Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2017659 bytes, checksum: 0456040e0ff1055597e4b0948b61631f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Charcoal, even being produced and used since the dawn of civilization, still have insufficient knowledge of the different mechanisms of chemical kinetics and heat transfer and mass that occur during the carbonization. What is important to identify the most if not all, the parameters of the carbonization process in the dimensions of wood used in industrial production of charcoal is the way these parameters can interact along the process and quality of coal produced. Charcoal, even under controlled carbonization, there is a chemical compound set, some coals are almost pure carbon, others due to partial processes of carbonization, contains significant amounts of oxygen, hydrogen and organic compounds. An ideal system of coking plant should provide a suitable working condition, establishing strategies to minimize the cycle time of carbonization, without changing the yield and quality of coal produced. In this sense, few technologies have been developed to improve the process. Operating variables and even an oven constructive influence the final quality of the product generated, the temperature of the more important as an influence on the appearance, volume and losses during carbonization, reason why it should be precisely controlled. Through testing thermogravimetric known that the higher the speed of heating required to biomass, the lower the yield of charcoal. There is also that at high heating rates the mass of coal does not stabilize its self-consumption, even if it has reached the temperature of completion of the carbonization. This is because there is a temperature difference between the oven and the inner mass of coal, and such difference is a function of heating rate and the mechanisms of heat transfer and mass within the mass of coal. Thus, the use of steam helps the cooling process and aggregate income, for terminating the selfconsumption, in addition to promote the elimination of gas volatiles present. Thus, the water is a substance readily available and inexpensive chemically aggressive, it is a vehicle that modifies the internal atmosphere of the oven, shock, temperature variations and acts as a vector for transport of thermal energy, which explains its spread as a fire extinguisher. Thus, in the carbonization process, for cooling, using water vapor, to be successful, depends on the characteristics of steam and how and where it is applied, and the combination of binomial time x temperature, and speed of movement within the mass of the body. The velocity of steam flowing through the holes injection must be known to maximize cooling and smothering. Timing is important, because the faster the steam is loaded on coal, the less time available for a given volume of vapor to condense on the coal. Thus, the heat transfer from coal to steam increases because the vapor film formed on coal is the thickness, which favors the increase of internal temperature, making it difficult to condensation. Considering that charcoal represents 60% to 70% of the cost of production of pig iron, it is essential that investment in research and technology in the form of carbonization (Homma et alli, 2006). The adoption of solutions for increased productivity in the forms of carbonization implies significant changes in the system in place in the modus operandi adopted in Brazil, it becomes necessary to adopt concepts and modern agro-technologies and more efficient high initial investment but with gains environmental impacts. The overall objectives was: the optimization of the manufacturing process of coal, with the cooling of the mass of coal and coking furnace using water vapor as coolant; analysis of short-time occupation of the oven; analysis of performance in number of batches per year. The income produced, besides the reduction of production time and increasing the number of heats using the oven cooling (building envelope and mass of charcoal) with the use of water vapor on the dry mass of coal, the process to be viable and meaningful results. / O carvão vegetal, mesmo sendo produzido e utilizado desde os primórdios da civilização, ainda mantêm insuficiente o conhecimento dos diversos mecanismos da cinética química e