Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2017-12-13T16:54:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CÉLIO ANÉSIO DA SILVA - TESE (PPGEE) 2014.pdf: 1651226 bytes, checksum: a70dc4864a551f419c02ff41303eaffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T16:54:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CÉLIO ANÉSIO DA SILVA - TESE (PPGEE) 2014.pdf: 1651226 bytes, checksum: a70dc4864a551f419c02ff41303eaffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-29 / Capes / Um novo método de obtenção de parâmetros de filtros digitais recursivos (FDR) é apresentado para reduzir o impacto da resposta transitória dos Transformadores de Potencial Capacitivos (TPC) sobre o desempenho dos sistemas de medição, proteção e controle. Assumindo uma topologia predefinida, os parâmetros dos filtros são obtidos a partir da resposta em frequência do TPC de interesse. Diferentemente das técnicas reportadas na literatura, o método se aplica com facilidade a TPC de diferentes classes de tensão e independe das características operacionais do sistema. Para tanto, faz-se necessário conhecer a resposta em frequência do TPC em questão, no espectro de frequência de interesse. A validação do método é realizada através de simulações digitais em tempo real via simulador RTDSTM (Real Time Digital Simulator). As análises são baseadas em dados de sistemas elétricos reais e no funcionamento dinâmico dos filtros através da estimação dos fasores das tensões e estudos de localização de falta. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que a presença dos FDR reduz significativamente os erros de medição causados pelos TPC quando submetidos a condições transitórias. Portanto, os FDR surgem como uma forma simples e de baixo custo para melhorar o desempenho e a confiabilidade dos sistemas de medição, proteção e controle. / A new method for obtaining recursive digital filter (FDR) parameters is presented in order to reduce the impact of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT) transient response on the performance of the measurement, protection and control systems. Assuming a pre-defined topology, the filter parameters are obtained from the CCVT frequency response of interest. Unlike the techniques reported in the literature, the method applies easily to CCVT of different voltage classes and it does not depend on the operating characteristics of the system, therefore, it is necessary to know the frequency response of the CCVT on the frequency spectrum of interest. The method is validated is through digital simulation using the RTDSTM (Real Time Digital Simulator). The analyzes are based on data obtained from electrical systems in service and on the dynamic performance of the filters by estimating the phasors of voltages and fault location studies. It is shown that the presence of FDR significantly reduces measurement errors caused by CCVT when subjected to transient conditions, therefore, the FDR arises as a simple and low cost alternative to improve the performance and reliability of measurement systems, protection and control.

The aim of this Master’s thesis is the design and reconstruction of the high voltage distribution network for the company E. ON with focus on calculation of the stabilized operation and on the planning of new cable taps from the transformer substation Moravany u Brna. The first part of the theoretical analysis of the work deals with the inclusion of the distribution network into the power system and with principles of development and construction of high voltage networks. The second part includes a general calculation of stabilized operation of the power distribution network and a familiarization with the program PAS Off - Line Bison 4.0. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the calculation of the stabilized operation at the current state of transformer substation Moravany u Brna using the PAS Off - Line Bizon 4.0 V programme. This part also contains the design of six new cable lines which are needed to strengthen the power distribution in the southern part of the city Brno. The closing part of this chapter constitutes of a outdoor and indoor cable line renovation. These cables are connected to the transformer substation Moravany u Brna and a calculation of stabilized operation is also included in this part.

