This thesis studies the nonlinear characteristics of microwave devices by Volterra series because it can analyze the nonlinear devices with memory. And a nonlinear model was established by measurement data for Volterra series analysis. This content is composed of three parts. The first part devote to introduce the nonlinear phenomenon and theories of nonlinear analysis. The difference between power series and Volterra series could be realized by deriving them. The second part is to introduce the physical characteristics of pHEMTs and demonstrate the procedure of establishing small signal model and fitting nonlinear equations of currents and capacitances, and a process of nonlinear model analysis by Volterra series is shown. The third part is to describe the experimental arrangements and analyze nonlinear characteristics of pHEMTs actually with above methods. And the relationship among nonlinear sources was discussed. The device was fabricated by WIN 0.15£gm InGaAs process and measured by on wafer measurements.

Orientador: Hans Ingo Weber / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T20:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mattos_MarcioCoelhode_M.pdf: 4554853 bytes, checksum: c0466ccf4f68d65ae87f03b78d331ab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre sistemas amortecidos com atrito viscoso/coulomb. Trata-se de um sistema de vários graus de liberdade onde apenas uma das coordenadas está sujeita ao efeito do atrito seco. As dificuldades encontradas durante o estudo do problema são apresentadas, bem como uma discussão sobr:e métodos para análise de sistemas não lineares e sua; aplicabilidade ao problema. Usa-se a solução exata no domínio do tempo para o estudo de sistemas com até 4 graus de liberdade.A influência do Atrito na resposta em freqüência de sistemas com determinados modelos é apresentada, bem como a redução na amplitude de vibração destes sistemas. Realiza-se uma comparação entre os sistemas de dois graus de liberdade amortecidos com atrito seco e o absorvedor dinâmico de vibrações convencional. Estuda-se o ,caso real de uma viga engastada em uma das extremidades, com massas concentradas e atrito seco na extremidade livre. O problema de modelamento discreto de sistemas contínuos no estudo de sistemas amortecidos com atrito seco é discutido / Abstract: In this work we present a study on systems with combined coulomb and viscous friction. It concernes systems with several degrees of freedom and coulomb damping actuating on only one coordinate. The difficulties encountered during this study are presented. Methods to analize non-linear systems and their applicabillity in the study of dry friction damped systems are dis-cussed. The exact solution in the time domain is used to study systems with 1 up to 4 degrees of freedom. The influence of dry friction on the frequency response oí systems with determinate models is studied as well as the reduction of amplitude of vib.ration in this systems. A comparision hetween 2DOF dry friction damped systems and conventional dynamic absorber of vibration is presented. The study of a real case of a clamped beam.on one end, distribuited masses and coulomb friction on the free end is realized. The problem of discrete modellingJ of continuous systems in the study of dry frictiondamped systems is discussed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

Digital predistortion is one of the most cost effective ways among all linearization techniques. However, most of the existing designs treat the power amplifier as a memoryless device. For wideband or high power applications, the power amplifier exhibits memory effects, for which memoryless predistorters can achieve only limited linearization performance. In this dissertation, we propose novel predistorters and their parameter extraction algorithms. We investigate a Hammerstein predistorter, a memory polynomial predistorter, and a new combined model based predistorter. The Hammerstein predistorter is designed specifically for power amplifiers that can be modeled as a Wiener system. The memory polynomial predistorter can correct both the nonlinear distortions and the linear frequency response that may exist in the power amplifier. Real-time implementation aspects of the memory polynomial predistorter are also investigated. The new combined model includes the memory polynomial model and the Murray Hill model, thus extending the predistorter's ability to compensate for strong memory effects in the power amplifier. The predistorter models considered in this dissertation include both even- and odd-order nonlinear terms. By including these even-order nonlinear terms, we have a richer basis set, which offers appreciable improvement. In reality, however, the performance of a predistortion system can also be affected by the analog imperfections in the transmitter, which are introduced by the analog components; mostly analog filters and quadrature modulators. There are two common configurations for the upconversion chain in the transmitter: two-stage upconversion and direct upconversion. For a two-stage upconversion transmitter, we design a band-limited equalizer to compensate for the frequency response of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter which is usually employed in the IF stage. For a direct upconversion transmitter, we develop a model to describe the frequency-dependent gain/phase imbalance and dc offset. We then develop two methods to construct compensators for the imbalance and dc offset. These compensation techniques help to correct for the analog imperfections, which in turn improve the overall predistortion performance.

