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A produção avícola vem crescendo em grandes proporções em todo o Brasil ao longo dos anos, especialmente na região sul do país, sendo uma atividade produtora de resíduos, como a cama de aviário, merecendo grande atenção nas pesquisas na área. O experimento foi desenvolvido em aviário comercial de frango de corte localizado nas dependências da UTFPR Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, onde foram avaliados cinco condicionadores químicos, cal hidratada, gesso agrícola, sulfato de alumínio, super fosfato simples e calcário calcítico, com diferentes formas de parcelamento/aplicação da dose: aplicação única (realizada apenas no primeiro lote) aplicação dividida em duas vezes (primeira parte realizada no primeiro lote e a segunda realizada no quinto lote) e aplicação dividida em três vezes (aplicações realizadas no primeiro, quarto e sétimo lote) e seu desempenho no que se refere à liberação de amônia e CO2 para o ambiente, bem como a composição química do substrato. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada no intervalo entre lotes, onde foram instalados 64 quadros de madeira (boxes) com dimensões de 0,5 m (largura) x 1,0m (comprimento) x 0,10 (altura) , que ficaram alocados na área de pinteiro, e cada quadro representou uma unidade experimental. Após aplicação dos tratamentos foram coletados cerca de 200g de amostra por quadro, que foram utilizadas para realização das análises químicas (pH, teor de nutrientes, umidade, amônia volatilizada e CO2 respirado). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (16X5) e quatro repetições, sendo o fator “A” composto por 16 tratamentos (cinco condicionadores químicos e três formas de aplicação, mais uma testemunha) e fator “B” composto por cinco lotes avaliados. O teste utilizado foi de comparação de médias, Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Dentre os condicionadores testados e formas de aplicação da dose utilizadas, o sulfato de alumínio apresentou os melhores resultados para diminuição do pH e volatilização de amônia, principalmente quando aplicado de forma parcelada, seguido do superfosfato simples, já a cal hidratada e o calcário não contribuíram para diminuição da volatilização de amônia, resultando em comportamento semelhante ao da testemunha. O gesso agrícola contribui para diminuição na emissão de dióxido de carbono quando aplicado de forma única e parcelada. Nenhum dos condicionadores, na quantidade e formas de aplicações testadas, possui capacidade para alterar o teor de umidade do substrato, sendo que o teor de umidade não foi diferente do manejo usual do aviário, sem utilização de condicionadores. Para os teores de nutrientes da cama, não foram observados ganhos significativos na composição química final, quando avaliado N e K da cama com o uso de condicionadores químicos e diferentes formas de aplicação, quando analisado a cama do ultimo lote. Porém os tratamentos contendo superfosfato simples foram observadas diferença significativa na média, quando comparado com outros tratamentos, devido a composição do superfosfato simples. / Poultry production has grown in large proportions in Brazil over the years, especially in the southern region of the country, being an activity that produced the waste, such as poultry litter, deserving great attention in the research area. The experiment was conducted on avian commercial broiler located on the premises of UTFPR Campus Dois Vizinhos were evaluated in five chemical conditioners: hydrated lime, gypsum, aluminum sulphate, single super phosphate and limestone, with different forms of installment or application rate; i) single (performed only in the first batch) ii) application divided twice (first performed in the first batch and the second held in the fifth batch) and iii) divided into three application times (applications made in the first, fourth and seventh batch) and their performance with regard to the release of CO2 and ammonia to the environment as well as the chemical composition of the substrate. The spraying was performed in the interval between batches, which were installed 64 wooden frames (boxes) with dimensions of 0.5 m (width) x 1.0 m (length) x 0.10 (height), which were allocated in brooding area, and each table represented an experimental unit. After application of the treatments were collected about 200g sample per frame, which were used for the chemical analyzes (pH, nutrient content, moisture, ammonia volatilized and respired CO2). Was used a completely randomized factorial (16x5) and four replicates, where the factor "A" consists of 16 treatments (five and three chemical conditioners application forms, plus a control) and Factor "B" consists of five lots evaluated. The test was used to compare means, Scott Knott at 5% probability. Among conditioners and tested ways of applying the dose used, aluminum sulfate showed the best results for lowering the pH and ammonia volatilization, particularly when applied in a piecemeal manner, followed by superphosphate, as hydrated lime and limestone did not contribute to decrease in ammonia volatilization, resulting in behavior similar to the witness. The gypsum contributes to reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide when applied in a unique way and parcels. None of the conditioners, the amount and types of applications tested, has the capacity to change the moisture content of the substrate, while the moisture content was not different from the usual management of the aviary, without the use of conditioners. For the nutrient content of the poultry litter was not observed significant gains in final chemical composition, where N and K to the estimated poultry litter with the use of chemical conditioners and different forms of application, where the last analyzed poultry litter batch. However superphosphate containing treatments were observed significant difference in average, when compared with other treatments due to the composition of superphosphate.

