This work evaluates the impact of electric vehicle loads (EVs) on utility distribution secondary networks and determines the factors affecting the network voltage quality. The study is conducted using two actual distribution circuits, residential and mix residential and industrial circuits. The study reveals the following. A distant secondary network experiences a greater steady-state voltage drop than a nearby secondary network. Location of EV loads relative to the service transformer affects the secondary voltage more significantly. An EV load installed on a distant load node from a service transformer causes comparatively higher undervoltage condition (about 1.5%) than an EV on a nearby load node from the service transformer (about 0.75%). Increasing the size of EV charger increases the severity of an undervoltage condition. A 240V/30A EV charging station causes undervoltage condition to double compared to that of a 240V/16A EV charger. Also installing an EV load adjacent to the existing EV load customer approximately doubles the undervoltage condition at the EV load nodes. / text

This Master’s thesis deals with design of a new method for voltage quality benchmarking using voltage quality index. This index should determinate total voltage quality in the power grid and compare voltage quality in different places. There is design of several algorithms which value measured parameters in this thesis. The best suitable algorithm is selected. Program for this algorithm was compiled in GUI Matlab. The algorithm is verified by using measured parameters in this program. The last part of this thesis is focused on possible usage of created algorithm.

Esta tese discute a necessidade de monitorar, além das tensões eficazes, os desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e as distorções harmônicas de tensão. Apresenta uma forma alternativa para obter os parâmetros de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e de distorções harmônicas a partir da representação dos valores instantâneos no sistema de eixos (DQ) e norma Euclidiana instantânea (NEI). Como contribuição principal, o trabalho propõe obter um parâmetro de qualidade que combina os parâmetros de desequilíbrio e de distorção harmônica. A representatividade dos parâmetros de qualidade é analisada a partir de resultados de elevações de temperatura dos enrolamentos de um motor de indução obtidas de 60 horas de testes. Discute-se que uma das vantagens de obter um parâmetro de qualidade de tensão que combine os efeitos de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e distorções harmônicas é reduzir o número de parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, simplificando o processo de fiscalização que os órgãos reguladores procuram implantar. Além disso, o trabalho mostra análises sobre como os distúrbios na tensão afetam um motor de indução e prejudicam sua vida útil e mostra que há outras formas para se obter parâmetros de qualidade de tensão em relação aos métodos convencionais. Finalmente, apresenta a necessidade de estudos futuros para consolidar a proposta de um parâmetro de qualidade que combine os efeitos de distúrbios na tensão relacionados a outros equipamentos. / This thesis outlines the need for monitoring voltage quality, namely fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortions in addition to voltage regulation. It presents an alternative way to obtain voltage fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters by using the DQ axes system representation applied to instantaneous values and the instantaneous Euclidean norm (IEN). As a main contribution, the work presents a quality parameter that combines the unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters. The representativeness of the quality parameters is analysed based on results of temperature rises in induction motor windings tested during 60 hours. An advantage of obtaining a voltage quality parameter that considers simultaneous effects of both fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion is the reduction in the number of monitored parameters, thus simplifying the controlling process that regulatory agencies seek to implement. Furthermore, this work shows some analyses on how the voltage disturbances affect an induction motor and reduce its lifetime and shows that there are other forms to compute voltage quality, which are alternatives to conventional methods. Finally, the need for further studies to consolidate the proposal of a quality parameter that combines voltage disturbances effects related to other pieces of equipment is discussed.

