF\'s were obtained in two different manners: with the structural excitation and acoustic response and with acoustic excitation and structural response. The vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes were measured employing both acoustic and structural excitation. In this case, it is shown the importance of the control of the exciting force. Some experimental parameters were varied, such as positioning of the acoustic and structural sources and the suspension type. Finally, a compilation of different techniques for the vibroacoustic modal parameters extraction is presented, proposing new methodologies for the acoustic and structural modes measurements in frequencies below 70 Hz, using force control and curve fitting methods. It is shown that both acoustic and structural excitations have restrictions concerning the frequency range and the choice of the better method for the extraction of the vibroacoustic mode shapes and natural frequencies depends on it.

A interação entre as ondas vibratórias geradas pela resposta estrutural de uma placa e os modos acústicos de uma cavidade, que é uma das principais fontes de ruído no interior de cabines de automóveis, é estudada empregando técnicas computacionais e experimentais. Para investigar este fenômeno foi construído um protótipo que consiste de uma cavidade feita de acrílico que simula o interior de um veículo. O teto deste modelo pode ser substituído por uma placa de alumínio flexível, para que se possa gerar efeitos de acoplamento entre o campo acústico e a resposta estrutural. Inicialmente, foi feito um estudo analítico do modelo, empregando-se técnicas de elementos finitos com o objetivo de extrair as freqüências naturais e modos vibroacústicos em uma faixa de freqüência abaixo de 300 Hz, em dois casos diferentes: com e sem a presença de assentos dentro da cavidade. Depois disso, o modelo foi submetido a vários testes experimentais, para se obterem as funções de resposta em freqüência, as freqüências naturais vibroacústicas e os modos acústicos e estruturais, usando excitação acústica e estrutural e empregando métodos padrões de análise modal. Para fins de comparação, as FRF\'s vibroacústicas foram obtidas de duas maneiras diferentes: com excitação estrutural e resposta acústica e com excitação acústica e resposta estrutural. As freqüências naturais e os modos vibroacústicos foram medidos usando excitação acústica e estrutural. Neste caso, é mostrada a importância do controle da força excitadora. Alguns parâmetros experimentais foram variados, tais como posicionamento das excitações acústica e estrutural e o tipo de suspensão. Finalmente, é apresentada uma compilação das diferentes técnicas para a extração dos parâmetros modais vibroacústicos, propondo novas metodologias para a medição dos modos acústicos e estruturais em freqüências abaixo de 70 Hz, controlando a força excitadora e utilizando métodos de ajuste de curvas. É mostrado que o uso de excitação acústica e estrutural merece alguns cuidados, visto que a aplicação dos métodos traz restrições de acordo com a faixa de freqüência e a escolha da melhor forma de extração dos modos vibroacústicos depende da freqüência estudada. / The interaction between the vibration waves generated by the structural response of a plate and the acoustic modes of a cavity, which is one of the main noise sources in automobile passenger cabin, is addressed employing both computational and experimental techniques. In order to investigate this phenomenon a prototype which consists of a cavity made of acrylic that resembles a vehicle interior was built. The roof of this model can be replaced by a flexible aluminum plate in order to generate coupling effects between the acoustic field and the structural response. Initially an analytical study was performed on the model employing finite element techniques with the aim of extracting the vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes in a frequency range below 300 Hz in two different cases: with and without the presence of seats inside the cavity. After that, the model was submitted to several experimental tests in order to obtain the frequency response functions, vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes, using acoustic and structural excitation and employing standard modal testing methods. For comparison purposes, the vibroacoustic FRF\'s were obtained in two different manners: with the structural excitation and acoustic response and with acoustic excitation and structural response. The vibroacoustic natural frequencies and mode shapes were measured employing both acoustic and structural excitation. In this case, it is shown the importance of the control of the exciting force. Some experimental parameters were varied, such as positioning of the acoustic and structural sources and the suspension type. Finally, a compilation of different techniques for the vibroacoustic modal parameters extraction is presented, proposing new methodologies for the acoustic and structural modes measurements in frequencies below 70 Hz, using force control and curve fitting methods. It is shown that both acoustic and structural excitations have restrictions concerning the frequency range and the choice of the better method for the extraction of the vibroacoustic mode shapes and natural frequencies depends on it.

Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T04:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colinas_NiltonGilber_M.pdf: 6668829 bytes, checksum: 0f5fe00364a351d5d5859c9c042c161c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se explorar a técnica de Holografia Acústica de Campo Próximo (Nearfield Acoustic Holography - NAB), que tem se mostrado como uma forma de análise para problemas vibroacústicos. A holografia é um processo que permite determinar as características de um campo de ondas acústicas usando a Transformada de Fourier Discreta (Discrete Fourier Transform - DFT), a partir de uma grade de pontos de medições regularmente espaçados obtidos em um ambiente acústico onde a função de Green é conhecida. O presente trabalho apresenta uma breve revisão dos princípios desta técnica com uma aplicação na reconstrução de propriedades vibroacústicas de estruturas. O campo de pressão, campo de velocidade das partículas e intensidade acústica gerados por um elemento estrutural vibrante foram as grandezas reconstruídas através da técnica NAH em diferentes posições do espaço. A fim de minimizar os problemas de leakage oriundos do processamento dos sinais, a Série de Fourier Discreta Regressiva (Regressive Discrete Fourier Series - RDFS) foi utilizada como alternativa às técnicas de janelamento do sinal. Resultados obtidos para uma estrutura do tipo placa são analisados, validados e comparados com previsões teóricas / Abstract: In this work, the Nearfield Acoustic Holography technique - NAH was explored as an way to analyze vibroacoustic problems. Holography is a process that allows to determine acoustic fields characteristics using a Discrete Fourier Transform - DFT, from a regular grid of measurements obtained in an acoustic environment for which the Green' s function is known. This work presents a brief principle's review of this technique with an application on the reconstruction of the vibroacoustic properties of structures. The pressure field, particle velocity field and acoustical intensity generated by a vibrating structural element were reconstructed through the NAH technique in different spatial positions. ln order to minimize spatial leakage problems from signal processing a Regressive Discrete Fourier Series ¿ RDFS was utilized as an alternative to windowing techniques. Results obtained from a plate type structure were analyzed, validated and compared with theoretical predictions / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Solidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’analyse vibroacoustique des structures complexes. Il propose une nouvelle approche énergétique utilisant le champ de densité d’énergie afin de simplifier une telle analyse. Cette approche est basée sur un modèle numérique stochastique construit à l’aide de l’approche probabiliste non paramétrique des incertitudes de modélisation et de paramètres. L’approche énergétique stochastique développée correspond à une nouvelle représentation du système vibroacoustique en terme des grandeurs énergétiques aléatoires. Un modèle vibroacoustique énergétique moyen est alors construit en prenant la moyenne statistique des grandeurs énergétiques. On dispose alors d’un modèle énergétique moyen pour analyser la vibroacoustique des systèmes complexes dans la bande des basses et des moyennes fréquences alors que la méthode SEA ne permet pas d’analyser cette bande de fréquence. L’analyse des propriétés des grandeurs énergétiques moyennes utilisées pour la construction du modèle vibroacoustique énergétique permet de construire une version simplifiée conduisant à un modèle énergétique simplifié pour lequel une méthodologie de partition structurale par zone est établie. Une application de cette approche énergétique et de la méthodologie de partition structurale par zone est présentée pour une voiture constituée d’une structure automobile couplée avec sa cavité acoustique interne / This research lies in the domain of the vibroacoustic analysis of complex structures. It proposes a new energy approach using the energy-density field in order to simplify such an analysis. This approach is based on a stochastic computational model constructed using the nonparametric probabilistic approach of modeling and parameters uncertainties. The stochastic energy approach developed corresponds to a new representation of the vibroacoustic system in terms of random energy quantities. A mean vibroacoustic energy model is thus constructed using a statistical averaging of the random energy quantities. This mean energy model provides a tool to perform a vibroacoustic analysis of complex structures in the low and medium frequency range while the SEA is not adapted to this frequency band. The analysis of the properties of the mean energy quantities used for the construction of the vibroacoustic energy model allows the construction of a simplified model to be obtained and yields a simplified energy model for which a structural partitioning methodology is then established. An application of the energy approach ant of the structural partitioning methodology is done on an automotive vehicle structure coupled with its internal acoustic cavity