A produção avícola vem crescendo em grandes proporções em todo o Brasil ao longo dos anos, especialmente na região sul do país, sendo uma atividade produtora de resíduos, como a cama de aviário, merecendo grande atenção nas pesquisas na área. O experimento foi desenvolvido em aviário comercial de frango de corte localizado nas dependências da UTFPR Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, onde foram avaliados cinco condicionadores químicos, cal hidratada, gesso agrícola, sulfato de alumínio, super fosfato simples e calcário calcítico, com diferentes formas de parcelamento/aplicação da dose: aplicação única (realizada apenas no primeiro lote) aplicação dividida em duas vezes (primeira parte realizada no primeiro lote e a segunda realizada no quinto lote) e aplicação dividida em três vezes (aplicações realizadas no primeiro, quarto e sétimo lote) e seu desempenho no que se refere à liberação de amônia e CO2 para o ambiente, bem como a composição química do substrato. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada no intervalo entre lotes, onde foram instalados 64 quadros de madeira (boxes) com dimensões de 0,5 m (largura) x 1,0m (comprimento) x 0,10 (altura) , que ficaram alocados na área de pinteiro, e cada quadro representou uma unidade experimental. Após aplicação dos tratamentos foram coletados cerca de 200g de amostra por quadro, que foram utilizadas para realização das análises químicas (pH, teor de nutrientes, umidade, amônia volatilizada e CO2 respirado). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (16X5) e quatro repetições, sendo o fator “A” composto por 16 tratamentos (cinco condicionadores químicos e três formas de aplicação, mais uma testemunha) e fator “B” composto por cinco lotes avaliados. O teste utilizado foi de comparação de médias, Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Dentre os condicionadores testados e formas de aplicação da dose utilizadas, o sulfato de alumínio apresentou os melhores resultados para diminuição do pH e volatilização de amônia, principalmente quando aplicado de forma parcelada, seguido do superfosfato simples, já a cal hidratada e o calcário não contribuíram para diminuição da volatilização de amônia, resultando em comportamento semelhante ao da testemunha. O gesso agrícola contribui para diminuição na emissão de dióxido de carbono quando aplicado de forma única e parcelada. Nenhum dos condicionadores, na quantidade e formas de aplicações testadas, possui capacidade para alterar o teor de umidade do substrato, sendo que o teor de umidade não foi diferente do manejo usual do aviário, sem utilização de condicionadores. Para os teores de nutrientes da cama, não foram observados ganhos significativos na composição química final, quando avaliado N e K da cama com o uso de condicionadores químicos e diferentes formas de aplicação, quando analisado a cama do ultimo lote. Porém os tratamentos contendo superfosfato simples foram observadas diferença significativa na média, quando comparado com outros tratamentos, devido a composição do superfosfato simples. / Poultry production has grown in large proportions in Brazil over the years, especially in the southern region of the country, being an activity that produced the waste, such as poultry litter, deserving great attention in the research area. The experiment was conducted on avian commercial broiler located on the premises of UTFPR Campus Dois Vizinhos were evaluated in five chemical conditioners: hydrated lime, gypsum, aluminum sulphate, single super phosphate and limestone, with different forms of installment or application rate; i) single (performed only in the first batch) ii) application divided twice (first performed in the first batch and the second held in the fifth batch) and iii) divided into three application times (applications made in the first, fourth and seventh batch) and their performance with regard to the release of CO2 and ammonia to the environment as well as the chemical composition of the substrate. The spraying was performed in the interval between batches, which were installed 64 wooden frames (boxes) with dimensions of 0.5 m (width) x 