Esta tese discute a necessidade de monitorar, além das tensões eficazes, os desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e as distorções harmônicas de tensão. Apresenta uma forma alternativa para obter os parâmetros de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e de distorções harmônicas a partir da representação dos valores instantâneos no sistema de eixos (DQ) e norma Euclidiana instantânea (NEI). Como contribuição principal, o trabalho propõe obter um parâmetro de qualidade que combina os parâmetros de desequilíbrio e de distorção harmônica. A representatividade dos parâmetros de qualidade é analisada a partir de resultados de elevações de temperatura dos enrolamentos de um motor de indução obtidas de 60 horas de testes. Discute-se que uma das vantagens de obter um parâmetro de qualidade de tensão que combine os efeitos de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e distorções harmônicas é reduzir o número de parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, simplificando o processo de fiscalização que os órgãos reguladores procuram implantar. Além disso, o trabalho mostra análises sobre como os distúrbios na tensão afetam um motor de indução e prejudicam sua vida útil e mostra que há outras formas para se obter parâmetros de qualidade de tensão em relação aos métodos convencionais. Finalmente, apresenta a necessidade de estudos futuros para consolidar a proposta de um parâmetro de qualidade que combine os efeitos de distúrbios na tensão relacionados a outros equipamentos. / This thesis outlines the need for monitoring voltage quality, namely fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortions in addition to voltage regulation. It presents an alternative way to obtain voltage fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters by using the DQ axes system representation applied to instantaneous values and the instantaneous Euclidean norm (IEN). As a main contribution, the work presents a quality parameter that combines the unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters. The representativeness of the quality parameters is analysed based on results of temperature rises in induction motor windings tested during 60 hours. An advantage of obtaining a voltage quality parameter that considers simultaneous effects of both fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion is the reduction in the number of monitored parameters, thus simplifying the controlling process that regulatory agencies seek to implement. Furthermore, this work shows some analyses on how the voltage disturbances affect an induction motor and reduce its lifetime and shows that there are other forms to compute voltage quality, which are alternatives to conventional methods. Finally, the need for further studies to consolidate the proposal of a quality parameter that combines voltage disturbances effects related to other pieces of equipment is discussed.

Ces travaux de recherche constituent une contribution à l'étude des interactions entre le réseau électrique et le véhicule électrique (VE) en mode de recharge (Vehicle-to-Grid V2G). La recharge des VEs engendrant des surconsommations variant entre deux et plusieurs dizaines de kilowatts, occasionne des perturbations sur la qualité de l'énergie du réseau auquel ils sont connectés ; la gestion de l'énergie délivrée au VE est donc une priorité pour les différents acteurs industriels qui ont établi les infrastructures de recharge. Dans cette thèse nous proposons d'étudier l'impact des nombreux VEs en mode de recharge sur le déséquilibre en courant et en tension du réseau de distribution basse tension ainsi que sur les stratégies de recharge à mettre en œuvre pour améliorer la qualité de l'énergie, et notamment minimiser les taux de déséquilibre. Nous commençons par définir le besoin de réduire le déséquilibre en courant et en tension dans le réseau résidentiel de basse tension. Ensuite, nous étudions l'impact du taux d'insertion des VEs sur ces déséquilibres en estimant la sensibilité des paramètres statistiques les décrivant. Enfin, nous proposons des stratégies de gestion de la recharge et de la décharge cherchant à minimiser les déséquilibres occasionnés tout en respectant les contraintes de confort, c'est-à-dire de la recharge du VE avant le départ et les limites structurelles du système. / The study of the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) interactions is the main contribution of this research work. To charge an electric vehicle (EV) battery the overloading in low voltage (LV) residential networks is expected to be between 2 kW and maximum 10kW. To avoid power quality deterioration a battery recharge management is a priority for the charging infrastructure business. Our work has been, first, to study the impact of a significant number of EVs in recharge mode on the voltage and current unbalances in a LV residential electric network scenario and second to develop charging strategies to minimize those unbalances.First, we defined why it is important for the LV residential network to minimize the unbalances both in current and in voltage. Then, we studied the impact of different market penetration rates of the EV on the unbalances by estimating the sensibility of the statistical parameters describing them. Finally we developed several charging/discharging strategies in order to minimize the current unbalance by using optimization algorithms in the continuous and discrete domains. Several constraints were formulated in order to preserve power limits and an enough state of charge for the mobility.

