Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-24T17:59:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-25T12:03:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T12:03:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O aumento do uso de redes sem fios e a constante miniaturização dos dispositivos permitiram o desenvolvimento das redes de sensores corporais sem fio (do inglês, wireless body area networks — WBANs). Nessas redes, diversos sensores são posicionados sobre ou sob a pele do usuário. Os sensores de uma WBAN coletam dados sobre batimentos cardíacos, temperatura corporal ou até mesmo um prolongado cardiograma. Através do uso de WBAN, os usuários terão um monitoramento não invasivo e que pouco afeta a sua mobilidade. Essas características, no entanto, abrem portas para diversos problemas. Por transmitir informações críticas, a comunicação é sensível à latência e à perda de pacotes. De fato, alta latência e perda de dados vitais podem acarretar em sérias consequências na vida dos pacientes e, em casos extremos, levando ao óbito. As características inerentes em uma comunicação sem fio geram problemas para redes corporais. Com sua popularização e alta mobilidade, é razoável considerar a existência de ambientes médicos muito densos, em que duas ou mais redes corporais podem utilizar simultaneamente o mesmo canal de comunicação sem fio. Essa situação potencializa as interferências, acarretando um maior número de retransmissões e perdas de pacotes, e, consequentemente, levando a um aumento da latência. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta o PDAC (Protocol for Dynamic Channel AlioCation), um protocolo para alocação dinâmica de canais, ciente dos requisitos de aplicações médicas. O PDAC oferece uma solução para reduzir interferências entre redes corporais sem fio tirando proveito da arquitetura de um ambiente hospitalar. No PDAC, diversas estações base trabalham de forma colaborativa para atender aos requisitos das aplicações médicas. Para uma alocação livre de interferências, o PDAC é inspirado por uma solução gulosa de um problema de coloração de grafos, oferecendo meios para evitar que estações base vizinhas utilizem o mesmo canal simultaneamente. Além disso, o PDAC oferece, através da agregação de canais, melhores vazões. A avaliação de desempenho do PDAC foi realizada em duas fases: por meio de experimentos de simulação e análises formais. Os resultados de simulação indicam que, em um ambiente médico realista, o PDAC é capaz de em média aumentar a vazão em 30% e reduzir a latência em 40%, quando comparado com protocolos de alocação de frequência do estado da arte. A outra fase consiste na verificação formal que por sua vez mostrou a coerência do protocolo e que o mesmo satisfaz todas as propriedades de segurança verificadas. / The increased use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of devices allowed the development of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In these networks, diverse sensors are positioned on the user's skin. The sensors in a WBAN gather data from heart rate, body temperature or even a cardiogram. Through the use of WBAN, patients will have a noninvasive monitoring system, which hardly affects their mobility. These characteristics, however, create several problems. By transmitting critical informa-tion, these data are quite sensitive to high latency and packet loss. The loss of vital data can lead to serious consequences in the users' life and, in extreme cases, leading to death. The inherent characteristics of wireless communication are a major issue for WBANs. With their popularization and high mobility, it is reasonable to consider the existence of very dense medical environments, where two or more WBANs can simultaneously use the same wireless communication channel. This situation can produce interference, leading to a bigger number of retransmissions and packet losses, and consequently increasing latency. Therefore, this master thesis presents the PDAC (Protocol for Dynamic Channel AlloCation), a protocol for dynamic channel allocation, that is aware of the requirements of medical applications. PDAC offers a solution to reduce interference between WBANs by taking advantage of the architecture of a hospital environment. Using PDAC, several base stations work collaboratively to meet medical application requirements. For an interference-free allocation, PDAC is inspired by a greedy solution of a graph colouring problem, preventing neighbouring base stations of using the same channel simultaneously. In addition, PDAC offers through the channel bonding, a better goodput. The evaluation PDAC was performed in two phases: by means of simulations and formal analysis. Simulation results indicate that PDAC is able to increase goodput by 30% (on average) and reduce latency by 40% (on average) when compared to the literature. The formal verification, in turn, shows that the protocol is consistent and also satisfies all verified security properties.