Pour élargir le domaine fréquentiel d’analyse vibroacoustique des méthodes éléments finis et de la SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis), la Méthode Énergétique Simplifiée MES utilisant des variables quadratiques permet de considérer aussi bien les moyennes que les hautes fréquences. Cette méthode est basée sur une analyse des ondes propagatives vibratoires et acoustiques. Dans ce travail, la formulation inverse de la MES est proposée. A partir d’un vecteur de densité d’énergie et intensité vibroacoustique données, la formulation MES inverse permet de remonter aux sources. Elle permet d’identifier les sources de vibration dans des systèmes bidimensionnels (plaque excitée en flexion,...) et les sources acoustiques dans des systèmes tridimensionnels (cavité acoustique excitée,...). La formulation MES inverse est numériquement validée dans plusieurs cas de figures. Une analyse paramétrique est effectuée afin de tester la robustesse et l’efficacité de cette approche. Par exemple, la sensibilité avec les données d’entrée ou à la nature des sources envisagées est traitée.Une comparaison entre les résultats numériques obtenus par la MES et ceux obtenus par la SEA est abordée permettant de présenter les avantages de la MES au niveau de l’identification des sources. Une application industrielle de la MES inverse est réalisée dans le cadre de ce travail. Elle montre la fiabilité de la méthode pour le cas d’une cabine excitée par un bruit blanc. Finalement, la MES est utilisée pour réduire les nuisances sonores détectées dans les cabines. Un programme d’optimisation est développé permettant de trouver la meilleure répartition des absorbants et de définir leurs caractéristiques. / To widen the frequency domain of vibroacoustic analysis of finite elements methods and the SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis), Simplified Energy Method MES (french abbreviation) using quadratic variables can cover as well medium as high frequencies. This method is based on an analysis of the vibratory and acoustic propagative waves. In this work, Inverse MES formulation is proposed. From a vector of energy density and vibroacoustic intensity data, inverse MES formulation can raise sources. It makes it possible to identify vibration sources in two-dimensional systems (excited plate in inflection...) and acoustic sources in three-dimensional systems (excited acoustic cavity...). Inverse MES formulation is numerically validated in several cases. A parametric analysis is carried out in order to test the robustness and the effectiveness of this approach. For example, the sensitivity with the data input or with nature of considered sources is treated. A comparison between numerical results founded by MES and those founded by SEA are discussed to present MES advantages at identifying sources. An industrial application ofthe inverse formulation of the method is carried out within the framework of this work. It shows its reliability in the case of a cabin excited by a white noise. Finally, MES shows its utility to reduce harmful sound detected in cabins. An optimization program is developed making it possible to find the best distribution of the poroelastic layers and to define their characteristics.

Ce travail porte sur l’optimisation sous contraintes de masse de structures de type cabine de camion. Il s’agit ici d’un problème dans lequel deux objectifs antagonistes doivent être conciliés. En effet, la réduction de la masse de la structure entraîne une dégradation de ses performances vibro-acoustiques. Il faut donc pouvoir déterminer quelles zones de la structure influent le moins sur ce comportement afin de diminuer la masse localement. C’est dans cet esprit que, dans un premier temps, différentes méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité sont présentées afin de déterminer leurs avantages et inconvénients dans le cas de leur utilisation pour identifier les variables à retenir dans le cas d’une procédure d’optimisation donnée. Ensuite une procédure d’optimisation adaptative en basses fréquences est présentée et appliquée à un cas test représentant schématiquement une cabine de camion et les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux issus d’un algorithme d’optimisation sous contraintes non-linéaires couramment utilisé. Une seconde méthode est également développée dans le cas des moyennes et hautes fréquences où les informations disponibles sur la structure sont seulement des quantités énergétiques. Ici encore les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux issus d’un algorithme d’optimisation sous contraintes non-linéaires. / This work deals with mass optimization procedures underdesign constraints of truck cabs. It consists in a problem where two conflicting objectives must be conciliated as the mass reduction would deteriorate the vibroacoustic behaviour. One has to determine the zones in which the mass could be locally reduced. First, this work presents several sensitivity analysis procedures and discusses theirs advantages and drawbacks. Then an adaptive optimization procedure is developed in the low frequency range. This procedure is applied on atest-case and the obtained results are compared with results issued from a commonlyused optimization algorithm. The procedure is then extended to medium and high frequency range where the only available quantities are energetic ones. The obtained results are also compared with those from a commonly-used optimization algorithm.

L'allègement des structures est un enjeu économique important dans les domaines d'activités industrielles telles que l'automobile, l'aéronautique ou le naval, qui intègrent peu à peu les matériaux composites dans la fabrication des structures. Cet allègement s'accompagne d'un raidissement de la matière qui implique des problèmes de vibrations et d'isolation acoustique. Plusieurs méthodes de traitement existent pour diminuer les vibrations ou le bruit rayonné d'une paroi, mais ces méthodes ont l'inconvénient d'augmenter significativement la masse de la paroi. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, il est proposé dans cette thèse de modifier le comportement dynamique des structures à partir d'un réseau périodique de patchs piézoélectriques shuntés avec un circuit électrique dont il est possible de modifier l'impédance. En contrôlant ainsi le comportement dynamique des patchs piézoélectriques, il est possible de contrôler le comportement vibratoire de la structure et donc de traiter les problèmes de transmissions solidiennes ou de transmissions aériennes.La méthode de shunt choisie est la méthode dite de shunt à capacité négative qui permet de modifier la rigidité d'une structure. Cette méthode dite semi-passive présente plusieurs avantages : la mise en œuvre est simple, il est possible d'intégrer les patchs directement à l'intérieur de la paroi, elle consomme une faible quantité d'énergie électrique et sa mise en application est peu onéreuse. / Making the structure lighter is an important economic stake in the field of industrial activities such as automotive, aeronautic or naval, which gradually integrate composite materials in the manufacturing of structures. This reduction of the mass goes along with a stiffening of the matter implying acoustics and vibrations issues. Several methods exist to reduce vibrations or acoustic radiations of structures, but these methods increase the mass. In order to answer the problematic, we propose to change the dynamic behavior of structures with a periodic lattice of piezoelectric patches shunted with an electrical circuit whose the impedance can be controlled. Therefore, the control of the coupled behavior of the piezoelectric patches allows the control of vibrational wave's diffusion inside the structure and so to treat the structure-borne vibrations and airborne acoustics emission. The shunt method chosen is negative capacitance shunt which allows to modify the rigidity of a structure. This semi-passive method has several advantages: the implementation is simple, it is possible to integrate the patches directly inside the wall, it consumes a low amonte of electrical energy and its implementation is inexpensive.

