Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T12:08:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:30:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Neste trabalho vamos apresentar a implantação de duas técnicas fototérmicas: a fotoacústica de câmara aberta que possibilita encontrarmos a difusividade térmica dos materiais, e a técnica pc que fornece o valor do produto da densidade pelo calor específico da substância, conhecido como capacidade térmica volumétrica. Utilizamos também a técnica de lente térmica para a medida da difusividade térmica e do parâmetro dS/dT (taxa de variação do caminho óptico S). As técnicas mencionadas fornecem os parâmetros termo-ópticos (Difusividade Térmica, Condutividade Térmica e dS/dT ) para materiais vítreos como os vidros ferro fosfato, telurito, borossilicato e simulado lunar JSC-1. Modelos teóricos são apresentados e testados. Mostramos que o modelo da flexão termoelástica é dominante na maioria das amostras estudadas. Exceção foi observado no caso de vidros semicondutores (ferro fosfato). Neste caso, correções foram necessárias para o modelo da flexão termoelástica, possibilitando obter: difusividade térmica, coeficiente de difusão de portadores, velocidade de recombinação dos portadores na superfície e tempo de recombinação na superfície. As técnicas foram testadas com amostras de alumínio com 99,99 % de pureza, que possuem as informações térmicas disponíveis na literatura. Nos resultados, identificamos, através da técnica fotoacústica, que o vidro ferro fosfato é um vidro semi-condutor. Vidros ferro fosfato são candidatos para aplicações de vitrificação de resíduos nucleares. Comparações foram feitas com vidros borossilicato que são atualmente usados na vitrificação dos resíduos nucleares. Obtivemos a difusividade térmica, a capacidade térmica volumétrica e a condutividade térmica dos vidros do simulado lunar JSC-1 e telurito. O primeiro se mostrou eficiente para aplicações em exploração espacial e o segundo tem potencial aplicação em dispositivos fotônicos. / In this work we present the implantation of two photothermal techniques : the open cell photoacoustic which allows one to find thermal diffusivity of materials, and pc technique which gives the value of the product of density by specific heat of substance, known as the volumetric heat capacity. We also used the technique of thermal lens for measurement of thermal diffusivity and the parameter dS/dT (the temperature coefficient of the optical path S). The mentioned techniques furnished the thermo-optical parameters (Thermal Diffusivity, Thermal Conductivity and dS/dT) of glassy materials such as iron phosphate, tellurite, borosilicate glasses and lunar simulate JSC-1. Theoretical Models are presented and tested. It was shown that the model of thermoelastic bending is dominant in most samples studied. Exception is observed in the case of semiconducting glasses (iron phosphate). In this case, corrections were necessary to the bending model, and allowed one to obtain: thermal diffusivity, carrier 's diffusion coefficient, carriers surface recombination velocity and surface recombination time. Techniques were tested with aluminum samples with 99.99 % purity, which have the thermal information available in the literature. As a result, we identified, through the photoacoustic technique, that iron phosphate glass is a semiconductor glass. Iron phosphate are candidates for nuclear waste vitrification applications. Comparison was made with borosilicate glasses that are currently used for nuclear waste vitrification. We also obtained the thermal diffusivity, the volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity of simulated lunar JSC-1 and tellurite glasses. The former proved efficient applications in space exploration and the latter has potential applications as photonic device.

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are inhomogeneous materials in which the material properties vary with respect to space. Research has been done by scientific community in developing techniques like photothermal radiometry (PTR) to measure the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of FGMs. One of the problems involved in the technique is to solve the inverse problem, i.e., estimating the thermal properties after the frequency scan has been obtained. The present work involves finding the unknown thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of the FGMs by using finite volume method. By taking the flux entering the sample as periodic and solving the discretized 1-D thermal wave field equation at a frequency domain, one can obtain the complex temperatures at the surface of the sample for each frequency. These complex temperatures when solved for a range of frequencies gives the phase vs frequency scan which can then be compared to original frequency scan obtained from the PTR experiment by using a residual function. Brute force and gradient descent optimization methods have been implemented to estimate the unknown thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat of the FGMs through minimization of the residual function. In general, the spatial composition profile of the FGMs can be approximated by using a smooth curve. Three functional forms namely Arctangent curve, Hermite curve, and Bezier curve are used in approximating the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity distributions in the FGMs. The use of Hermite and Bezier curves gives the flexibility to control the slope of the curve i.e. the thermal property distribution along the thickness of the sample. Two-layered samples with constant thermal properties and three layered samples in which one of the layer has varying thermal properties with respect to thickness are considered. The program is written in Fortran and several test runs are performed. Results obtained are close to the original thermal property values with some deviation based on the stopping criteria used in the gradient descent algorithm. Calculating the gradients at each iteration takes considerable amount of time and if these gradient values are already available, the problem can be solved at a faster rate. One of the methods is extending automatic differentiation to complex numbers and calculating the gradient values ahead; this is left for future work.

The use of thermal storage energy, using phase change materials appears to be an effective way to store thermal energy storage with the benefits of the high amount of energy while maintaining isothermal nature of the process. PCM methods are used in latent thermal storage systems for heat pumps, as well as in solar engineering or for temperature control in spacecraft. The past decade has extended these principles for cooling and heating in the building. There are a number of PCM systems, which operate over a wide temperature range, are used in various applications. This document includes a brief overview of the development and analysis of available thermal storage working mainly on the principle of PCM.