da transferência de calor e massa que acontecem durante a carbonização. O que torna importante a identificação da maioria, senão de todos, os parâmetros do processo de carbonização de madeira nas dimensões utilizadas na produção industrial de carvão vegetal é a forma como esses parâmetros podem interagir no transcorrer do processo e na qualidade do carvão produzido. O carvão vegetal, mesmo sob carbonização controlada, não é um composto químico definido, alguns carvões são quase carbono puro, outros devido a processos parciais de carbonização, contem quantidades significativas de oxigênio, hidrogênio e compostos orgânicos. Um sistema ideal de carbonização vegetal deve proporcionar uma adequada condição de trabalho, estabelecendo estratégias para minimizar a duração do ciclo da carbonização, sem alterar o rendimento e a qualidade do carvão produzido. Neste sentido, poucas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas visando melhorar o processo. Variáveis operacionais e mesmo construtivas de um forno, influenciam a qualidade final do produto gerado, sendo a temperatura uma das mais importantes, pois tem influência no aspecto, volume e perdas durante a carbonização, razão por que deve ser precisamente controlada. Através de ensaios termogravimétricos sabe-se que quanto maior a velocidade do aquecimento imposta à biomassa, menor o rendimento em carvão vegetal. Constata-se, também, que sob altas taxas de aquecimento a massa de carvão não estabiliza o seu auto-consumo, mesmo que se tenha atingido a temperatura de encerramento da carbonização. Isto ocorre por que há uma diferença de temperaturas entre o forno e o interior da massa de carvão, diferença esta que é função da taxa de aquecimento e dos mecanismos de transferência de calor e massa no interior da massa de carvão. Assim, a utilização do vapor favorece o processo de resfriamento e agrega rendimento, pois encerra o auto-consumo, alem de favorecer a eliminação de gases de materiais voláteis presentes. Assim sendo, a água por ser uma substância facilmente disponível e pouco agressiva quimicamente, torna-se um veículo que modifica a atmosfera interna do forno, amortece as variações de temperatura e atua como um vetor de transporte da energia térmica, fato que explica a sua disseminação como elemento extintor de incêndios. Assim, no processo de carbonização, para que o resfriamento, utilizando vapor d água, seja bem sucedido, depende das características do vapor e de como e onde ele é aplicado, além da combinação do binômio tempo x temperatura, e sua velocidade de circulação no interior da massa do corpo quente ou em incandescência. A velocidade do vapor que flui através dos orifícios de injeção deve ser conhecida para se maximizar os efeitos resfriamento e abafamento. O tempo é importante, pois quanto mais rápido for carregado o vapor sobre o carvão, menor é o tempo disponível para que um dado volume desse vapor condense-se sobre o carvão. Assim, a transferência de calor do carvão para o vapor aumenta, pois o filme de vapor formado sobre o carvão tem pouca espessura, o que favorece o aumento de sua temperatura interna, dificultando a sua condensação. Considerando que o carvão vegetal representa de 60% a 70% do custo da produção do ferro-gusa, torna-se imprescindível a aplicação de investimentos em pesquisas e em tecnologias na forma de carbonização (HOMMA et alli, 2006). A adoção de soluções de maior produtividade nas formas de carbonização implica em alterações significativas na sistemática vigente no modus operandi adotado no Brasil, pois torna-se necessário a adoção de conceitos e tecnologias agroindustriais modernas e mais eficientes de altos investimentos iniciais mas com ganhos ambientais significativos. Os objetivos gerais foram: a otimização do processo de fabricação de carvão, com o resfriamento da massa de carvão e do forno de carbonização utilizando-se vapor d´água como agente refrigerante; analise de redução do tempo de ocupação do forno; análise de rendimento em número de fornadas/ano. Pelos rendimentos apresentados, alem da redução do tempo de produção e no aumento no numero de fornadas utilizando-se resfriamento do forno (envelope construtivo e massa de carvão vegetal) com a aplicação do vapor d água na base da massa de carvão, o processo se mostrou viável e com resultados significativos.

