Research shows that women who have been sexually assaulted once are more likely to be sexually assaulted again (revictimized). Several factors contribute to the likelihood of a woman being revictimized, including social support, personal behavior, and psychological health. This research proposes that a combination of these factors contributes to a woman’s self-perception as a victim or survivor of sexual assault. It is this self-perception that determines revictimization. Twenty women were interviewed to explore the victim or survivor mentality and its relation to revictimization. All women had negative consequences of the assault. Negative consequences lead some women to develop a victim mentality. Some women were able to find positive consequences out of their assault and developed a survivor mentality. Revictimization was linked to negative consequences of the initial victimization and the victim mentality that resulted from the negative consequences. Reasons for non-revictimization were somewhat the opposite of the reasons for revictimization and were linked to positive consequences of the assault and the survivor mentality that resulted from the positive consequences. The overall attitudes and behaviors of a sexual assault victim determines whether she views herself as a victim or survivor which significantly impacts the likelihood of her revictimization.

The present ethnographic research explores the socio-economic repercussions of a copper mining operation in Chile on its host community. By examining the development of the relationship between this local community and the mining company since the latter’s arrival, this thesis sheds light on the possible (secondary) impacts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures and participatory spaces on intracommunal dynamics. Previous work has emphasized that enduring relationships involving participatory decision-making are crucial to build up trust and acceptance towards mining operations. However, these studies have not sufficiently focused on how such participatory mechanisms and ‘friendly’ relationships play out within the communities, on an intracommunal level. This research has addressed this gap by conducting an ethnographic fieldwork in a local community and capturing the community member’s view on the role of the mining company and their CSR measures for them and their community as a whole. This thesis found that the troublesome past with the mining operation has damaged the host community’s trust and acceptance in the involved mining companies. While disappointment and distrust were carried into more recent negotiations, community members also build up confidence and hope for a more harmonious relationship bearing new opportunities for their community. However, tracing back the history between the local community and the mining company, the thesis found that relations between the mining company and locals oscillated between protest against and dialogue. This shows that while (in-) direct economic benefits are recognized and appreciated, detrimental environmental impacts are not overlooked and still denounced. Furthermore, the rather corporate- than community-centered approach of the mining company’s CSR is criticized because it (1) neglects the common good, and (2) treats some groups/individuals in the community as more entitled to receive benefit than others. A general lack of reflection on the part of the mining company is attested: the mining company’s CSR leads to unwanted intracommunal discontent. The majority of the community leaders have full-time jobs and other obligations in addition to the time-consuming roles and related engagement on behalf of the community. On top of that, they lack sufficient support and participation of other community members to advance the work in the participatory spaces more efficiently and address the shortcomings of the commitments of the mining company accurately. However, there are historical reasons, rumors about corruption related to the mining company, and a violent discussion culture which step by step lead to a withdrawal of many community members from participating. In general, distrust, disunity, and disinformation dominate the atmosphere when it comes to the participatory spaces – but also more and more when it comes to community life itself. This in turn was observed to be both a product of and precondition for a prevailing victim mentality among the community which is characterized by demotivation, passivity, and pessimism. Valuable energy is trapped in a vicious circle rather than channeled towards action: there is no unified effort to address the problems on a community-mine level, the community stays overwhelmed, and in turn, has a hard time focusing and targeting the different issues they are facing systematically. / Mining of copper and molybdenum are crucial for our modern lifestyle: they are used for example in electronics, construction, alloys, and transport. Often, the use and consumption of such minerals are alienated from their extraction and production. There is an extensive body of literature on the environmental impacts of mining operations on the ground, however, there is also a need for a more sophisticated analysis which goes beyond the notion of the mere ‘ecological environment’. In this sense, anthropology can make an important contribution in the (re-)presentation of local realities. Therefore, this thesis critically examines, over time, the social and economic repercussions of a mining operation on its host community. Also, it discusses the so called ‘corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) measures implemented by the mining company to gain more acceptance within the local community. By conducting an ethnographic fieldwork in a local community in Chile, I captured the community member’s opinions of the mining operation next door and the CSR program. The thesis found that relations between the mining company and locals oscillated between protest against and dialogue. While economic benefits, for example through jobs or donations for the community, are recognized and appreciated, detrimental environmental impacts are denounced. The rather troublesome past with the mining company has damaged the host community’s trust in and acceptance of the mining operation. However, some community members are still confident and hope for new opportunities through the CSR measures conducted by the mining company. Yet, the CSR approach is also criticized because it (1) neglects the common good, and (2) treats some groups/individuals in the community as more entitled to receive benefit than others. A general lack of reflection on the part of the mining company is attested: the mining company’s CSR leads to unwanted intracommunal discontent. In general, the thesis found that the scope and severity of the environmental and socio-economic problems the host community is facing is overwhelming its capacity to engage and respond effectively. The majority of the community leaders have full-time jobs and other obligations in addition to the time-consuming roles and related engagement on behalf of the community. On top of that, many community members have withdrawn from participatory decision-making spaces. Rumors about corruption have spread distrust among the community and a violent discussion culture has fostered demotivation and disunity. This atmosphere is affecting not just these participatory spaces, but more and more community life itself. This in turn was observed to be both a product of and precondition for a prevailing victim mentality among the community. Such a victim mentality is characterized by passivity and pessimism. Valuable energy is trapped in a vicious circle rather than channeled towards action: there is no unified effort to address the problems with the mining company, the community stays overwhelmed, and in turn, has a hard time focusing and targeting the different issues they are facing systematically.