ENGLISH : The purpose of this study was to determine the role of fear for HIV/AIDs in adolescents’ sexual choices. Theories which informed the study included developmental theory, decisionmaking theory, as well as emotion theory. In this survey study a mixed-method questionnaire was designed, piloted and then implemented with 252 purposefully selected Grade 11, Afrikaans learners (127 boys and 125 girls), aged 16 to 17 years in one high school in Gauteng. Data was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found that adolescents link several emotions with HIV&AIDS: fear, concern and caution. Another finding was that adolescents reportedly made safe sexual choices. Therefore, it was concluded that adolescents fear for HIV&AIDS positively impacted on their safe sexual choices. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal welke rol vrees vir MIV&VIGS speel in adolessente se seksuele keuses. Teorieë wat die studie ingelig het was ontwikkelingsteorie, besluitnemingsteorie en emosie-begronde teorieë. Die navorsingsontwerp van hierdie studie was ‘n opname studie. ‘n Gemengde metode vraelys is ontwerp, geloods, aangepas en geïmplementeer met. 252 graad 11, Afrikaanse leerders (127 seuns en 125 dogters), tussen die ouderdom van 16 en 17 jaar, wat doelgerig geselekteer is vanuit een hoërskool in Gauteng. Vraelysdata is kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe geanaliseer. Daar is bevind dat adolessente MIV/VIGS verbind met die emosies: vrees, bekommernis en versigtigheid. Verder blyk dit dat adolessente veilige seksuele keuses maak. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat adolessente se vrees vir MIV&VIGS positief korreleer met hul veilige seksuele keuses. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Generational ritual abuse within satanic or fertility (abusive witchcraft) cults is a controversial subject. This study shows that, while not all reported memories may be true, False Memory Syndrome is not an intrinsic scientific reality of generational ritual abuse. Recent publications under the editorial pens of Noblitt and Perskin Noblitt (2008), as well as Sachs and Galton (2008), describe the types of abuse and torture perpetrated in various forms of ritual abuse (including the results of a worldwide survey), together with the psychological, interpersonal and spiritual damage it caused survivors. It also speaks of the legal difficulties of survivors, the motives of perpetrators and the difficulties experienced with disappearing evidence (sometimes deliberately, otherwise because it does not fit the known legal paradigm). Survivors of generational ritual abuse suffer from what can be described under DESNOS (Disorders of Extreme Stress - Not Otherwise Specified), which is supported by research whilst not yet a formal DSM diagnostic category. Prolonged interpersonal trauma, involving multiple events lead to alterations of affect and impulses: in attention or consciousness; in self-perception; in relationships with other; in systems of meaning; as well as somatisation. Most often it results in dissociative disorders of which the most common is DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personality states which recurrently take control of his or her behaviour. Various other diagnostic-related factors are discussed in this study, together with major paradigms for considering DID. These paradigms include the ego-state theory (referred to briefly), structural dissociation and attachment theory. These models' intervention strategies are also discussed. Models from three Christian psychologists are discussed - those of Joubert, Friesen and Wilder (a community model) - and Hawkins and Hawkins' pastoral model is reviewed as well. "The fear of the Lord" is found to be the reverential awe with which a believer approaches God; linked closely to the love of God; a fear that is advocated over the fear of human enemies or circumstances and which then dispels the latter; an emotion of fear that is experienced when confronted, as sinful human being, with God's presence and attributes such as his holiness; advocated by Jesus and Paul as based upon God's judgment, after which he may cast one into hell - and thus, one is not to fear what man could do unto one, or should not depart from God and continue in wilful sin. Ps. 86 contains a prayer for a united heart that the psalmist may fear God, linked to walking in his truth and praising God for deliverance from the grave. While "the fear of the Lord" is not a healing model in and of itself (various models of intervention can be used in the healing journey as found in the literature study), it guides the stance of the community, the pastoral counsellor (or other helper) as well as the survivors of generational ritual abuse who turn to God. It was found to form a doorway into the covenant relationship (or intimate relationship) with God in Scripture, and it is argued that, as such, it will help to lead survivors away from negative or destructive fear-bonded relationships (in Wilder's terms) into love-bonded relationships with God and others, thus leading to fulfilment of the command 'to love God with all one's heart, soul and strength and others as oneself' (Dt. 6; Mrk. 12:29-31). To this end, it aids the pastoral healing goal of a growing relationship with God and increasing maturity. Using the models of Heitink, Osmer and Hurding, the insights gained in this study are applied to the guidelines and proposed model for pastoral intervention. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a debilitating anxiety disorder that can develop in the aftermath of a traumatic or life–threatening event involving extreme horror, intense fear or bodily harm. The disorder is typified by a symptom triad consisting of re–experiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Approximately 15–25% of trauma–exposed individuals go on to develop PTSD, depending on the nature and severity of the trauma. Although dysfunctional adaptive responses exist in multiple neurobiological pathways in the disorder, e.g. glutamate, GABA, glucocortocoids and serotonin, the noradrenergic system is particularly prominent and represents an important pharmacological target in attempts at preventing the development of PTSD posttrauma. However, current literature shows opposing and conflicting results regarding the effect of selective noradrenergic agents in memory processing, and the effect of modulation of selective noradrenergic receptors are spread over diverse protocols and paradigms of learning and fear also employing different strains of animals. Fear conditioning is a behavioural paradigm that uses associative learning to study the neural mechanisms underlying learning, memory and fear. It is useful in investigating the underpinnings of disorders associated with maladaptive fear responses. Performing fear conditioning experiments with the aim of applying it to an animal model of PTSD, and relating these behavioural responses to a defined neural mechanism, will assist both in the elucidation of the underlying pathology of the disease, as well as the development of more effective treatment. This project has set about to re–examine the diverse and complex role of noradrenergic receptors in the conditioned fear response with relevance to PTSD. To the best of my knowledge, this study represents the first attempt at studying a range of noradrenergic compounds with diverse actions and their ability to modify conditioned fear in a single animal model. This work thus introduces greater consistency and comparative relevance not currently available in the literature, and will also provide much needed pre–clinical evidence in support of treatment strategies targeting the noradrenergic system in the prevention of PTSD posttrauma. The first objective of this study was to set up and validate a passive avoidance fear conditioning protocol under our laboratory conditions using the Gemini Avoidance System. The noradrenergic system plays a prominent role in memory consolidation and fear conditioning, while administration of –adrenergic blockers, such as propranolol, have been shown to abolish learning and fear conditioning in both humans and animals. Propranolol has also demonstrated clinical value in preventing the progression of acute traumatic stress syndrome immediately posttrauma to full–blown PTSD. To confer predictive validity to our model, the centrally active –adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, and the non–centrally acting –adrenergic antagonist, nadolol, were administered to Wistar rats after passive avoidance fear conditioning training in the Gemini Avoidance System. Wistar rats were used because of their recognised enhanced sensitivity to stress. Evidence from this pilot study confirmed that propranolol 10 mg/kg significantly inhibits the consolidation of learned fear in rats, whereas nadolol is ineffective. This effectively validated our protocol and the apparatus for further application in this study and also confirmed the importance of a central mechanism of action for –adrenoceptor blockade in the possible application of these drugs in preventing the development of PTSD posttrauma. The second objective of this study was to investigate the role of 1–, 2–, 1–, and 2–receptors in a conditioned fear passive avoidance paradigm. This was done in order to investigate how selective pharmacological modulation of these receptors may modify the conditioned fear response, and whether any of these receptor systems might exert opposing effects in passive fear conditioning. Various centrally active noradrenergic agents were employed over a 3–tiered dose response design, including the 1–antagonist, prazosin, the 2–agonist, guanfacine, the 2–antagonist, yohimbine, the 1–antagonist, betaxolol and the 2–antagonist ICI 118551. The effect of post–exposure administration of these drugs on conditioned fear was compared to that of propranolol 10 mg/kg. Selected doses of betaxolol (10 mg/kg) and ICI 118551 (1 mg/kg) attenuated fear conditioning to an extent comparable to propranolol, as did prazosin (0.1 mg/kg). Yohimbine tended to boster fear learning at all doses tested, albeit not significantly, while guanfacine did not produce any significant effect on memory retention at any of the doses studied. This latter observation was surprising since yohimbine tended to bolster fear conditioning while earlier studies indicate that 2–agonism impairs conditioned fear. Concluding, this study has conferred validity to our passive avoidance model and has provided greater insight into the separate roles of noradrenergic receptors in contextual conditioned fear learning. The study has provided supportive evidence for a key role for both 1– and 2–antagonism, as well as 1–antagonism, in inhibiting fear memory consolidation and hence as viable secondary treatment options to prevent the development of PTSD posttrauma. However, further study is required to delineate the precise role of the 2–receptor in this regard. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Generational ritual abuse within satanic or fertility (abusive witchcraft) cults is a controversial subject. This study shows that, while not all reported memories may be true, False Memory Syndrome is not an intrinsic scientific reality of generational ritual abuse. Recent publications under the editorial pens of Noblitt and Perskin Noblitt (2008), as well as Sachs and Galton (2008), describe the types of abuse and torture perpetrated in various forms of ritual abuse (including the results of a worldwide survey), together with the psychological, interpersonal and spiritual damage it caused survivors. It also speaks of the legal difficulties of survivors, the motives of perpetrators and the difficulties experienced with disappearing evidence (sometimes deliberately, otherwise because it does not fit the known legal paradigm). Survivors of generational ritual abuse suffer from what can be described under DESNOS (Disorders of Extreme Stress - Not Otherwise Specified), which is supported by research whilst not yet a formal DSM diagnostic category. Prolonged interpersonal trauma, involving multiple events lead to alterations of affect and impulses: in attention or consciousness; in self-perception; in relationships with other; in systems of meaning; as well as somatisation. Most often it results in dissociative disorders of which the most common is DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personality states which recurrently take control of his or her behaviour. Various other diagnostic-related factors are discussed in this study, together with major paradigms for considering DID. These paradigms include the ego-state theory (referred to briefly), structural dissociation and attachment theory. These models' intervention strategies are also discussed. Models from three Christian psychologists are discussed - those of Joubert, Friesen and Wilder (a community model) - and Hawkins and Hawkins' pastoral model is reviewed as well. "The fear of the Lord" is found to be the reverential awe with which a believer approaches God; linked closely to the love of God; a fear that is advocated over the fear of human enemies or circumstances and which then dispels the latter; an emotion of fear that is experienced when confronted, as sinful human being, with God's presence and attributes such as his holiness; advocated by Jesus and Paul as based upon God's judgment, after which he may cast one into hell - and thus, one is not to fear what man could do unto one, or should not depart from God and continue in wilful sin. Ps. 86 contains a prayer for a united heart that the psalmist may fear God, linked to walking in his truth and praising God for deliverance from the grave. While "the fear of the Lord" is not a healing model in and of itself (various models of intervention can be used in the healing journey as found in the literature study), it guides the stance of the community, the pastoral counsellor (or other helper) as well as the survivors of generational ritual abuse who turn to God. It was found to form a doorway into the covenant relationship (or intimate relationship) with God in Scripture, and it is argued that, as such, it will help to lead survivors away from negative or destructive fear-bonded relationships (in Wilder's terms) into love-bonded relationships with God and others, thus leading to fulfilment of the command 'to love God with all one's heart, soul and strength and others as oneself' (Dt. 6; Mrk. 12:29-31). To this end, it aids the pastoral healing goal of a growing relationship with God and increasing maturity. Using the models of Heitink, Osmer and Hurding, the insights gained in this study are applied to the guidelines and proposed model for pastoral intervention. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a debilitating anxiety disorder that can develop in the aftermath of a traumatic or life–threatening event involving extreme horror, intense fear or bodily harm. The disorder is typified by a symptom triad consisting of re–experiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Approximately 15–25% of trauma–exposed individuals go on to develop PTSD, depending on the nature and severity of the trauma. Although dysfunctional adaptive responses exist in multiple neurobiological pathways in the disorder, e.g. glutamate, GABA, glucocortocoids and serotonin, the noradrenergic system is particularly prominent and represents an important pharmacological target in attempts at preventing the development of PTSD posttrauma. However, current literature shows opposing and conflicting results regarding the effect of selective noradrenergic agents in memory processing, and the effect of modulation of selective noradrenergic receptors are spread over diverse protocols and paradigms of learning and fear also employing different strains of animals. Fear conditioning is a behavioural paradigm that uses associative learning to study the neural