1.0 m (length) x 0.10 (height), which were allocated in brooding area, and each table represented an experimental unit. After application of the treatments were collected about 200g sample per frame, which were used for the chemical analyzes (pH, nutrient content, moisture, ammonia volatilized and respired CO2). Was used a completely randomized factorial (16x5) and four replicates, where the factor "A" consists of 16 treatments (five and three chemical conditioners application forms, plus a control) and Factor "B" consists of five lots evaluated. The test was used to compare means, Scott Knott at 5% probability. Among conditioners and tested ways of applying the dose used, aluminum sulfate showed the best results for lowering the pH and ammonia volatilization, particularly when applied in a piecemeal manner, followed by superphosphate, as hydrated lime and limestone did not contribute to decrease in ammonia volatilization, resulting in behavior similar to the witness. The gypsum contributes to reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide when applied in a unique way and parcels. None of the conditioners, the amount and types of applications tested, has the capacity to change the moisture content of the substrate, while the moisture content was not different from the usual management of the aviary, without the use of conditioners. For the nutrient content of the poultry litter was not observed significant gains in final chemical composition, where N and K to the estimated poultry litter with the use of chemical conditioners and different forms of application, where the last analyzed poultry litter batch. However superphosphate containing treatments were observed significant difference in average, when compared with other treatments due to the composition of superphosphate.

Submitted by Milenna Moraes Figueiredo (milennasjn@gmail.com) on 2016-04-11T17:54:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 irene recuperao das protenas provenientes de pescado utilizando o processo de variao de ph.pdf: 1216568 bytes, checksum: ff5b9e6719a564c8f0bc6e66a6239af3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-29T20:10:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 irene recuperao das protenas provenientes de pescado utilizando o processo de variao de ph.pdf: 1216568 bytes, checksum: ff5b9e6719a564c8f0bc6e66a6239af3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T20:10:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 irene recuperao das protenas provenientes de pescado utilizando o processo de variao de ph.pdf: 1216568 bytes, checksum: ff5b9e6719a564c8f0bc6e66a6239af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / As indústrias processadoras de pescado geram produtos assim como co-produtos de baixo valor comercial em grande quantidade, sendo considerável fonte de proteínas, fator este, que junto à busca por alimentos saudáveis, desperta o interesse por realizar estudos para aproveitar e agregar valor ao pescado de baixo valor comercial, assim como aos resíduos provenientes de sua industrialização para aplicação em produtos para consumo humano. O processo de extração química das proteínas baseia-se em dois mecanismos: solubilização ácida e/ou alcalina das proteínas e recuperação das mesmas no ponto isoelétrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de variação de pH para recuperação das proteínas do pescado, comparando uma espécie gorda (anchoita) com outra magra (corvina), aplicando o processo de solubilização ácida e/ou alcalina e comparar-los com o surimi tradicional. Foi determinada a composição proximal (cinzas, umidade, proteínas e lipídeos); propriedades funcionais (capacidade de retenção de água, capacidade de retenção de óleo e solubilidade), pH, cor, força do gel e rendimento. O processo de solubilização ácida obteve-se maior rendimento para o concentrado de músculo de corvina (98,5%), o menor teor de umidade (71,2%), sendo a menor redução lipídica (33,7%) apresentada pelo concentrado protéico de resíduo de anchoita. Os isolados obtidos por este processo apresentaram teor protéico de até 96,0% (b.s.). A maior brancura foi atribuída