Le transformateur de puissance est un équipement essentiel d’un réseau électrique et le plus coûteux dans les postes. Pour augmenter son degré de disponibilité et de fiabilité, il est nécessaire d’appliquer la manœuvre contrôlée afin de diminuer la saturation du noyau lors de l’enclenchement, et donc limiter les courants d’appel. Ces derniers sont asymétriques, d’amplitude élevée, et riches en harmoniques. Ils peuvent causer des effets indésirables comme le disfonctionnement des dispositifs de protections, l’endommagement mécanique des enroulements du transformateur et réduire en général la durée de vie et la qualité des systèmes. Une technique efficace pour réduire ces courants d’appel est de mettre sous tension le transformateur quand le flux dynamique généré par la source est égal à son flux rémanent. Un modèle simplifié du transformateur de puissance est adopté pour l’analyse des phénomènes physiques liés à l’application des manœuvres. Pour évaluer le degré de faisabilité de cette technique, des simulations sont effectuées en utilisant le simulateur de réseau EMTP. Les contraintes requises pour chacun des composants du système de manœuvre contrôlée comme les segments de ligne, les disjoncteurs sont étudiées en détail pour déterminer l’algorithme de calcul de l’instant optimal de manœuvres. Ensuite des tests de validation statistiques sont effectués afin d’évaluer les performances des différentes approches employées. Enfin une étude consacrée à la reconstitution du flux rémanent via un transformateur capacitif de tension (TCT) est menée pour appliquer l’algorithme de manœuvre contrôlée dans les postes en utilisant les équipements de mesure déjà existants. / Power transformers are vital equipment in electrical networks and are the most expensive ones in substations. In order to increase their availability and reliability, controlled switching must be applied for reducing cores saturation during its energization, called “inrush currents”. These inrush currents are asymmetrical, high-magnitude, harmonic-rich, and may cause many undesirable effects such as maloperation of protective relays and fuse, mechanical damage to the transformer winding and generally reduce the lifetime and quality of power systems. An efficient technique to reduce these inrush currents is to energize the transformer when the dynamic flux generated by the source is equal to its residual flux. A simplified model is adopted to analyze the physical phenomena related to the switching applications. In order to assess the feasibility of this technique, numerous simulations have been performed using EMTP simulator. The critical requirements for each component of the controlled switching system such as pieces of line, circuit breakers have been studied in detail in order to determine the best switching instant calculation algorithm. Then statistical validation tests have been conducted to evaluate the performances of its different approaches. Finally a study dedicated to the reconstitution of residual flux using a capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) has been carried on in order to apply the controlled switching algorithm in substations using their existing measurement equipments.

The overall reliability of a power transformer depends to a great extent on the sound operation of the bushings thereof. In view of its overwhelming advantages, resin impregnated paper (RIP) is acquiring prominence over conventional oil impregnated paper (OIP) in transformer bushings. The main advantages of RIP bushings are low dielectric loss and capability of positioning them at any desired angle over the transformer. The RIP structure, being an all-solid system, is completely free from oil phase. The temperature rise in RIP bushings under normal operating conditions is seen to be a difficult parameter to control in view of the limited options for effective cooling. The degradation of dry-type insulation such as RIP is often due to thermal and electrical stresses. The long time performance thereof, depends strongly, on the maximum operating temperature. In order to be able to predict the regional temperature, it is necessary to consider the thermal and electrical parameters of insulation in question; and to identify and solve the governing equations under the relevant boundary conditions. Electrical failure of insulation is known to be an extremal random process wherein nominally identical specimens of equipment insulation, at constant stress fails at inordinately different times. In order to be able to estimate the life of power equipment like transformer bushing, it is necessary to run long duration ageing experiments under accelerated stresses, to acquire and analyze insulation specific failure data. The present work is an attempt to provide reliability and life estimation of High Voltage RIP bushing insulation. The literature survey carried out in this view indicate that investigation on thermal and electric field distribution and the models for failure under combined stress and analysis of the data so as to be able to estimate the possible life of RIP bushing is scanty. Having these aspects in focus, the scope of the present work is defined as: (i) Mapping of the temperature and electric field distribution in the body of 400kV RIP bushing (ii) Deduction of parameters of the probabilistic models for the failure under electrical and thermal ageing (iii) Estimation of life based on diagnostic testing using PD With this in view, the temperature distribution in the body of a 400kV RIP bushing is studied considering the heat generation both in central conductor and that in the insulation. Presence of multiple materials with non-confirming interfaces makes analytical solution rather difficult and hence numerical approach is adopted. In the present work, vertex-centered Finite Volume Method (FVM) is employed for both thermal and electrical analysis. The electric stress distribution is accurately evaluated considering both the non-zero conductivity of the RIP material and the presence of capacitive grading foils. These analysis has clearly shown that Stress grading foils uniforms the stress across the major portion of the bushing insulation Enhancement of the electric conductivity by the temperature is not found to be affective in changing the electric field distribution The temperature distribution is shown to have a maxima near the flange due to the influence of top oil temperature of the transformer Heat generated in the dielectric due to the prevailing electric stress is shown to be insignificant. This ruled out the possibility of thermal runaway and hence the dielectric temperature is within the safe working limits for the bushing considered. The deduction of physical models governing insulation failure depends on the nature of stress. In this work, the insulation failure at constant accelerated stress has been considered and the estimation of life is computed based on inverse power law coupled with Arrhenius law. A high degree of scatter is generic to the experimental data forming the ingredients to develop the models. In view of this, the concept of a random process is invoked. Probabilistic models for the failure of RIP bushing under synergy are adopted and an attempt is made to estimate the life. The well known Weibull distribution and probability plotting of life data is used in this endeavor. The maximum likelihood estimation is used to determine the scale and shape parameters of the Weibull distribution. In the diagnosis of the extent of degradation of insulation due to PD, under long duration electric stress, a non-conventional voltage application method called the classical stepped stress method is adopted. In this technique, the voltage is applied in pre-determined steps over predetermined duration of time. The magnitude of voltage steps is carefully computed based on Miners law and the end-of-life is computed using inverse power law. In summary, this thesis work has contributed to the thermal and electrical degradation of resin impregnated paper insulation for high voltage transformer bushing. The thermal and electrical field distributions computed in the body of bushing clearly shown that these stresses are well within the limit, thereby ruling out the possibility of a thermal runaway. Comparing the estimates of the most probable life of RIP, based on several methods appears to show that any of the method can be adopted. However, as matter of caution and safety, the lowest among them can be taken as a reasonable estimate.