Resumo: A quantificação do vapor d'água integrado na atmosfera (IWV - Integrated Water Vapor), ao contrário de outras variáveis meteorológicas, é algo que ainda se apresenta como um grande desafio para as Ciências Atmosféricas. Diversos mecanismos, envolvendo diferentes técnicas, têm sido empregados e testados para esse fim em diferentes regiões do globo por pesquisa dores das mais variadas áreas da ciência. Essa tese apresenta uma contribuição a esse tema ao empregar receptores GPS (Global Positioning System) em bases terrestres, localizados no Brasil, envolvendo instituições de pesquisa na área de Geodésia e de Meteorologia. Os objetivos principais desse trabalho são validar os valores do IWV obtidos a partir das observações GPS e contribuir com a viabilização da utilização de redes ativas de receptores GPS, existentes atualmente e futuras, no monitoramento do IWV como suporte às atividades da Meteorologia e Climatologia no Brasil. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, com a efetivação desse processo, poderá ser obtida uma fonte adicional de informações da umidade para Previsão Numérica de Tempo (PNT). Além disso, é mostrado também que a alta resolução temporal dos valores do IWV obtidos a partir das observações GPS pode contribuir para a melhoria dos resultados gerados por outras técnicas empregadas na mesma tarefa. Em contrapartida, um modelo de PNT é utilizado para gerar previsões da influência da troposfera nos sinais GPS, visando beneficiar aplicações GPS em tempo real. Os resultados gerados nesse trabalho são frutos da sinergia entre as duas áreas envolvidas e mostram que, atualmente, há boas perspectivas para essa parceria no Brasil. / Abstract: Quantification of Integrated Water Vapor (IWV), unlike other meteorological variables, still represents a significant challenge to the Atmospheric Sciences. In this task several techniques using different mechanisms have been employed and tested in different regions of the planet. Many researchers from several areas of science have been involved in this process. This thesis presents a contribution to this theme, employing ground-based GPS receivers installed on Brazilian territory, involving Geodesy and Meteorology research institutes. The main aim of this work is to contribute in order to make enable the use of the existing networks of continuously operating GPS receivers, and those that will be installed in the future, in IWV monitoring to support meteorological and climatological activities in Brazil. The results generated show that in this process it is possible to obtain an additional source of humidity information for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). Furthermore, the prospect of using the ground-based GPS receivers to monitor atmospheric water vapor is promising because thehigh temporal resolution of IWV values from GPS observations can improve the results generated from other techniques employed in the same task. At the same time, a NWP model is applied to generate predictions of the atmosphere's influence over radiofrequency signals, to improve real time GPS applications. The results of this work stem from the synergy between the two areas of science involved. They show that the current outlook for this partnership in Brazil is good, and that both Meteorology and Geodesy will benefit. / Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Coorientador: João Augusto Toledo Machado / Banca: José Antonio Aravequia / Banca: Paul J. de Jonge / Banca: José Tadeu Garcia Tommaselli / Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Doutor

Orientador: Jurandir Zullo Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_CristinaRodrigues_M.pdf: 15175487 bytes, checksum: d9905da2c3f9b6c5fa573693ce9e61a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O sensoriamento remoto nas regiões espectrais do visível e do infravermelho próximo constitui uma das ferramentas mais importantes para o entendimento da biosfera e de suas dinâmicas. Entretanto, estas duas regiões são afetadas pelos efeitos atmosféricos tais como, o espalhamento e a absorção,ocasionados por sua vez pelos aerossóis e gases atmosféricos. Na tentativa de obter o fator de reflectância bi-direcional da superfície terrestre, nos canais 1 e 2 do sensor AVHRR, foi realizada a correção atmosférica, baseada na entrada de dados, tais como espessura óptica dos aerossóis, coluna total de vapor d?