ao concentrado de músculo de corvina e ao surimi de corvina. O gel do concentrado do músculo de corvina apresentou maior qualidade em relação ao surimi de corvina e aos demais concentrados protéicos. No processo alcalino, o concentrado protéico de resíduo de anchoita apresentou um rendimento de (35,7%) menor que o rendimento do concentrado de resíduo de corvina (63,7%). O teor protéico foi superior a 94,0% (b.s.) exceto para o concentrado de resíduo de anchoita que apresentou 72,9% (b.s.). A menor brancura foi apresentada pelo concentrado de resíduo de corvina (47,4) quando comparado com o concentrado do músculo de corvina (78,7). O gel do concentrado protéico de resíduo de corvina apresentou qualidade superior ao gel do surimi de corvina. Todos os concentrados protéicos apresentaram ausência de Salmonella sp. O maior valor de solubilidade foi encontrado em pH 11 e o menor em pH 5 para o isolado de músculo (1,5%) de corvina obtido pela solubilização ácida em relação com o valor de 46,3% para o isolado de resíduo de corvina obtido pela solubilização alcalina. A maior capacidade de retenção de óleo foi apresentada pelos isolados de resíduos de corvina e anchoita obtidos no processo de solubilização alcalina (8,3 mL/g proteína e 7,3 mL/g proteína respectivamente). A maior capacidade de retenção de água foi apresentada pelo surimi de corvina (22,0g H2O/g proteína), quando comparados todos os produtos obtidos. / Low commercial value products as well as their co-products are generated in high quantity by fish processing industries, being excellent protein source, factor which together the search for healthy food, interests to accomplish studies in order to profit and join value to fish with low commercial value, as well as also the wastes from its industrialization to the application in products to human intake. The chemistry extraction process of protein is based on two mechanisms: acid and/or alkaline protein solubilization and recovery of theirs at protein isoeletric point. The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH variation process in the recovery of fish proteins, comparing a fat specie (Argentine anchovy) with a thin specie (Whitemouth croaker), applying the acid and/or alkaline solubilization process, and comparing them with that of surimi croaker. It was determined the proximal composition (ash, moisture, proteins and lipids), functional properties (water holding capacity, retention capacity and solubility), pH, color, gel strength and yield. The acid solubilization process presented highest yield in the croaker muscle concentrate (98.5%), lowest moisture content (71.2%), while the lowest lipidic reduction (33.7%) was presented by the anchoita wastes protein concentrate. The isolate obtained by this process presented protein contents until 96.0% (dry basis). The highest whiteness was assigned to croaker muscle concentrate and croaker surimi. The croaker muscle concentrate gel showed the best quality in comparison with croaker surimi and the other protein concentrates. In the alkaline process, the croaker wastes protein concentrate showed less yield (35.7%) than croaker wastes concentrate yield (63.7%). The protein content was higher than 94.0% (d. b.), except for anchovy wastes concentrate that presented 72.9% (d. b.) for this component. The lowest whiteness was presented by croaker muscle concentrate (47.4) compared with the croaker muscle concentrate (78.7). The croaker wastes protein concentrate gel presented superior quality to croaker surimi gel. All the protein concentrate presented absence of Salmonella sp. The highest solubility value was found at pH 11 and the lowest value at pH 5 (1.4%) to the croaker muscle isolate obtained from acid solubilization, when compared with the value of 46.3% for croaker wastes isolate from alkaline solubilization. The highest oil retention capacity was presented by the croaker and anchovy wastes isolates from the process of alkaline solubilization (8.3 mL/g protein and 7.3 mL/g protein, respectively). The highest water retention capacity was showed by croaker surimi (22.0g H2O/g protein), when comparing all the products obtained.

