El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal estudiar la influencia del Co sobre la precipitación en una aleación de Cu-Ti. Se analizará una aleación Cu-3.8 % p.Ti0.5 % p. Co.

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Les nitrures binaires des métaux de transition synthétisés à hautes pressions et hautes températures sont de nouveaux matériaux dont le principal intéret réside dans leur multifonctionalité. Dans cette thèse, nous avons synthétisé de nouveaux nitrures de zirconium et d’hafnium, à une pression inférieure à celle de formation des composés cubiques c-M₃N₄ (M=Zr, Hf), mais supérieure à la pression de formation des mononitrures δ-MN. Les mesures par diffraction de rayons X, ont montré que la structure cristalline de ces composés est monoclinique de type Ca₃Tl₄O₉. La composition chimique M₇N₉ (avec une substitution mineure de l’azote par l’oxygène) vérifiée par une analyse quantitative par microsonde électronique suggère la présence de cations métalliques dans des états d’oxydation +3 et +4. Cette observation indique, pour les autres métaux de transition, la possibilité de former à hautes pressions divers nitrures thermodynamiquement stable avec un large éventail de valeur pour le rapport N:M. Les valeurs des modules élastiques pour les échantillons poreux de Zr₇ N₉ et Hf₇N₉ ont été obtenus par mesures laser ultrasonique (LU) et par nanoindentation. Les résultats pour les matériaux denses ont été dérivés en appliquant l’approche d’Hashin- Shtrickman précédemment développée. Nous obtenons ainsi G₀ = 95(9) GPa et B₀ = 130(10) GPa pour Zr₇N₉ et G₀ = 105(10) GPa et B₀ = 161(10) GPa pour Hf₇N₉. La mesure de la nanodureté donne Hn = 8.0(8) GPa et Hn = 9.1(7) GPa pour Zr₇N₉ et Hf₇N₉ respectivement. Finalement, pour Zr₇N₉ , la dureté de Vickers a été déterminée, Hv = 6.5 GPa et est en accord avec la mesure par nanoindentation. Nous avons dérivé la ténacité soit KIc-if = 3.7(4) MPa.m½ pour Zr₇N₉ . La propriété de self-healing a été partiellement observée pour le nouveau nitrure de zirconium. Pour Hf₇N₉, nous obtenons une valeur moyenne Hv = 6.4(1.0) GPa et une ténacité de 2.3-2.9 MPa.m½. Denses, ces matériaux sont supposés avoir une dureté de l’ordre de 10 GPa et la ténacité de Zr₇N₉ similaire à celle de c-Zr₃N₄, matériau poreux. Pour vérifier la méthode de nanoindentation appliquée dans cette thèse, nous avons réalisé une série de tests sur l’échantillon c-Zr₃N₄ précédemment étudié par LU et nanoindentations mais à de plus faibles profondeurs. Nous avons mesuré le module d’Young réduit, Er, pour le matériau poreux c-Zr₃N₄ et en utilisant la valeur du module d’élasticité isostatique B₀ (mesurée indépendamment par LU ou par l’équation d’état) nous avons déterminé les autres modules élastiques d’un matériau polycristallin, qui sont en accord avec les études LU précédemment présentées. La raison pour laquelle nous avons une moins bonne concordance avec les précédentes données de nanoindenation a été découverte. Pour vérifier d’avantage l’application des mesures par nanoindentation, étendre notre connaissance des propriétés de η-Ta₂N₃ et comparer ce matériaux avec M₇N₉, nous avons examiné un échantillon poreux de η-Ta₂N₃ plus en détail : Er et Hn ont été obtenus à la fois pour l’échantillon poli mécaniquement et pour l’échantillon non modifié et ont montré une différence de comportement sur les 400 premiers nanomètres de la mesure, ce qui a confirmé l’effet de “self-healing”, soit une densification de la surface d’une épaisseur similaire à la taille des grains de polissage. A partir des mesures aux plus grandes profondeurs, nous obtenons E₀= 329-369 GPa et n₀ 0.28-0.33, après calcul à partir de la valeur de la porosité (14%), de B₀ précédemment mesuré et en utilisant l’approche d’Hashin-Shtrickman. La valeur mesurée de la nanodureté s’est révélée être Hn = 18.3 GPa. Enfin, la mesure par dureté de Vickers, Hv, a confirmé les mesures par nanoindentation et montré l’existence d’un effet de la taille de l’indentation pour ce matériau. Pour le matériau dense, nous estimons que Hv > 24 GPa [...] / ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉ ₀