The deployment of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems is rising in the Swedish power system, both in quantity and in system size. However, the intermittent characteristics of the PV production raises questions concerning the stability in the electric power grid, and power output fluctuations from the PV systems can lead to voltage quality issues. Hence, the distribution system operator E.ON Energidistribution and the solar energy developer company Solkompaniet are interested in investigating potential challenges and possibilities related to the integration of large-scale PV systems in the electric power grid. This thesis studies fast voltage variations in the electric power grid due to output fluctuations from large-scale PV systems, and examines the possibility to mitigate the voltage variations by reactive power support strategies in the PV inverters. Four studies are carried out to investigate the prerequisites for establishing large-scale PV systems. Firstly, a worst-case study considering eight existing substations in the electric power grid as well as a new substation is carried out, to examine the impact of different parameters on the voltage variations. Parameters such as transformer operation mode, location of the point of connection, switching mode and load capacity are compared in the study. Further, time series calculations are done to investigate the voltage variations over one year, and a study with an oversized PV system is done to investigate the possibility for increasing the PV capacity without grid reinforcements. Lastly, a study is performed with reactive power compensation from the PV inverters to examine the possibility to maintain a stabilized voltage level at the point of connection. The studies are performed in E.ONs network model in the power system simulator software PSS/E, with data for the transmission grid, the regional grid, and parts of the distribution grid included. PV systems with a rated capacity from 32 MWp and upwards are connected to substations in the regional grid, where fast voltage variations on nominal voltage levels of 20/10 kV are studied and evaluated from the perspective of the power producer. From this thesis, it can be concluded that neither of the implemented studies results in voltage variations that violate E.ONs technical requirements on fast voltage variations in the point of connection. Further, the results from the worst-case study show the importance of analysing the specific system of interest when connecting PV systems, since the properties of the existing system have an impact on the voltage variations. The time series calculations show that the voltage variations over a time period of one year are highly influenced by the PV production and the load capacity in the substation, and the study with an oversized PV system shows the possibility for increasing the PV capacity without curtailing large amounts of active power. Finally, the study with reactive power compensation concludes that grid support strategies in the PV inverters may be a key solution for making optimal use of the existing electric power grid and enabling the continued expansion of large-scale PV systems in the Swedish power system. / Utbyggnaden av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar (PV) ökar i det svenska kraftsystemet, både i kvantitet och i systemstorlek. De intermittenta egenskaperna hos energiproduktionen väcker emellertid frågor angående stabiliteten i elnätet, och effektförändringar från anläggningarna kan leda till spänningskvalitetsproblem. Därför är distributionssystemoperatören E.ON Energidistribution och solenergiföretaget Solkompaniet intresserade av att undersöka potentiella utmaningar och möjligheter relaterade till integrationen av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar i elnätet. Detta examensarbete studerar snabba spänningsvariationer i elnätet till följd av effektförändringar från storskaliga solcellsanläggningar, och undersöker möjligheten att mildra spänningsvariationerna genom strategier för reaktiv effektreglering i växelriktare.  Fyra studier genomförs för att undersöka förutsättningarna för att etablera storskaliga solcellsanläggningar. För det första genomförs en värsta-fallstudie med beaktande av åtta befintliga stationer i elnätet samt en ny station, för att undersöka olika parametrars påverkan på spänningsvariationerna. Parametrar som transformatorns driftläge, plats för anslutningspunkten, omkopplingsläge och lastkapacitet jämförs i studien. Vidare görs tidsserieberäkningar för att undersöka spänningsvariationerna över ett år, och en studie med en överdimensionerad solcellsanläggning görs för att undersöka möjligheten att öka solcellskapaciteten utan elnäts- förstärkningar. Slutligen genomförs en studie med reaktiv effektkompensation från växelriktare för att undersöka möjligheten att upprätthålla en stabiliserad spänningsnivå i anslutningspunkten. Studierna utförs i E.ONs nätverksmodell i programvaran PSS/E för kraftsystemsimuleringar, med data för transmissionsnätet, regionnätet och delar av distributionsnätet inkluderat. Solcellsanläggningar med en nominell kapacitet från 32 MWp och uppåt ansluts till stationer i regionnätet, där snabba spänningsvariationer på nominella spänningsnivåer om 20/10 kV studeras och utvärderas ur kraftproducentens perspektiv. Från resultaten kan man dra slutsatsen att ingen av de genomförda studierna resulterar i spänningsvariationer som överskrider E.ONs tekniska krav på snabba spänningsvariationer i anslutningspunkten. Vidare visar resultaten från värsta-fallstudien vikten av att analysera det specifika systemet vid anslutning av solcellsanläggningar, eftersom egenskaperna hos det befintliga systemet har en inverkan på spänningsvarationerna. Tidsserieberäkningarna visar att spänningsvariationerna över en tidsperiod av ett år påverkas starkt av både energiproduktionen och lastkapaciteten i stationen, och studien med en överdimensionerad solcellsanläggning visar på möjligheten att öka den nominella kapaciteten utan att spilla stora mängder aktiv effekt. Slutligen ger studien med reaktiv effektkompensation slutsatser om att strategier i växelriktare kan vara en möjlig lösning för att utnyttja det befintliga elnät optimalt och möjliggöra en fortsatt expansion av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar i det svenska kraftsystemet.