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In the early 1980s, when viewers typically had the choice of only a few channels, television was shown to be a mass-market medium (Barwise and Ehrenberg 1988). Channel segmentation was effectively non-existent, different channels attracted near identical audiences, and no channel attracted a more loyal audience than its competitors (Goodhardt, Ehrenberg et al. 1975; 1987; Barwise and Ehrenberg 1988). Over the last two decades the UK and US have witnessed dramatic changes in television. Viewers today not only have access to a prolific number of channels, but there are now specialist channels devoted to single genres such as sports, music, children's, news etc. This thesis investigates the effect these changes have had on television viewing behaviour. The patterns and structure of present-day viewing behaviour in the UK and US are established and interpreted, focusing primarily on how viewers are using 'new' multi-channel television services

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Yes / Aim of research: to describe TV viewing trajectories from age 5 to 40 months

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Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / Vast amounts of published and unpublished materials concerning the implications of television in the field of education are available. A glimpse into the literature indicates a great deal of controversy over the uses, purposes, advantages, and disadvantages of television and its role in the lives of school children. The purposes of this survey are to find out the television viewing habits of a group of high school students, and the impact of television on some of the educational activities of these students. [TRUNCATED]

This study investigates the optical properties of the twisted-nematic liquid-crystals at oblique directions and their applications. A large difference in the phase retardation and the twisted angle of the TN-LC from different viewing directions occurs at the low voltage regime. The proposed viewing angle switching (VAS) panel is developed using this large optically anisotropic behavior of the TN-LC. The proposed VAS panel is only perceived clearly at normal and downward directions in a narrow viewing angle mode to ensure high privacy protection, it highly promising for mobile device applications.

In this study, a liquid-crystal display (LCD) with the capability of switchable viewing-angle is proposed. The contrast ratio of the LCD mainly depends on the transmittance of the bright state and the dark state. By using the improved structure of the pixel electrodes, the viewing angle of the LCD can be switched between the wide viewing-angle mode and the narrow-viewing angle mode. Based on the proposed three-electrode structure, the liquid-crystal orientation of the LCD is controlled to generate different light-leakage conditions at large viewing angles, thus, resulting in the switch of the viewing angle of the LCD. The proposed structure, which has the slim outline and low-cost of the LCD, is a simple way to control the viewing angle of the LCD. Potential applications for the protection of personal privacy are emphasized.