The process of Synchronization between two buses in a power system plays a vital role, especially during blackstart or bulk power system restoration period. The synchronization process is primarily monitored in the presence of experienced personnel at the substation level, which might not control or even predict the after effects of synchronization as soon as the synchronizing breaker between the two buses respective to the two islands is closed. However, with the advent of phasor measurement units (PMUs) providing time synchronized synchrophasor data, synchroscope functionality can now be implemented at a centralized remote control platform, usually the control room of the specific utility. This thesis presents a technique along with the actual implementation of such a PMU Synchroscope analytic developed as a part of the Department of Energy sponsored open and Extensible Control and Analytics platform for synchrophasor data (openECA project). The challenges faced to realize this functionality at the centralized remote location along with methods to overcome these hurdles have been discussed in the document. Additional features in comparison to the conventional synchroscope device are also added to facilitate a smoother and successful synchronization, reducing error on behalf of the user /operator and thus, facilitating a faster power system restoration. / Master of Science / Successful and proper synchronization between different nodes of a power system is one of the most crucial stages of restoring power after a major wide area electricity outage. Improper synchronization may lead to additional system outages and might delay the restoration process. In this regards, it is desired to perform this vital task at the electric utility’s central remote control room. This thesis develops an application to perform the successful reconnection between two nodes of a system overcoming the various challenges and incorporating system delays. The application designed is based on real-time measurements and is integrated with an open source framework platform for ease of the user.

Power distribution systems have underwent a lot of significant changes in the last two decades. Wide-scale integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) have made the distribution grid more resilient to abnormal conditions and severe weather induced outages. These DERs enhance the reliability of the system to bounce back from an abnormal situation rather quickly. However, the conventional notion of a radial system with unidirectional power flow does not hold true due to the addition of these DERs. Bidirectional power flow has challenged the conventional protection schemes in place. The most notable effects on the protection schemes can be seen in the field of islanding or Loss of Mains(LOM) detection and general fault identification and isolation. Adaptive protection schemes are needed to properly resolve these issues. Although, previous works in this field have dealt with this situation, a more comprehensive approach needs to be taken considering multiple topologies for developing adaptive protection schemes. The most common protective devices widely deployed in the distribution system such as overcurrent relays, reverse power relays at Point of Common Coupling(PCC), fuses, reclosers and feeder breakers need to studied in implementing these schemes. The work presented in this dissertation deals with simulation based and analytical approaches to tackle the issues of islanding and adaptive protection schemes. First we propose a multiprinciple passive islanding detection technique which relies on local PCC measurements, thus reducing the need of additional infrastructure and still ensuring limited Non Detection Zone (NDZ). The next step to islanding detection would be to sustain a islanded distribution system in order to reduce the restoration time and still supply power to critical loads. Such an approach to maintain generator load balance upon islanding detection is studied next by appropriate shedding of non-critical and low priority critical loads based upon voltage sensitivity analysis. Thereafter, adaptive protection schemes considering limited communication dependency is studied with properly assigning relay settings in directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), which are one of the most widely deployed protective devices in distribution systems by catering to multiple topologies and contingencies. A simulation based technique is discussed first and then an analytical approach to solve the conventional optimal relay coordination problem using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) with the usage of multiple setting groups is studied. All these approaches make the distribution more robust and resilient to system faults and ensure proper fault identification and isolation, ensuring overall safety of system. / Doctor of Philosophy / With widespread integration of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution grid, the conventional protection and control schemes no longer hold valid. The necessity of an adaptive protection scheme increases as the DER penetration in the system increases. Apart from this, changes in system topology and variability in DER generation, also change the fault current availability in the system in real-time. Hence, the protection schemes should be able to adapt to these variations and modify their settings for proper selectivity and sensitivity towards faults in the system, especially in systems with high penetration of DERs. These protection schemes need to be modified in order to properly identify and isolate faults in the network as well as correctly identify Loss of Mains (LOM) or islanding phenomenon. Special attention is needed to plan the next course of action after the islanding occurrence. Additionally, the protective devices in distribution system should be utilized to their maximum capability to create an adaptive and smart protection system. This document elaborately explains the research work pertaining to these areas.