mechanisms underlying learning, memory and fear. It is useful in investigating the underpinnings of disorders associated with maladaptive fear responses. Performing fear conditioning experiments with the aim of applying it to an animal model of PTSD, and relating these behavioural responses to a defined neural mechanism, will assist both in the elucidation of the underlying pathology of the disease, as well as the development of more effective treatment. This project has set about to re–examine the diverse and complex role of noradrenergic receptors in the conditioned fear response with relevance to PTSD. To the best of my knowledge, this study represents the first attempt at studying a range of noradrenergic compounds with diverse actions and their ability to modify conditioned fear in a single animal model. This work thus introduces greater consistency and comparative relevance not currently available in the literature, and will also provide much needed pre–clinical evidence in support of treatment strategies targeting the noradrenergic system in the prevention of PTSD posttrauma. The first objective of this study was to set up and validate a passive avoidance fear conditioning protocol under our laboratory conditions using the Gemini Avoidance System. The noradrenergic system plays a prominent role in memory consolidation and fear conditioning, while administration of –adrenergic blockers, such as propranolol, have been shown to abolish learning and fear conditioning in both humans and animals. Propranolol has also demonstrated clinical value in preventing the progression of acute traumatic stress syndrome immediately posttrauma to full–blown PTSD. To confer predictive validity to our model, the centrally active –adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, and the non–centrally acting –adrenergic antagonist, nadolol, were administered to Wistar rats after passive avoidance fear conditioning training in the Gemini Avoidance System. Wistar rats were used because of their recognised enhanced sensitivity to stress. Evidence from this pilot study confirmed that propranolol 10 mg/kg significantly inhibits the consolidation of learned fear in rats, whereas nadolol is ineffective. This effectively validated our protocol and the apparatus for further application in this study and also confirmed the importance of a central mechanism of action for –adrenoceptor blockade in the possible application of these drugs in preventing the development of PTSD posttrauma. The second objective of this study was to investigate the role of 1–, 2–, 1–, and 2–receptors in a conditioned fear passive avoidance paradigm. This was done in order to investigate how selective pharmacological modulation of these receptors may modify the conditioned fear response, and whether any of these receptor systems might exert opposing effects in passive fear conditioning. Various centrally active noradrenergic agents were employed over a 3–tiered dose response design, including the 1–antagonist, prazosin, the 2–agonist, guanfacine, the 2–antagonist, yohimbine, the 1–antagonist, betaxolol and the 2–antagonist ICI 118551. The effect of post–exposure administration of these drugs on conditioned fear was compared to that of propranolol 10 mg/kg. Selected doses of betaxolol (10 mg/kg) and ICI 118551 (1 mg/kg) attenuated fear conditioning to an extent comparable to propranolol, as did prazosin (0.1 mg/kg). Yohimbine tended to boster fear learning at all doses tested, albeit not significantly, while guanfacine did not produce any significant effect on memory retention at any of the doses studied. This latter observation was surprising since yohimbine tended to bolster fear conditioning while earlier studies indicate that 2–agonism impairs conditioned fear. Concluding, this study has conferred validity to our passive avoidance model and has provided greater insight into the separate roles of noradrenergic receptors in contextual conditioned fear learning. The study has provided supportive evidence for a key role for both 1– and 2–antagonism, as well as 1–antagonism, in inhibiting fear memory consolidation and hence as viable secondary treatment options to prevent the development of PTSD posttrauma. However, further study is required to delineate the precise role of the 2–receptor in this regard. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Deze dissertatie levert een bijdrage aan een christelijk geïnspireerde visie op begeleiding vanuit de oudtestamentische wijsheidsliteratuur; in het bijzonder het boek Spreuken. Hoofdstuk 1 bevat een algemene inleiding waarin het begrip begeleiding wordt gedefinieerd. In hoofdstuk 2 staat de vraag naar de context van de wijsheid centraal. Er wordt een (conceptueel) kader ontwikkeld over begeleiding in oud-Israël om zo inzicht te krijgen in de wijsheidsleraren en hun leerlingen. Het derde hoofdstuk richt zich op de theologie van de wijsheid en beantwoordt de vraag welke invloed de wijsheid en de theologie op elkaar hebben gehad en hoe de theologie van de wijsheid zich verhoudt tot de theologie van het Oude Testament. Dit hoofdstuk besteedt daarnaast aandacht aan het Godsbeeld en het mensbeeld van de wijsheidsleraren en behandelt (theologische) thema’s die relevant zijn voor begeleiding. Hoofdstuk 4 houdt zich bezig met Salomo, de mannen van Chizkia, Agoer