 Binary nitrides of transition metals synthetized at high pressures and high temperatures are new materials which are of interest due to their multifunctionality : They can have combinations of advanced properties, among them elevated elastic moduli, high hardness, high fracture toughness, chemical stability and some of them were found to be suitable for optoelectronic applications. Since the first synthesis of c-Zr₃N₄ in 2003 the studies on such materials extended. For example, c-Zr₃N₄ was found to have a high hardness and an exceptional wear resistance by milling of ferric alloys. ƞ-Ta₂N₃ having orthorhombic structure has a higher B₀ than c-Zr₃N₄ and a similar shear modulus G₀. Moreover, a self-healing effect upon mechanical polishing of a porous ƞ-Ta₂N₃ sample was recognised. There are also reports about synthesis of noble metal nitrides at high pressures and temperatures but these compounds are not recoverable to ambient conditions. In this work we synthetized new nitrides of zirconium and hafnium at pressures below those where c-M₃N₄ (M=Zr, Hf) form but above the pressures of formation of mononitrides δ-MN. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that their crystal structure is monoclinic of the type Ca₃Tl₄O₉. The chemical composition M₇N₉ (with a minor substitution of nitrogen by oxygen), verified by quantitative microprobe analysis, suggests presence of metal cations in the oxidation states +3 and + 4. This observation suggests for other transition metals the possibility to form at high pressures thermodynamically stable nitrides with the N:M ratio varying in a broad range. Elastic moduli of the porous samples of Zr₇N₉ and Hf₇N₉ were measured using laser ultrasonics (LU) and nanoindentation. Values for the dense samples were derived by applying the earlier developed Hashin-Shtrickman approach. We obtained G₀ = 95(9) GPa and B₀ = 130(10) GPa for Zr₇N₉ and G₀ = 105(10) GPa and B₀ = 161(10) GPa for Hf₇N₉. The nanohardness was measured to be Hn = 8.0(8) GPa and Hn = 9.1(7) GPa for Zr₇N₉ and Hf₇N₉, respectively. Vickers hardness of Zr₇N₉ was determined to be Hv = 6.5 GPa which is in agreement with our nanoindentation measurements. We derived its fracture toughness to be KIc-if = 3.7(4) MPa.m½, similar to that of c-Zr₃N₄, and recognised a weak self-healing behaviour. For Hf₇N₉, we obtained an average value of Hv = 6.4(1.0) GPa and KIc-if = 2.3-2.9 MPa.m½. Hardness of dense samples of Zr₇N₉ and Hf₇N₉ was estimated to be ~10 GPa. In order to verify the nanoindentation method we applied in this work, we performed tests on the c-Zr₃N₄ sample studied previously by LU and nanoindentation but at much shallower depths. We measured the reduced Young's modulus, Er, for the porous sample, and, applying the known B₀ (form laser ultrasonic- or equation of state measurements), we determined other elastic moduli for the porous and dense polycrystalline sample, which were in agreement with the earlier LU studies. Reasons for a less good agreement with the earlier nanoindentation data were disclosed. In order to further verify the applied nanoindentation method and extend our knowledge about properties of ƞ-Ta₂N₃ and compare this material with M₇N₉, we examined a porous sample of ƞ-Ta₂N₃ in more detail : Er and Hn obtained for the mechanically polished sample and for the non modified sample showed a distinct behaviour in the first 400 nm of indentation thus confirming the "self-healing" effect at the thickness similar to the size of the polishing grains. From Er measured at larger depths we derived E₀= 329-369 GPa and v₀= 0.28-0.33 using the porosity value (14%), the earlier measured B₀ and applying the Hashin-Shtrickman approach. The nanohardness was measured to be Hn = 18.3 GPa. Measurements of Vickers hardness confirmed our nanoindentation results and revealed the indentation size. For the dense ƞ-Ta₂N₃ we estimate Hv > 24 GPa.