Orientador: Wagner Caradori do Amaral, Ricardo José Gabrielli Barreto Campello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_MarcioFeliciano_M.pdf: 1946648 bytes, checksum: 782ab3e1f3a89e6527c7b9c090b00ac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Enfoca-se a modelagem de sistemas não-lineares usando modelos de Volterra com bases de funções ortonormais (Orthonormal Basis Functions - OBF) distintas para cada direção do kernel. Os modelos de Volterra constituem uma classe de modelos polinomiais não-recursivos, modelos sem realimentação da saída. Tais modelos são parametrizados por funções multidimensionais, chamadas kernels de Volterra, e representam uma generalização do bem conhecido modelo de resposta ao impulso (FIR) para a descrição de sistemas não-lineares. Como os modelos de Volterra não possuem realimentação do sinal de saída, um número elevado de parâmetros é necessário para representar os kernels de Volterra, especialmente quando o comportamento não-linear do sistema depende fortemente do sinal de saída. No entanto, é possível contornar esta desvantagem por descrever cada kernel por meio de uma expansão em bases de funções ortonormais (OBF). Resultando num modelo que, em geral, possui um número menor de termos para representar o sistema. O modelo resultante, conhecido como modelo OBF-Volterra, pode ser truncado em um número menor de termos se as funções da base forem projetadas adequadamente. O problema reside na questão de como selecionar os polos livres que completamente parametrizam estas funções de forma a reduzir o número de termos a serem utilizados em cada base. Uma abordagem já utilizada envolve a otimização numérica das bases de funções ortonormais usadas para a aproximação de sistemas dinâmicos. Esta estratégia é baseada no cálculo de expressões analíticas para os gradientes da saída dos filtros ortonormais com relação aos polos da base. Estes gradientes fornecem direções de busca exatas para otimizar uma dada base ortonormal. As direções de busca, por sua vez, podem ser usadas como parte de um procedimento de otimização para obter o mínimo de uma função de custo que leva em consideração o erro de estimação da saída do sistema. Esta abordagem considerou apenas os modelos lineares e não-lineares cujas direções dos kernels foram todas parametrizadas por um mesmo conjunto de polos. Neste trabalho, estes resultados foram estendidos de forma a permitir o uso de uma base independente para cada direção dos kernels. Isto permite reduzir ainda mais o erro de truncamento quando as dinâmicas dominantes do kernel ao longo das múltiplas direções são diferentes entre si. As expressões dos gradientes relativas à base de Kautz e à base GOBF são obtidas recursivamente o que permite uma redução no tempo de processamento. Esta metodologia utiliza somente dados de entrada-saída medidos do sistema a ser modelado, isto é, não exige nenhuma informação prévia sobre os kernels de Volterra. Exemplos de simulação ilustram a aplicação dessas abordagens para a modelagem de sistemas não-lineares. Por último, apresentam-se resultados referentes à identificação robusta de modelos não-lineares sob a hipótese de erro desconhecido mas limitado, cujo objetivo é definir os limites superior e inferior dos parâmetros de modelos (intervalos de pertinência paramétrica). É analisado o caso em que se tem informação somente sobre a incerteza na saída do sistema, fornecendo-se o cálculo dos limitantes das incertezas para modelos OBF-Volterra. Estuda-se também os processos que possuem incerteza estruturada, i.e., os parâmetros do modelo, ou os kernels de Volterra, são definidos por meio de intervalos de pertinência e a ordem do modelo é conhecida. Apresenta-se uma solução exata para este problema, eliminando restrições impostas por metodologias anteriores / Abstract: It focuses in the modeling of nonlinear systems using Volterra models with distinct orthonormal basis functions (OBF) to each kernel direction. The Volterra models are a class of nonrecursive polynomial models, models without output feedback. Such models are parameterized by multidimensional functions, called Volterra kernels, they represent a generalization of the well-known impulse response model and are used to describe nonlinear systems. As the Volterra models do not have output feedback, it is required a large number of parameters to represent the Volterra kernels, especially when the nonlinear behavior strongly depends of the output signal. However, such drawback can be overwhelmed by describing each kernel by