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M.Sc. / Radionuclides exist in the environment because of natural and human activities that are an essential part of our lives. Nuclear processing, medicinal applications (using isotopes) and electric power production by nuclear stations are few examples of human activities that result in production of radioactive waste (RAW). The nuclear power stations in our world have to store their waste in such a manner that the present and future generations are protected from harmful radiations and this is a challenge. Exposure to RAW can result in severe, diverse and irreversible consequences such as damage of the ecosystem, pollution, cancers, birth mutations, to mention just a few. Solvent extraction (SE) technique is currently used to purify large volumes of secondary liquid waste before they are released to the environment or stored. However, even after the SE purification, highly radioactive liquid waste is given off. This highly radioactive liquid waste is solidified in a glass matrix (vitrification). In an attempt to reduce the disposal of large volumes of secondary RAW generated during the purification technology, this study was initiated to investigate the possibility of using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as part of the SE technique. As the main nuclear liquid extraction processes involve tributyl phosphate (TBP), the MWCNTs were linked to TBP, polymerised to give a MWCNTs-TBP polymer that was tested in the nuclear environment. This polymer should possess good chelating properties due to the inclusion of the phosphate and should be a good absorbent as MWCNTs are promising absorbent carbon materials. To test the hypothesis of the study MWCNTs-TBP polymer was tested for uranium extraction. The MWCNTs-TBP polymer gave a zero Kd value which indicates that the adsorption capacity of the polymer to remove radionuclides from waste streams was not successful. The MWCNTs were then tested for iodine-131 extraction whereby they were compared with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). In this test SWCNTs gave a Kd value of 81694 mL/g which proved that they can be used in nuclear waste applications.

D.Phil. / The existence of radioactive waste (or ‘radwaste’) has become a problem that afflicts the nuclear industry worldwide. The search for a social consensus on radwaste management strategies is proving to be one of the most complex challenges facing nuclear technological development. The categories of radwastes that are currently of greatest concern are spent nuclear fuel (SF) that is discharged from nuclear power reactors and high level waste (HLW) arising from reprocessing of SF, as they continue to accumulate in storage facilities around the world and perceived to be without an end solution to their existence. Like many other nuclear countries, South Africa too is facing major decisions about future management of SF that is generated from its nuclear power and research reactors. It remains undecided on which of the available spent fuel management (SFM) options it must adopt. This research study seeks to produce a framework for evaluating SFM options that will identify and characterise the elements or aspects to be analysed, and use it to evaluate the SFM options in order to identify a preferred or optimum option for South Africa. The methodological approach to this study involves the use of literature research, a case study on Eskom’s SFM approach and a questionnairebased survey complemented by in-depth interviews with key stakeholders of nuclear power in South Africa. These qualitative methods are used to verify and validate the SFM evaluation framework. To complement the qualitative approach, a cost analysis of the options based on input from Eskom and literature data as well as on assumed scenarios, is carried out. Both the qualitative and the cost analysis lead to identification of a preferred SFM option for South Africa. Three principal SFM options were identified and evaluated: the reprocessing and recycling (or closed fuel cycle) option, the direct disposal (or once-through fuel cycle) option, and the indefinite storage (or deferral-of-a-decision) option. There are at least nine categories of issues that have been identified as factors affecting these SFM options: technology, safety, environmental impact, proliferation resistance, physical security, economics, sociopolitical influence, ethical principles and institutional capability. These formed the evaluation framework and were used as the criteria for the assessment of the SFM options. Based on the analysis conducted in the study concerning the feasibility of the SFM options for the South African context in terms of these criteria, it is concluded that the direct disposal option is the most favourable option for implementation in the South African nuclear power programme. However, all three options have their technical merits but are also contentious in various degrees both within the nuclear industry and the public domain.

The waste water from the industrial production of the herbicide monosodium methyl arsenate was treated using coagulation. The coagulation process as developed in this research proved to be suitable for arsenic removal in aqueous media using chromium (III), calcium (II), and combination of calcium (II) and chromium (III), and magnesium (II). The results obtained suggest that the coagulation process can be used for the treatment of the waste water from the monosodium methyl arsenate production. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of the various parameters, namely pH, mole ratios (Cr:As, Ca:As, and Mg:As), concentration of flocculent and initial arsenic concentration. To optimize the process conditions for the maximum removal of arsenic. Central composite and factorial designs were used to study the effects of these variables and to predict the effect of each. ANOVA was used to identify those factors which had significant effects on model quality and performance. The initial arsenic concentration appeared to be the only significant factor. These models were statistically tested and verified by confirmation experiments.