The function analysis of instrument voltage transformer with the aid of his equivalent diagram and his phasor diagrams is main part of my masters thesis. I solve the influence and errors of his equivalent diagram’s elements on this instrument voltage transformer. Than I talk about suitable magnetic materials using for instrument voltage transformers. There are 3D pictures which show lay-out of instrument voltage transformers’s windings and his magnetic circuit.

The fist part of this work is dealt with the construction of the mathematical models of voltage and current transformers. There are created and simulated models of voltage and current transformer with the nonlinear magnetization characteristics. The second part of this work is dealt with equivalent circuit of the induction motor in the form of Gamma-circuit. The speed-torque characteristic and the dependence of stator current on the slip are calculated from this equivalent circuit. The third part of this work is dealt with electromagnetic design of the alternating current machines by the help of a classic way and a new way.

Master’s thesis is concerned with instrument transformers, which are used in conjunction with numerical protection relays. Therefore mainly with protective transformers of class P and transformers dimensioned for transient effects, which are important e.g. for fast differential or distance protections. The introduction includes fundamental notions, quantities and equations, which refers to instrumental current and voltage transformers. Below are mentioned connection diagrams of these transformers applied to specific electrical network types and faults, of which identification is required. These diagrams and faults are supplied with math equations and eventually with phasor diagrams. Noted informations corresponds to the present standards. Task of the next part is to compile requirements for dimensioning of current transformers, which imposes digital protections from ABB, AREVA and Siemens companies. These requirements, which mostly defines the minimal accuracy limit factor or the knee-point voltage of current transformer, are specified for individual protection terminals, eventually for specific protective functions. Part of the thesis is computer program developed as macro in the Microsoft Office Excel program via Visual Basic for Applications programming language. Program uses equations noted in this work and it can be used for quick dimensioning of current transformers for protective terminals from manufactures mentioned above.

The aim of this Master´s thesis is use of instrument transformers and sensors on field of industry protection. We will compare current and voltage transformers, current sensor – based on Rogowski coil, voltage sensor – based on voltage divider. By this measure devices, we can monitoring values of analog quantities in medium voltage switchgear. It is impossible to compare, measure and analyze without this measure devices. There is protection terminal REF542plus, which can compile this values. The REF542plus ability are measuring, monitoring, remote control and protection. First, we will discuss about theory of sensors and convential instrument transformers and analysis of analog signal. We will compare analog input channel on sensor´s analog module and transformer´s analog module. There are few differences between type of analog modules. For analog signal analysis are important frequency filters and Analog/ Digital Convertor (sigma-delta). We will describe functions and options of REF542plus. In practical part of this project, we will test protection functions of protection terminal. First, protection terminal will be connected to sensors. Second protection terminal will be connected to transformers. For testing we chose Earth-fault directional protection and differential protection. We will make only secondary tests. That´s mean, input analog quantities to REF542plus will be simulated by tester. In all we will verify quality of protection. We will focus on lower settings of protection and we will inject protection by low current. Objectives are testing of trip characteristics and measuring of trip time.

Diploma thesis describes the design of an switched mode power supply with switching at zero voltage for driving the anode of Anode-layer type ion source. First aim of thesis is ion sources and specialy Anode-layer type of ion source in detail. Main aim of thesis are important aspects of the design of switching mode power supply, which comes later the detailed construction of an switched mode power supply with output voltage 2800 V at output power 2800 W.