un expansion in orthonormal basis functions (OBF). Resulting in a model that, in general, requires fewer parameters to represent the system. The resulting model, so-called OBF-Volterra, can be truncated into fewer terms if the basis functions are properly designed. The underlying problem is how to select de free-design poles that fully parameterize these functions in order to reduce the number of terms to be used in each bases. An approach, already used, involves the numeric optimization of orthonormal bases of function used for approximation of dynamic systems. This strategy is based on the computation of analytical expressions for the gradient of the orthonormal filters output with respect to the basis poles. Such gradient provides exact search directions for optimizing the poles of a given orthonormal basis. The search direction can, in turn, be used as part of an optimization procedure to locate the minimum of a cost-function that takes into consideration the estimation error of the system output. Although, that approach took in count only the linear models and nonlinear models which kernels directions were parameterized by a single set of poles. In this work, these results are extended in such a way to allows a use of an independent basis to each kernel direction. It can reduce even more the truncation error when dominant dynamics of the kernel are different along its directions. The gradient expressions to Kautz and GOBF bases are obtained in a recursive way which allows reducing the time processing. This methodology relies solely on input-output data measured from the system to be modeled, i.e., no previous information about the Volterra kernels is required. Simulation examples illustrate the application of this approach to the modeling of nonlinear systems. At last, it is presented some results about robust identification of nonlinear models under the hypothesis of unknown but bounded error, whose aim is to define the upper and lower bounds of the model parameters (parameter uncertainty interval). It is analyzed the case where the information available is about the uncertainty in the system output signal, providing the calculation for the uncertainty intervals to OBF-Volterra models. The process having structured uncertainty, i.e., the models parameters, or the Volterra kernels, are defined by intervals and the model order is known, is also studied. An exact solution to this problem is developed, eliminating restrictions imposed by previous approach / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta um desenvolvimento analítico que permite caracterizar as distorções produzidas na densidade espectral de potência de sinais OFDM devido à sua passagem através de sistemas não lineares. O processo estocástico que caracteriza a envoltória complexa de um sinal OFDM é odelado como um processo estocástico gaussiano complexo, próprio. A não linearidade do canal de transmissão é caracterizada pela expansão, em série de potências, de suas características de conversão AM/AM e AM/PM. Utilizando-se o Teorema dos Momentos para processos gaussianos complexos chega-se a expressões analíticas fechadas para a função autocorrelação e para a densidade espectral de potência do sinal produzido na saída da não- linearidade. As expressões obtidas são aplicadas a situações particulares nas quais 1, 2 e 3 sinais OFDM compartilham a não- linearidade permitindo quantificar, nestas situações específicas, as distorções correspondentes aos produtos de intermodulação de diferentes ordens e o efeito, nestas distorções, de variações no valor do back-off de entrada do sinal. / [en] This MSc dissertation presents a theoretical analysis that evaluates the distortion experienced by the power spectrum density of OFDM signals when they are transmitted through a non-linear channel. The complex envelope of the OFDM signals are modeled as a complex proper gaussian random process and the channel non-linearity is characterized through a power series expansion of its AM/AM and AM/PM distortion curves. Using the Moment Theorem for complex gaussian random processes, closed form expressions for the autocorrelation function and the power spectrum density of the signal produced at the non-linear channel output are obtained. These expressions are applied to specific situations in which 1, 2 and 3 OFDM signals share the nonlinear channel, producing results that quantify the distortions corresponding to intermodulation products of different orders and the effect of varying the signal input back-off value.