The aim of this work is to optimize the acoustic nondestructive method (NDT) Impact-Echo (IE) as a complementary diagnostic tool for the assessment of concrete structures exposed to high temperatures. Commonly used diagnostic procedures for concrete structures affected by fire are most often limited to in-situ core drilling and subsequent testing of the drilled holes by destructive testing. The Impact-Echo method allows non-destructive testing of variously degraded test specimens and concrete structures, but its use for the assessment of temperature-degraded cementitious composites is hardly ever used in practice. Many studies suggest that Impact-Echo is one of the most suitable non-destructive methods for assessing the rate of degradation by elevated temperature. The dissertation work consists of three main stages, where the first stage is devoted to the production of test specimens of different mixtures and their subsequent degradation by elevated temperature and testing by the IE method and by reference destructive and non-destructive methods. The second stage consists of manufacturing a reinforced concrete element with built-in thermocouples and its subsequent inhomogeneous degradation by a local source of elevated temperature. The controlled degraded element thus prepared contains all grades of thermally degraded concrete tested in the first stage. Subsequent testing consists of verification of standard procedures in the field of acoustic NDT with simultaneous use of experimental modal analysis. In the third stage, the objective is to interpret the measured data from both previous parts, to verify whether within the closed element temperature-degraded areas can be distinguished from one another, or the degree of thermal degradation of concrete. Based on these results, the optimal testing procedure was determined and the basic assumptions for the creation of degrees of damage of the concrete by increased temperature were determined.

Le bruit de roulement est la principale source de bruit des transports ferroviaires pour des vitesses conventionnelles. Il est produit par les vibrations puis le rayonnement acoustique du matériel roulant et de la voie provoqués par le déplacement de la roue et du rail. Ce déplacement est imposé par les défauts microscopiques de surface présents sur les bandes de roulement appelés rugosité.La directive Européenne 2002/49/CE exige la réalisation la cartographies du bruit des infrastructures de transport. Le bruit dans l’environnement peut être prédit par des modèles dont les paramètres d’entrées sont notamment le comportement dynamique de la voie et la rugosité des rails. Ces données sont généralement évaluées par des systèmes de mesures statiques, ce qui limite la caractérisation de la voie à quelques dizaines ou centaines de mètres.Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer et de valider une méthodologie de mesure de l'état acoustique de la voie sur l’ensemble du réseau. La solution proposée est un système de mesure en situation embarquée nommé LECAV pour « LECture Acoustique de la Voie », qui utilise le bruit rayonné par la voir et par la roue. Leurs gammes de fréquences de rayonnement distinctes permettent de traiter le problème inverse séparément pour la roue et pour le rail, et ceux à partir de l’impédance acoustique.Un modèle vibroacoustique basé sur la méthode des éléments finis et la formulation intégrale de Rayleigh est proposé afin d’estimer l’impédance acoustique de la roue. Pour le rail, les théories des poutres épaisses et des sources ponctuelles élémentaires sont utilisées dans le but de modéliser son impédance acoustique. / The rolling noise is the main source of noise in the railway transport sector at conventional speed. It is produced by the vibration and the acoustic radiation of the vehicle and the railway track, caused by the movement of at the wheel and the rail. These movements are imposed by microscopic irregularities on the rolling surface called roughness.The 2002/49/EC European directive imposes to build noise maps of transport infrastructure. The noise propagating in the environment can be assessed from models whose input parameters are particularly the dynamic behavior of railway tracks and the roughness of rails. These data are generally measured thanks to static systems, which narrow down to the analysis of railway tracks to a few meters.The aim of this Phd is to propose and validate a measurement methodology for the acoustic characterization of tracks for the whole railway network. It is an on-board measurement system named LECAV for "LECture Acoustique de la Voie" in French ("Acoustic reading of railway track") that uses the noise radiated from the wheel and the rail. The respective frequencies ranges of noise emission allow solving the invers problem separately for the wheel and for the rail, and this with the acoustic impedance.