água e carga total de ozônio, respectivamente fornecidos pelo sensor MODIS. O intuito da utilização deste sensor está diretamente relacionado à obtenção das informações, necessários para a correção atmosférica, considerando-se a variabilidade dos parâmetros no tempo e no espaço. Para tanto foi utilizado o aplicativo SCORADIS, fundamentado no modelo de transferência radiativa 5S, então adaptado, para possibilitar a correção atmosférica de toda a imagem do AVHRR a partir da entrada das imagens correspondentes aos planos atmosféricos, através da utilização de quatro metodologias distintas de correção atmosférica. As análises realizadas indicaram que as correções realizadas a partir dos dados atmosféricos do sensor MODIS apresentaram resultados coerentes com o esperado após a eliminação dos efeitos de espalhamento e de absorção atmosférica, nos canais 1 e 2 do NOAA-17, nas duas datas consideradas (14/07/2004 e 30/08/2005). Para o NDVI, a diferença percentual entre as imagens com e sem correção chegaram a ser de, aproximadamente, 60%, o que ressalta a importância da correção atmosférica destes canais, principalmente no acompanhamento da vegetação a partir de imagens multitemporais. Não se observou diferença significativa entre as metodologias utilizadas para a entrada dos dados atmosféricos no sistema de correção atmosférica, devido, possivelmente, à magnitude dos valores utilizados e à áreateste escolhida. Os produtos obtidos a partir das imagens do MODIS mostraram potencial para utilização na estimativa dos principais parâmetros atmosféricos necessários para a correção atmosférica (como a espessura óptica dos aerossóis e conteúdo de vapor d'água e ozônio) e que são de grande dificuldade para obtenção em campo / Abstract: Remote sensing in the spectral regions of visible and infrared is one of the most important techniques used for studying the biosphere. However these two spectral regions are affected by atmospheric effects as scattering and absorption, caused by aerosols and atmospheric gases. In the attempt to obtain the real reflectance of ground surface, in channels 1 and 2 of AVHRR sensor, was performed the atmospheric correction of two NOAA images acquired on July/14/2004 and August/30/2005, based on atmospheric data supplied by the MODIS sensor, considering the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters. The system SCORADIS, based on the radiative transfer model called 5S, was adapted to read images having values of aerosols optical thickness, water vapor content and ozone contents corresponding spatially to each pixel of a AVHRR/NOAA image. Four distinct methodologies were used to define the images of atmospheric parameters. Coherent results were obtained using atmospheric data from MODIS, indicating that the scattering and absorption effects were correctly eliminated from the NOAA images in the two dates considered. The difference between the NDVI calculated with corrected and noncorrected images was up to 60%, showing the importance of using corrected images in applications based on multitemporal images. There was not observed significant difference among the four methodologies applied to define the atmospheric data used in the atmospheric correction system due, maybe, to the magnitude of the values and to the atmospheric conditions of test-area. The atmospheric products from MODIS can be used to defining the input data (like aerosol optical thickness, water vapor contents and ozone contents) for the atmospheric correction systems of AVHRR/NOAA images / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

L'objectif initial de cette thèse était de développer une nouvelle méthode tomographique capable de restituer le champ spatio-temporel de vapeur d'eau troposphérique uniquement en fonction des observations d'une seule station GPS. Cette méthode est particulièrement adaptée aux îles polynésiennes où l'implantation d'un réseau dense de stations GPS est quasiment impossible.Ce constat a motivé une étude préalable cherchant à caractériser les fluctuations de la vapeur d'eau au-dessus de Tahiti et leurs relations avec les précipitations à différentes échelles temporelles (de l'échelle horaire à l'échelle saisonnière). Il a également motivé une seconde étude cherchant à caractériser la structure verticale de la vapeur d'eau à partir des radiosondages des dix dernières années effectués par Météo-France deux fois par jour afin de fournir un modèle simple pouvant s'adapter à tous types de structure atmosphérique. Un indice caractérisant la stabilité de l'atmosphère a été déduit de ce modèle.La seconde partie de la thèse présente la méthode tomographique que j'ai développée. Pour reconstruire la répartition verticale de la vapeur d'eau, cette méthode s'appuie sur le modèle de structure verticale présenté ci-dessus. Pour reconstruire la répartition horizontale, nous utilisons une décomposition en polynômes de Zernike. Enfin, nous utilisons une décomposition spectrale pour modéliser les variations temporelles. Avec cette méthode, la densité de vapeur d'eau varie à différentes échelles prédéfinies spatiales et temporelles. Les variations associées aux différentes échelles sont alors ajustées (au sens des moindres carrés) afin de