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No autorizado por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los valores de la microdureza Vickers obtenidos desde una matriz de Cu con precipitados de fase α rica en Co. Curvas calorimétricas permitieron confirmar la formación de precipitados en el material de estudio, el cual corresponde a una aleación Cu – 2%wt.Co. Se efectuaron 420 medidas de microdureza Vickers con carga 1.96 N aplicada durante 10 s, las medidas de dureza se realizaron a temperatura ambiente en el material previamente sometido a tratamientos de Temple y Envejecimiento. A partir de curvas de microdureza isócronas e isotermales se infirió que el máximo endurecimiento por precipitación en el material ocurre con un tratamiento de envejecimiento a 796 K durante 240 minutos. La máxima dureza alcanzada corresponde a un incremento de un 42% respecto a la condición de Temple. El modelo estadístico que mejor se ajusta al comportamiento de la variable aleatoria (microdureza Vickers) corresponde a una distribución de Weibull de tres parámetros. Esto se demuestra de forma comparativa, a partir de un set de distribuciones, mediante pruebas de bondad de ajuste de Chi – cuadrado, Kolmogorov – Smirnov y Anderson - Darling. Se determinaron los parámetros de la distribución de Weibull mediante el método de Mínimos Cuadrados y mediante el método de Máxima Verosimilitud. Se demuestra que, a diferencia de trabajos similares registrados en la literatura, ambos métodos no son estadísticamente equivalentes para el caso de estudio. Mediante cálculos de intervalos de confianza se establece una medida de la precisión con la cual son estimados los parámetros de Weibull. La mayor dispersión se evidenció por los bajos valores de los módulos de Weibull, éstos se encuentran asociados a los tratamientos térmicos donde se exhibieron los valores máximos de durezas. A su vez, estos máximos de dureza a un cierto tiempo de Envejecimiento se encuentran asociados a un nivel de semicoherencia adecuado para que se dificulte tanto el Corte de Partícula como Orowan, y de esta manera exista un mayor impedimento al deslizamiento de las dislocaciones.

In 1937 the Manchester Engineering Firm Metropolitan Vickers (Metrovick) were awarded a development contract by the Air Ministry to develop a gas turbine for aircraft propulsion in conjunction with the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. Over the next decade and a half, the company developed a number of gas turbine designs for a variety of applications in the air, at sea, and on land. This thesis examines the gas turbine work of Metropolitan Vickers, and how the company interacted with a variety of partners across both the military and the civilian realms. These included government research establishments such as the Royal Aircraft Establishment and the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory; commercial partners, such as the aero-engine manufacturer Armstrong Siddeley, Yarrow Shipbuilders, and the Great Western Railway, and state institutions such as the Ministries of Aircraft Production and Fuel and Power. It argues that Metrovick’s technical style was formed by the company’s existing heavy engineering plant business, which privileged design over development and production engineering. Compared to competitors such as Power Jets and Rolls Royce, Metrovick’s progress on aero-engine work was hampered by the lack of a development organisation; though technically advanced, its aircraft engines took a long time to be developed and would not reach production; a factor which was influential in the post-war sale of Metrovick’s aero-engine designs to Armstrong Siddeley. Metrovick did use its gas turbine experience to gain post-war contracts for both naval and civilian gas turbines. The Royal Navy adopted gas turbines for two roles: as lightweight powerplants for short-ranged fast-attack craft, and as part of major warship propulsion systems that were intended to overcome the perceived flaws of the Navy’s interwar steam plants. Metrovick was selected as a development partner because of the company’s existing naval business, as well as its gas turbine expertise. In the civilian realm, the company produced gas turbines for a wide range of applications ranging from railway locomotives to electrical power generation. Most of the customers for these designs were state or quasi-state institutions; this thesis argues that the postwar British state’s support for the civilian gas turbine shows that it was seen as a crucially British technology that could help improve industrial efficiency, as well as utilising indigenous energy resources. However, again Metrovick was content to rely on development contracts rather than commit itself to large-scale production. The company’s gas turbine designs were somewhat marginal to the wider heavy electrical business, and Metrovick never committed the kind of development resources to the gas turbine division that would have been required to produce successful products, nor did it attempt to sell its designs widely to relevant markets.