en Lemoeël. Salomo neemt in de wijsheidsliteratuur een prominente plaats in en wordt genoemd als auteur van verzamelingen van spreuken in het boek Spreuken. ‘Zijn’ wijsheid heeft een sociale verandering in oud-Israël op gang gebracht. Hoofdstuk 5 buigt zich over de vraag tegen welke achtergrond het boek Spreuken moet worden gelezen. Vragen die gesteld worden, zijn wie de mogelijke auteur van het boek is, in welk tijdvak het boek is ontstaan, uit welke verzamelingen het boek bestaat, en voor wie en met welk doel het boek is geschreven. De antwoorden werpen licht op de teksten die in hoofdstuk 6 onder de loep worden genomen en worden, in hoofdstuk 7, toegepast op begeleiding. Het zesde hoofdstuk neemt als uitgangspunt teksten uit het boek Spreuken die licht werpen op begeleiding. Deze teksten worden uitgelegd aan de hand van toonaangevende wetenschappelijke commentaren. Tot deze teksten behoren de inleiding op Spreuken (1:1-7), de ‘vrees voor JHWH’-teksten, ‘leven’-teksten, werkwoorden die het proces kenmerken dat leidt tot een ‘levend leven’ en opdrachten aan de vader/leraar (en daarmee aan de begeleider). Hoofdstuk 7 geeft antwoord op de onderzoeksvraag welke aanwijzingen kunnen worden afgeleid uit het boek Spreuken voor begeleiders en christelijke opleidingen tot begeleidingskundige? en wendt de kennis opgedaan in de voorgaande hoofdstukken aan om te komen tot een Bijbels geïnspireerde visie op begeleiding in een hedendaagse context. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D.Th. (Old Testament)

A hospitalisation experience is serious for every toddler, and implies physical and emotional trauma of one kind or another. The reaction of the toddler in terms of this trauma in effect is a normal reaction to an unnatural situation, through which he tries to be in control of himself and his unknown environment. His lack of experience, incomplete cognitive reasoning, and lack of insight cause anxiety and stress for the toddler. Misbehaviour because of account of his anxiety and fear which the form part of the toddlers attempts to control and get hold of this unknown situation. The research is primarily aimed at how the therapist, parents and hospital personnel can prepare, assess and support the toddler, in terms of handling the hospitalisation process. Seeing that there is normally no one to blame for the toddlers admission to hospital, the child directs his anger and anxiety at himself, resulting in inner conflict and intense feelings of guilt. The research project aims to focus on preparation of the pre-primary toddler for hospitalisation, by using playtherapeutic intervention, in order to lessen the fear and anxiety of the experience. This goal was achieved by a literature study, an empirical study with the aid of application of a preparatory intervention program, as well as an assessment and an evaluation of the program, in order to make recommendations, regarding the research. Optimal care, and preparation of sick toddlers for admission in hospital, includes more than satisfying the child’s physical needs. It also asks for gratification of the toddler’s psychosocial needs. Support and preparation of both the child and his/her parents form an integral component of the sanitary care process. Therapeutic activities with the child that is going to hospital, can, according to the goals of the research study, be instrumental in reducing fear, promote self-esteem, become acquainted with the medical setting and procedures, as well as providing in the toddlers physical, emotional, psychological and psychosocial needs. A complete and refined play therapeutic preparation program was developed and evaluated through the findings of the empirical and literature study. The process of intervention research was followed in the empirical study, where data was obtained with the aid of a purposive sample, of 20 hospitalised toddler respondents. Creswell’s dominant-less-dominant model was utilised. A dominant quantitative approach was being followed, through witch data was assembled by a self developed structured observation instrument, as a post-test for both the experimental as well as the comparative group. The less dominant, but equally important qualitative approach, that consisted of 9 playtherapeutic sessions with experimental group, field notes and interviews with parents, enrich and verified the quantitative data. According to the integration of the quantitative and qualitative findings, the conclusion can be made that the preparatory playtherapeutic program had a positive impact on the way fear and the toddlers handled anxiety during hospitalisation, with less misbehaviour. The findings show that the developed preparatory playtherapeutic program can be implemented with great success and confidence, with toddlers that are going to be hospitalised. It is recommended that further research can be done on development and evaluation of preparation programmes for toddlers from less fortunate communities. Seeing that individual sessions may due to financial difficulties be less tenable, group sessions and community work can be recommended to reach larger groups of children, as well as creating community awareness for the needs of toddlers, related to hospitalisation. / Thesis (DPhil (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work / unrestricted