Using the nonlinear Volterra series representation, analytical expressions for the third-order intermodulation distortion power and intercept point for a MESFET small-signal amplifier are derived when its equivalent circuit is bilateral and includes the gate-to-drain capacitance (CgJ explicitly as a nonlinear element. Previously developed analytical expressions treated Cgd as a linear element or incorporated it as part of gate-to-source and drainto- source capacitances (Cgs and Cds). These new analytical expressions are then compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained. The analytical expressions are also used to study the variation of intermodulation distortion with input power, frequency, and source and load impedances. It is shown that the nonlinearity of Cgd contributes significantly to the intermodulation distortion power and the third-order intercept point and therefore should not be neglected in the analysis and design.

Today’s advances in communication systems and VLSI circuits increases the performance requirements and complexity of circuits. The performance of RF and mixed-signal circuits is normally limited by the nonlinear behavior of the transistors used in the design. This makes simulation of nonlinear circuits more important. Volterra series is a method used for simulation of mildly nonlinear circuits. Using Volterra series the response of the nonlinear circuit is converted into a sum of multiple linear circuit responses. Thus, using Volterra series, simulation of nonlinear circuits in frequency-domain analysis becomes possible. However, Volterra series is not able to simulate strongly nonlinear circuits such as saturated Power Amplifiers. In this thesis, a new time-varying Volterra analysis is presented. The time-varying Volterra analysis is the generalization of conventional Volterra analysis where instead of using a DC expansion point a time-varying waveform has been used. Employing a time-varying expansion waveform for Volterra analysis, time-varying Volterra achieves better accuracy than conventional Volterra. The time-varying expansion waveforms are derived using a fast pre-analysis of the circuit. Using numerical examples, it has been shown that the time-varying Volterra is capable of simulating nonlinear circuits with better accuracy than conventional Volterra analysis. The time-varying Volterra analysis in both time and frequency domains are discussed in this thesis. The time-varying Volterra analysis has been used to simulate a saturated Class-F Power Amplifier in frequency-domain. The simulation results show good agreement with ELDO® steady-state and Harmonic Balance simulation results. The proposed method manages to simulate nonlinear circuits, such as saturated Power Amplifier, mixers and nonlinear microwave circuits, with good accuracy. Also, this method can be used to simulate circuit with large number of nonlinear elements without the convergence issues of Harmonic Balance.

Today’s advances in communication systems and VLSI circuits increases the performance requirements and complexity of circuits. The performance of RF and mixed-signal circuits is normally limited by the nonlinear behavior of the transistors used in the design. This makes simulation of nonlinear circuits more important. Volterra series is a method used for simulation of mildly nonlinear circuits. Using Volterra series the response of the nonlinear circuit is converted into a sum of multiple linear circuit responses. Thus, using Volterra series, simulation of nonlinear circuits in frequency-domain analysis becomes possible. However, Volterra series is not able to simulate strongly nonlinear circuits such as saturated Power Amplifiers. In this thesis, a new time-varying Volterra analysis is presented. The time-varying Volterra analysis is the generalization of conventional Volterra analysis where instead of using a DC expansion point a time-varying waveform has been used. Employing a time-varying expansion waveform for Volterra analysis, time-varying Volterra achieves better accuracy than conventional Volterra. The time-varying expansion waveforms are derived using a fast pre-analysis of the circuit. Using numerical examples, it has been shown that the time-varying Volterra is capable of simulating nonlinear circuits with better accuracy than conventional Volterra analysis. The time-varying Volterra analysis in both time and frequency domains are discussed in this thesis. The time-varying Volterra analysis has been used to simulate a saturated Class-F Power Amplifier in frequency-domain. The simulation results show good agreement with ELDO® steady-state and Harmonic Balance simulation results. The proposed method manages to simulate nonlinear circuits, such as saturated Power Amplifier, mixers and nonlinear microwave circuits, with good accuracy. Also, this method can be used to simulate circuit with large number of nonlinear elements without the convergence issues of Harmonic Balance.

The objective of this thesis is to study the dynamic properties of laser diodes and the compensation for the nonlinearities of laser diodes based on the theory of Volterra series. In the first part of this thesis, an analytical expression in Volterra series is discussed to depict the nonlinear distortion of laser diodes up to the third order. The simulation results of this analytical method show that Volterra series model improves the accuracy of the description of the nonlinearity of laser diodes in comparison with small-signal analysis model. In the second part, the p^th-order inverse theory is introduced to compensate the lasers' nonlinear distortion. The compensation scheme is constructed and the simulation of the system is conducted in this thesis. The result shows that the laser nonlinear distortion can be compensated by using this technique. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)