reconstruire au mieux les observations GPS. / The initial goal of this thesis was to develop a new tomographic method capable of restoring the spatio-temporal field of tropospheric water vapor using uniquely, the observations of a single GPS. This method is a good fit for Polynesian islands where the implementation of a GPS network is almost impossible.This observation lead to the development of a preliminary study to characterize water vapor fluctuations above Tahiti and their relationship with precipitations at different temporal scales (from hours to seasons). Another study has emerged for the same reasons, looking for the characterization of the vertical structure of water vapor from radiosondes of the last 10 years made by Meteo-France twice a day in order to deliver a simple model that could be adapted to all types of atmospheric structures. An index, characterizing the stability of the atmosphere was derived from this model.The second part of the thesis presents the tomographic methodology I developed. To reconstruct the vertical distribution of water vapor, this method relies on the above-mentioned vertical structure model. To reconstruct the horizontal distribution, we use a decomposition to Zernike polynomials. We use a spectral decomposition to model temporal variations. With this method, the density of water vapor varies at different predefined spatial and temporal scales. Variations associated to different scales are adjusted (using the method of least squares) in order to reconstruct GPS observations.

Développé initialement pour la correction du retard humide des signaux GPS, le lidar Raman vapeur d’eau de l’Institut National de l’information Géographique et forestière (IGN) pourrait aujourd’hui servir pour d’autres applications telles que la climatologie et la météorologie. Cependant, quelle que soit l’application visée, il est primordial d’assurer une très bonne précision de la mesure. Un étalonnage fiable et stable de l’instrument est alors requis. Lors de la dernière campagne de mesures (Démévap) qui consistait à inter-comparer différentes techniques d’étalonnage, une dérive du coefficient d’étalonnage du lidar a été observée. Ce travail revient alors sur cette dérive et explore, dans un premier temps, les signaux enregistrés durant cette campagne. En découle alors un inventaire de sources d’erreurs et de variations pouvant expliquer ces résultats. Trois sources majeures de variations seront ensuite étudiées de manière approfondie : la dépendance en température des sections efficaces Raman induite par l’usage de filtres étroits, l’impact du choix des optiques de transmission et détection du signal et les problèmes liés à l’électronique de détection. À l’aide de simulations numériques, modélisations et tests en laboratoire, on s’est efforcés de mettre en évidence et de quantifier les variations. Des solutions permettant de minimiser ces instabilités ont aussi été proposées et testées. Finalement, le système lidar a été remonté entièrement et une campagne de validation des améliorations a été menée à Saint-Mandé. Sur une période de cinq mois, on a pu contrôler la stabilité instrumentale et étudier l’étalonnage du lidar à l’aide de capteurs d’humidité placés au sol. / The IGN (Franch Mapping Institut) water vapor Raman lidar has been developed in order to correct the wet delay of GPS signals. Today, the goal is to open up to other applications such as meteorology and climatology. Regardless the applications, high accuracy is and will be completed with a reliable calibration of the instrument. The latest campaign, during which the IGN Raman was experimented, was Demevap. Several lidar calibration techniques were compared, and results showed a common drift all along the campaign. The work presented here starts with a detailed investigation of the Demavap absolute signals. This first step allowed listing different likely sources of errors and instabilities in the system which lead to fluctuations of the calibration coefficient. Among them, we chose to study thoroughly three subsystems which appear to have a major influence on the calibration coefficient variations: the temperature dependence of the Raman cross sections induced by the use of narrowband interference filters, the effect of the optical configuration of the detection part of the lidar and problems linked to the electronic part of the detection. We strive to highlight and quantify the variations by means of numerical simulations, models and laboratory experiments. Furthermore, we proposed theoretical, empirical and instrumental solutions for the mitigation of these variations. Eventually, long term calibration coefficient stability of the overall system will be assessed with regular water vapor profile recordings and calibration measurements spread over several months.

