Dans de nombreuses applications dont celles du domaine médical et de l’embarqué, l’authentification des images nécessite de prendre en compte les contraintes temporelles, le taux d’insertion, la qualité visuelle et la robustesse contre différentes attaques. Le tatouage a été proposé comme approche complémentaire à la cryptographie pour l’amélioration de la sécurité des images. Il peut être effectué soit dans le domaine spatial sur les pixels de l’image, soit dans le domaine fréquentiel sur les coefficients de sa transformée. Dans cette thèse, le but est de proposer des approches de tatouage permettant d’assurer un niveau élevé d’imperceptibilité et de robustesse, tout en maintenant un niveau de complexité répondant aux exigences d’applications soumises à des contraintes temporelles. La démarche adoptée a consisté, d’une part, à s’appuyer sur les bénéfices du zéro-tatouage (zero-watermarking) qui ne change pas la qualité perceptuelle de l’image et qui a une faible complexité computationnelle, et d’autre part, à analyser les caractéristiques visuelles de l’image afin de détecter les zones les plus adaptées pour insérer la marque avec un bon niveau d’imperceptibilité et une bonne robustesse. Une approche de zéro-tatouage a ainsi été proposée dans cette thèse, ainsi que plusieurs approches de tatouage basées sur l’analyse de caractéristiques visuelles de l’image et sur des techniques d’intelligence artificielles ou connexes.Les solutions proposées ont été analysées du point de vue de l’imperceptibilité, de la robustesse et de la performance temporelle et les résultats d’analyses ont montré qu’elles apportent des améliorations significatives par rapport aux approches existantes. / In numerous applications such as those of medical and embedded domains, images authentication requires taking into account time constraints, embedding rate, perceptual quality and robustness against various attacks. Watermarking has been proposed as a complementary approach to cryptography, for improving the security of digital images. Watermarking can be applied either in the spatial domain on the pixels of the image, or in the frequency domain on the coefficient of its transform.In this thesis, the goal is to propose image watermarking approaches that make it possible to ensure high level of imperceptibility and robustness while maintaining a level of computational complexity fitting the requirements of time-constrained applications. The method adopted in this thesis has consisted, on the one hand, to rely on the benefit of zero-watermarking that does not degrade the perceptual quality of image data and has low computational complexity, and on the other hand, to analyze visual characteristics of digital image (characteristics that are correlated to the Human Visual System - HVS) in order to identify the locations the most adapted for embedding the watermark with good level of imperceptibility and robustness. A zero-watermarking has therefore been proposed in this thesis, as well as several watermarking approaches based on the analysis of visual characteristics of image and on artificial intelligence or related techniques. The proposed solutions have been analyzed with respect to imperceptibility, robustness and temporal performance and the results have shown significant improvements in comparison to existing approaches.

The larger architectural context of cities must be understood in order to effectively design buildings. If a building ignores its surroundings, it will not hold up to time and will adversely affect the city in which it stands. This can be seen in multiple of disarrayed cities and their commercial-driven building inventory. So, what makes a good city stand out, and how can this be applied to buildings? There are the four basic principles designers and planners seemed to have forgotten. The first is the layout of basic city components and their influence on current and future identity. The second is the aesthetic principles of scale and proportion. Choosing appropriate material permanence to your location is also important because it enhances or subtracts from the city’s identity. And finally, the experience of the observer must be impactful. If these principles are applied correctly and harmoniously, they can effectively heal the conflicting issues of transportation, pedestrian access, social venues, historic reverence and much more. But most importantly, they can be applied to buildings. Buildings can individually initiate the healing of an urban fabric if they are cognizant to their surroundings. Therefore in this thesis, I want to apply these four basic principles in the rehabilitation of a malfunctioning junction in my hometown of Helena, Montana. By designing a singular building with a guiding master plan, I hope to stimulate a chain reaction. This transformation would take the current issues and interweave these principles into an effective solution that will not only revitalize the area but also become a tourist destination.