In the thesis are analysed influences of three shield gases, based on literary pursuit. Compared was influence of the gas consisting of pure Ar, mixture Ar with 3vol.% CO2 and the mixture Ar with 18vol.% CO2 on mechanical properties of conduction laser welded blunt welds made from structural steel DC01 and S235JR with thickness 3mm and 2mm. Compared were strength properties of the welds in tension, weld hardness and hardness of the heat affected area under the low stress. Further was observed and compared stream of the gases during welding process and its influences on the appearance of the trial welds. On the metallographical cuts of the welds were evaluated mistakes and dimensions of the welds.

A dureza é uma propriedade bastante utilizada para comparar tanto os materiais restauradores como os tecidos biológicos. É definida pela resistência do material à deformação plástica e mensurada pela relação da força aplicada e a área de endentação. Para esse estudo foram utilizados dois materiais: amálgama e resina composta e dois tecidos dentais: dentina e esmalte bovinos. No total foram confeccionados 20 espécimes, divididos em 4 grupos: A (Amálgama), R (Resina Composta), D (Dentina) e E (Esmalte) de acordo com cada superfície. Para os grupos A e R foram confeccionadas cavidades que foram restauradas com os respectivos materiais, no grupo E teve a superfície apenas planificada e o grupo D teve desgaste até a exposição de dentina. Para os testes foram utilizados os endentadores Vickers e Knoop; as cargas de 25, 50 e 100gf em cinco tempos de endentação 5, 15, 30, 45, e 60s. Os valores dos testes foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste Kruskall-Wallis e Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Os resultados permitiram concluir que para o amálgama deve se utilizar no mínimo uma carga de 50gf em um tempo mínimo de 30s tanto para a Vickers como para a Knoop. Na resina composta uma carga de 50gf e tempo de 45s para a Knoop e na dureza Vickers não apresentou diferenças. Na dentina a carga ideal é de pelo menos 50gf em qualquer dos tempos na dureza Vickers e Knoop. E o esmalte uma carga de 100gf para qualquer tempo na dureza Knoop. / The hardness is a mechanical property utilized to compare restorative materials such as biological tissue and can be defined as the resistance of material for a permanent impression and a number related to the applied force and the surface area. As each material has its own mechanical characteristic, for this study utilized two materials: amalgam and composite resin and two dental tissues: bovine dentin and enamel. In total were 20 specimes, divided among 4 groups: A, R, D, E equivalent for each superficial. The groups A and R received cavities preparation that were restored into with the respective materials, the group D had the superficial wore until exposure of the dentin and the group E was so planning. For the microhardness testing were utilized Vickers and Knoop indenter; loads of 25, 50 and 100gf in 5 time of application 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 seconds. The values were submitted for statistical analysis by Kruskall-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keus tests (p<0.05). Due to the results, it is concluded that the amalgam presented a minimum load adequated of 50gf and a time of application of 30 seconds as the Vickers as Knoop. In the composite resin the minimum load was 50gf and time was 45s for Knoop, the Vickers didnt have statistical diference. In dentin the minimum load was 50gf for all studies times for two tests. And the enamel presented the minimum load adequated was 100gf for all the times in the Knoop microhardness, the Vickers test didnt have statistical diference.