This thesis is a study on the interface of public built form and the open public space surrounding it. The aim is to explore the problem of the transition between interior and exterior public space, that is the exterior skin of the public built form: its public wall. Public wall is explored as an in-between element belonging to both spaces, which forms the dialogue of these spaces. The dialogue is studied in terms of communicative qualities. A conceptual framework is established for the analysis of the public wall. To develop the communication notion further, two milieus of communication of the interior and exterior public space are discussed: transparency and de-materialization. At the end, in order to examine how the theoretical approaches turn into practical solutions, some contemporary architectural examples of public buildings are evaluated in relation to the established framework of the public wall. Therefore, the emphasis given on the subject of public wall is supposed to contribute to the network of relations in the cityscape, and activate those relations, as these relations of built form and open space are at the base of urban realm.

No description available.

Abstract The development and advancement of microelectronics industry is very drastically. So, the key to create new technology of process and it's costs can be cut by simulating the performance of these equipments. The reactor of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is important to semiconductor production process.. This research use numerical method to study the process parameters of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of Tungsten (W).In this simulation, the CVD reactor modeling are constructed and discreditzed by using the implicit finite volume method. The grids are arranged in a staggered manner for the discretization of the governing equations. Then, the SIMPLE-type algorithm will be used to solve all of the discretized algebra equations. In this research, the reactor is an single wafer and cold-wall system. The nozzle position is adjustable from 100 to 250mm.The nozzle-to-wafer distance is adjustable by changing the height from 30 to 120mm.The temperature and pressure in the reactor system can be setup with susceptor temperature 300~600 and pressure 0.5~8Torr. The results show that the flow in the reactor may depend on the flow rate and nozzle position. An effective means to avoid unstable is to reduce the susceptor temperature and system pressure due to the effects of buoyancy force and recirculation.

This research was to evaluate the treatment efficiency of a chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated site by combined technologies of electrokinetic processing-Fenton process-catalytic iron wall. The L9 orthogonal arrays were utilized to investigate the effects of four experimental factors (i.e., H2O2 concentration, size fraction of iron particles, mass of iron particles and elapsed time) on the treatment efficiency. The experimental results were further subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regular analysis. According to the ANOVA of results of nine experiments conducted under an electric gradient of 1 V/cm, the H2O2 concentration, mass of iron particles and elapsed time were determined to be very significant parameters for the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) . In this system, the optimal conditions with respect to the DRE of TeCA would be 2¢MH2O2, 50-100 mesh iron, 0.2 wt% iron and 20-day treatment time. Under this optimal conditions, it was able to obtain a DRE of 69.56% and the corresponding operating cost would be 672.9 NT$/m3. Aside from the constant voltage operation, the constant current operation also was employed in this study. The latter was found to be superior to the former in terms of electroosmotic flow quantity and DRE. Experimental results of soil column tests showed that TeCA was transformed to trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE could be regarded as a daughter product of TeCA degradation. Results of Tests 17 and 18 showed that destruction dominated the DRE of TeCA, whereas removal played a much more important role in the DRE of Test 19. Regarding the treatment efficiency of a 9-day pilot test using the same combined treatment technologies, it was found to be very satisfactory. DREs of vinyl chloride, dichloroethane, and TCE were found to be >96%, >96%, and >94%, respectively in the anode and cathode wells. The concentrations of TCE in both anode and cathode wells were found to be lower than the regulatory threshold (i.e., 2£gg/L) and the operating cost was determined to be about NT$57.5/m3.

In this study, a system for the collection of bioaerosols emitted from the mail sorting process was designed and characterized. Two different wetted-wall cyclones, the JBPDS cyclone and the glass cyclone sampler (GCS), were evaluated as system collection devices. These devices operate at 780 L/min and have a D50 of ~ 1 μm. A trimming impactor with a D50 of 10 μm was used upstream of the collection devices. Using two reference probes, the cyclone liquid outputs were compared with aerosol collected on filters and the output of an Aerosol-to-Hydrosol Transfer Stage (AHTS). The mass emission rate of the postal sorting machine was 3.15 mg/min and found not to vary significantly with flow rates above 700 L/min. On average, greater than 66% of the mass collected had a Da < 10 μm. Using a Coulter Counter, the volume median diameter (volume equivalent) for both device hydrosol outputs was 4.18 μm. For the effluent aerosol, the volume median diameter was 12.5 μm. For a bioaerosol release, this study found that greater than 65% (by volume) of the material released had a Da greater than 7.2 μm. Using filters, it was found that on average, 95% of the bioaerosol particles emitted had a Da less than 10 μm. According to the reference data, the expected number of bioaerosol particles in 1.5 times that collected by the GCS and 5.5 times that collected by the JBPDS cyclone for a one milligram release. The time constant for the system in response to a letter release was found to be 1.3 minutes for the GCS and 1.75 minutes for the JBPDS cyclone. A final note to this study states that the probe dimensions were incorrectly developed, therefore affecting the aspiration efficiency of the probes. In turn, this may have affected the outcome of some of the results. A plot is given at the end of the paper showing to what extent the results may have been affected. It is recommended that further experimental studies be performed to verify the results in this study.