No description available.

Ce travail vise à améliorer notre ‎compréhension de l'impact radiatif des ‎aérosols et de la vapeur d'eau sur la ‎dynamique de la dépression thermique ‎saharienne (Saharan heat low, SHL) en ‎utilisant une combinaison d'observations ‎spatiales (MODIS, OMI et CALIOP) ainsi ‎que le modèle de transfert radiatif ‎STREAMER. La variabilité saisonnière ‎moyenne de l’épaisseur optique des aérosols ‎‎(AOD) et du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau ‎‎(IWVC) sur le Sahara, moyenné sur les 11 ‎dernières années, est bien corrélée avec ‎l'évolution saisonnière du SHL. Après ‎l'apparition de la SHL, l'IWVC augmente ‎progressivement au dessus du Sahara tandis ‎que l'AOD présente un maximum localisé en ‎août, associé à la présence de systèmes ‎convectifs profonds formant au-dessus des ‎monts Hoggar.‎Pour estimer l'impact radiatif saisonnier de la ‎vapeur d'eau et des aérosols désertiques, le ‎modèle de transfert STREAMER a été utilisé ‎pour calculer le budget radiatif mensuel net ‎de mai à septembre. Des profils verticaux ‎mensuels moyens de température et ‎d'humidité obtenus à partir des analyses du ‎Centre européen pour les prévisions ‎météorologiques à moyen terme (ECMWF) ‎et des profils de coefficients d'extinction ‎dérivés de CALIOP sont utilisés comme ‎paramètres d'entrée pour le calcul du ‎modèle.‎ Nos travaux montrent que le forçage des ‎aérosols dans le Sud-Ouest du massif de ‎Hoggar domine le budget net radiatif de ‎surface, tandis que la vapeur d'eau est le ‎joueur le plus fort en termes de forçage en ‎ondes longues LW. Le forçage en ondes ‎courtes SW et longues LW associé aux ‎aérosols et à la vapeur d'eau, ‎respectivement, contribue au réchauffement de ‎la basse troposphère sur le Sahara pendant ‎l'été (lorsque le SHL est au-dessus du ‎Sahara). A son tour, ce chauffage intensifie ‎la circulation cyclonique du SHL conduisant ‎ainsi à renforcer l’advection de la vapeur ‎d'eau vers le Sahara.‎Par conséquent, l'analyse des tendances ‎décennales de la vapeur d'eau dans les ‎tropiques et sous-tropiques est importante ‎pour accroître la connaissance de la ‎dynamique de la SHL, une caractéristique ‎essentielle de la mousson ouest-africaine.‎Par ailleurs et pour la première fois, nous ‎montrons l'impact de la variabilité ‎saisonnière de la mousson africaine associée ‎à la modulation de la latitude du front ‎intertropicale (FIT), du jet de basse couche ‎‎(LLJ), du vent meridional et zonal, de ‎l’intensité et la position de la dépression ‎thermique saharienne et du jet d’est Africain ‎‎(EAJ) sur le soulèvement de la poussière sur ‎les deux périodes juin 2006 et juin 2011, ‎correspondant respectivement aux ‎campagnes AMMA et FENNEC.‎ / This work aims at enhancing our ‎understanding of the radiative impact of ‎aerosols and water vapor on the dynamics ‎of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) using a ‎combination of space-borne observations ‎‎(MODIS, OMI, CALIOP) and a radiative ‎transfer model (STREAMER). The mean ‎seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth ‎‎(AOD) and integrated water vapor content ‎‎(IWVC) over the Sahara, averaged over the ‎last 11 years, is found to be well correlated ‎with the seasonal evolution of the SHL. ‎After the onset of the SHL, the IWVC is ‎observed to increase steadily over the ‎Sahara while the AOD exhibits a localized ‎maximum during August associated with the ‎presence of deep convective systems ‎forming over the Hoggar Mountains.‎To estimate the seasonal radiative impact of ‎water vapor and desert aerosols, ‎STREAMER was used to calculate the net ‎monthly radiative budget from May to ‎September. Average monthly temperature ‎and humidity profiles obtained from the ‎European center for medium range weather ‎forecast (ECMWF) analyses and extinction ‎coefficient profiles derived from CALIOP ‎are used as input parameters for the model ‎calculation.‎Our work shows that the aerosols forcing in ‎the shortwave (SW) dominates the net ‎surface radiative budget, while water vapor ‎is the strongest player in terms of longwave ‎‎(LW) forcing. The SW and LW forcing ‎associated with aerosols and water vapor, ‎respectively, contribute to heating the lower ‎troposphere over the Sahara during the ‎summer (when the SHL is over the Sahara).‎ In turn, this heating intensifies the cyclonic ‎circulation of the SHL thereby leading to ‎enhanced advection of water vapor ‎towards the Sahara.‎Hence, analyzing the decadal trends of ‎water vapor in the Tropics and sub-Tropics ‎is important to increase knowledge of the ‎dynamics of the SHL, a pivotal feature of ‎the West African Monsoon system.‎For the first time we show the impact of the ‎variability of ‎the ‎African ‎monsoon ‎associated with the ‎modulation of the latitude of intertropical ‎discontinuity (ITD), the Saharan Heat Low ‎‎(SHL), the low level jet (LLJ) and African ‎Easterly Jet (AEJ) ‎on the uprising of dust ‎during the periods of June 2006 and June ‎‎2011, corresponding to the AMMA and ‎FENNEC field campaigns, respectively.‎

abstract: Decay of plant litter represents an enormous pathway for carbon (C) into the atmosphere but our understanding of the mechanisms driving this process is particularly limited in drylands. While microbes are a dominant driver of litter decay in most ecosystems, their significance in drylands is not well understood and abiotic drivers such as photodegradation are commonly perceived to be more important. I assessed the significance of microbes to the decay of plant litter in the Sonoran Desert. I found that the variation in decay among 16 leaf litter types was correlated with microbial respiration rates (i.e. CO2 emission) from litter, and rates were strongly correlated with water-vapor sorption rates of litter. Water-vapor sorption during high-humidity periods activates microbes and subsequent respiration appears to be a significant decay mechanism. I also found that exposure to sunlight accelerated litter decay (i.e. photodegradation) and enhanced subsequent respiration rates of litter. The abundance of bacteria (but not fungi) on the surface of litter exposed to sunlight was strongly correlated with respiration rates, as well as litter decay, implying that exposure to sunlight facilitated activity of surface bacteria which were responsible for faster decay. I also assessed the response of respiration to temperature and moisture content (MC) of litter, as well as the relationship between relative humidity and MC. There was a peak in respiration rates between 35-40oC, and, unexpectedly, rates increased from 55 to 70oC with the highest peak at 70oC, suggesting the presence of thermophilic microbes or heat-tolerant enzymes. Respiration rates increased exponentially with MC, and MC was strongly correlated with relative humidity. I used these relationships, along with litter microclimate and C loss data to estimate the contribution of this pathway to litter C loss over 34 months. Respiration was responsible for 24% of the total C lost from litter – this represents a substantial pathway for C loss, over twice as large as the combination of thermal and photochemical abiotic emission. My findings elucidate two mechanisms that explain why microbial drivers were more significant than commonly assumed: activation of microbes via water-vapor sorption and high respiration rates at high temperatures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2020

Content: Soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) is good in emulsification, and stable emulsion may be formed with the addition of SSPS in fatliquoring agents. In this paper, with wet blues as raw materials, after being retanned and neutralized, fatliquoring and filling up with SSPS were carried out at the same time, with different amounts of SSPS, i.e., 1%, 3%, 5%,7% in weight. The leather samples were dried at room temperature. The effects of SSPS amounts on the thickness, air permeability and water vapor permeability of the crust leather were studied. The tensile properties of the leathers filled by SSPS were analyzed. The results indicated that with increasing the amounts of SSPS, the thickness and the water vapor permeability of the leathers increase, while the air permeability decreases slightly. The maximum stress-strain capacity of leathers decreases with increasing the SSPS amount. At the SSPS amount of 3%, the leather is good in softness, as well as in physical and mechanical properties. Take-Away: 1.SSPS from soybean dregs is an acidic polysaccharide, which is rich in raw materials and low in cost. 2.Leathers filled with SSPS have good performance.