Collecting microlymphatics play a vital role in promoting lymph flow from the initial lymphatics in the interstitial spaces to the large transport lymph ducts. In most tissues, the primary mechanism for producing this flow is the spontaneous contractions of the lymphatic wall. Individual units, known as lymphangion, are separated by valves that help prevent backflow when the vessel contracts, thus promoting flow through the lymphatic network. Lymphatic contractile activity is inhibited by flow in isolated lymphatics, however there are virtually no in situ measurements of lymph flow in these vessels. Initially, a high speed imaging system was set up to image in situ preparations at 500 fps. These images were then manually processed to extract information regarding lymphocyte velocity (-4 to 10 mm/sec), vessel diameter (25 to 165 um), and particle location. Fluid modeling was performed to obtain reasonable estimates of wall shear stress (-8 to 17 dynes/cm2). One of the difficulties encountered was the time consuming methods of manual particle tracking. Using previously captured images, an image correlation method was developed to automate lymphatic flow measurements and to track wall movements as the vessel contracts. Using this method the standard error of prediction for velocity measurements was 0.4 mm/sec and for diameter measurements it was 7.0 µm. It was found that the actual physical quantity being measured through this approach is somewhere between the spatially averaged velocity and the maximum velocity of a Poiseuille flow model.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to understand and analyse the issues of grey water generation and disposal in peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and to propose a suitable solution to which includes designing a treatment system for grey water (water from shower, washing and kitchen). The purification will eliminate the sanitation issues that are brought by exposing untreated grey water to the environment as well save freshwater. This will be implemented with regard to local conditions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p><p>Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are mainly brought by untreated grey water, which sadly enough causes thousands of death cases every year in Tanzania. The year between 2004- 2005, 154551 cases of dysentery were reported with 170 deaths. It was also reported, 863488 cases of typhoid with 1167 deaths and last but not least 12923 cases of cholera from with 350 deaths. Deaths that were caused by diarrhoea were also reported, whereby, 90 % of them are children.</p><p>According to the interviews that were conducted, people would not want to recycle the grey water for example for washing due to socio-cultural context where water is considered dirty even after treatment. They had difficulties in believing that the same dirty grey water can be purified and reused again for various domestic activities.</p><p>The conducted characterisation of grey water showed the tested grey water has relatively high levels of BOD, basic pH, higher than average values of TSS, relatively low levels of DO, increased salinity and average level of FC. The analyses were performed on the most polluted grey water from every source. The volume of household produced grey water varies strongly, depending on socio-economic situation of the household and type of access to water supply. From estimation, the volume varies approximately between 60 -160 l/day and household for a low income household.</p><p>Living wall was proposed as grey water treatment system, because of its suitability to the peri-urban settlement and tropical climate. The system consists of concrete boxes placed over each other, filled with inner porous material and planted with plants. The system purifies grey water as it percolates through it and at the same time provides a vertical space for growing plants.</p><p>The plants for the treatment system were chosen to Typha latifolia and Scirpus species. The plants are growing in Tanzania and are being used for wastewater treatment purposes. The plants are tolerant to increased salinity and can grow in alkaline soil.</p><p>The cleaning effectiveness of the system was not tested, but only roughly estimated with help of values from a similar treatment system build in Gotland, Sweden.</p><p>Hence, the reuse of grey water in this geographical location suits best for irrigation in rural and peri-urban areas with potential for agriculture as well as groundwater recharge in the peri-urban and urban areas. Recharging groundwater with treated grey water has a potential to be observed as an indirect and long term reuse of the water as it reconnects in the hydrological cycle.</p>

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2003. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 364-367).

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94).