Lorsqu’un alliage métallique est mis sous une atmosphère oxydante à haute température, un oxyde est formé en surface de l’alliage. La résistance à l’oxydation à haut température est un critère très important pour le choix des alliages. Il a été observé que le comportement à l'oxydation des alliages sous l'atmosphère avec vapeur d'eau est différente de celle dans l'air sec ou dans l'oxygène. En outre, les contraintes de croissance (générées au cours de l’oxydation isotherme) et les contraintes thermiques (générées au cours du refroidissement) sont formées dans la couche d'oxyde. Ces contraintes ont des effets importants sur la durée de vie de l'alliage. Le présent travail se concentre essentiellement sur l'étude de l'influence de la vapeur d'eau sur le comportement à l'oxydation de l’alliage AISI 430 à haute température, qui est importante pour les applications dans la pile à combustible SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) comme interconneteurs. Les expériences d'oxydation de l’alliage AISI 430 sous air sec et sous air avec différentes humidités absolues (2%-10%) de 700°C à 900°C sont réalisées à l’aide de l’analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG). Les images MEB des échantillons ont été obtenues avec un MEB-FEG avec un microanalyseur X par dispersion d’énergie (EDX). Les contraintes résiduelles de la couche d’oxyde sont obtenues par la Diffraction des Rayons X (DRX) à la température ambiante, et la méthode de déflexion a été utilisée pour déterminer les contraintes de croissance. Après l’introduction de vapeur d’eau dans l’atmosphère d’oxydation, les comportements à l’oxydation de l’alliage AISI 430 à haute température ont été affectés. La présence de vapeur d’eau modifie donc le niveau de contraintes résiduelles dans la couche d’oxyde. La dégradation de la couche d’oxyde est observée après une courte durée d’oxydation à 900°C et deux mécanismes possibles sont proposés pour expliquer ce phénomène à partir de nos résultats d’étude. / When an alloy is placed in an atmosphere containing oxygen at high temperature, the formation of oxide scale may take place. The oxidation resistance of the alloy is a very important criterion for selecting alloys to be used at high temperature. And it has been found that the oxidation behavior of alloys in atmosphere containing water vapor is different from that in dry air or oxygen. Moreover, in the oxide scale systematically accompanied the development of growth stresses during isothermal oxidation and of thermal stresses during cooling, which also limit the durability of oxide scale and the lifetime of the alloy. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of water vapor on oxidation behavior of AISI 430 stainless steel at high temperature, which is expected to be used as interconnectors in the planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The oxidation experiments have been performed in air with different absolute humidity (2%-10%) at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) system. The oxide surface morphology, cross-section microstructure and the chemical composition of the oxide scale were studied after oxidation by FEG-SEM and EDX. The residual stresses distributions in the oxide scale were determined at room temperature by XRD method after oxidation, and the growth stresses were measured by in-situ deflection method during oxidation. It has been found that the oxidation kinetic, surface morphology and diffusion mechanism of AISI 430 stainless steel in dry air are changed with the introduction of water vapor. The water vapor can also influence the residual stresses levels in the oxide scale. In the presence of water vapor, breakaway oxidation was observed at 900°C, and two possible mechanisms were given to explain this.