It is expected that Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) will greatly improve the quality of our life because of its myriad applications for our human beings. However, one of the challenges is to design energy efficient communication protocols to support the reliable communication as well as to prolong the network lifetime. Cooperative communications have the advantage of spatial diversity to combat multipath fading, thus improving the link reliability and boosting energy efficiency. In this thesis, we investigate the energy efficient cooperative communications for WBAN. We first analyze the outage performance of three transmission schemes, namely direct transmission, single relay cooperation, and multi-relay cooperation. To minimize the energy consumption, we then study the problem of optimal power allocation with the constraint of targeted outage probability. Two strategies of power allocation are considered: power allocation with and without posture state information. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and demonstrate that: 1) power allocation making use of the posture information can reduce the energy consumption; 2) within a possible range of the channel quality in WBAN, cooperative communication is more energy efficient than direct transmission only when the path loss between the transmission pair is higher than a threshold; and 3) for most of the typical channel quality due to the fixed transceiver locations on human body, cooperative communication is effective in reducing energy consumption.

It is expected that Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) will greatly improve the quality of our life because of its myriad applications for our human beings. However, one of the challenges is to design energy efficient communication protocols to support the reliable communication as well as to prolong the network lifetime. Cooperative communications have the advantage of spatial diversity to combat multipath fading, thus improving the link reliability and boosting energy efficiency. In this thesis, we investigate the energy efficient cooperative communications for WBAN. We first analyze the outage performance of three transmission schemes, namely direct transmission, single relay cooperation, and multi-relay cooperation. To minimize the energy consumption, we then study the problem of optimal power allocation with the constraint of targeted outage probability. Two strategies of power allocation are considered: power allocation with and without posture state information. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and demonstrate that: 1) power allocation making use of the posture information can reduce the energy consumption; 2) within a possible range of the channel quality in WBAN, cooperative communication is more energy efficient than direct transmission only when the path loss between the transmission pair is higher than a threshold; and 3) for most of the typical channel quality due to the fixed transceiver locations on human body, cooperative communication is effective in reducing energy consumption.

No description available.

Les Wireless Body Area (WBAN) sont une technologie de réseau sans fil basée sur les radio-fréquences qui consiste à interconnecter sur, autour ou dans le corps humain de minuscules dispositifs pouvant effectuer des mesures (capteurs). Ces réseaux sont considérés comme les plus critiques dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Ils sont basés sur des architectures de réseaux auto-organisés. Chacun des capteurs corporels reçoit ou envoie des paquets du ou au coordinateur du réseau. Ce dernier est responsable de l'ordonnancement des tâches pour l'ensemble des noeuds fils. L'ordonnancement dans les WBAN nécessite un mécanisme dynamique et adaptatif pour gérer les cas d'urgence qui peuvent se produire et permet ainsi d'améliorer les paramètres les plus importants comme la qualité de la transmission, le temps de réponse, le débit, le taux de paquets délivres, etc.Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous avons proposé trois techniques d'ordonnancement qui sont : la méthode semi-dynamique; la méthode dynamique et la méthode basée sur la priorité. De plus, une étude sur les plateformes WBAN est présentée. Dans cette étude, nous avons proposé une classification et une évaluation qualitative des plateformes déjà existantes. Nous avons aussi étudier les modèles de mobilité en proposant une architecture permettant de les décrire. Nous avons aussi mis en place une procédure de diagnostique afin de détecter rapidement des maladies épidémiques dangereuses. Par la suite, ces différentes propositions ont été validées en utilisant deux méthodes afin de vérifier leur faisabilité. Ces méthodes sont la simulation avec OPNET et l'implémentation réelle sur des capteurs TelosB et TinyOS. / The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most critical field when considering Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It must be a self-organizing network architecture, meaning that it should be able to efficiently manage all network architecture requirements. The WBAN usually contains at least two or more body sensors. Each body sensor sends packets to or receives packets from the Personal Area Network Coordinator (PANC). The PANC is responsible for scheduling its child nodes' tasks. Scheduling tasks in the WBAN requires a dynamic and an adaptive process in order to handle cases of emergency that can occur with a given patient. To improve the most important parameters of a WBAN, such as quality link, response time, throughput, the duty-cycle, and packet delivery, we propose three scheduling processes: the semi-dynamic, dynamic, and priority-based dynamic scheduling approaches.In this thesis, we propose three task scheduling techniques, Semi-Dynamic Scheduling (SDS), Efficient Dynamic Scheduling (EDS) and High Priority Scheduling (HPS) approaches. Moreover, a comprehensive study has been performed for the WBAN platforms by classifying and evaluating them. We also investigate the mobility model for the WBANs by designing an architecture that describe this model. In addition, we detail a diagnosis procedure by using classification methods in order to solve very sensitive epidemic diseases. Then, our proposals have been validated using two techniques to check out the feasibility of our proposals. These techniques are simulation scenarios using the well-known network simulator OPNET and real implementations over TelosB motes under the TinyOS system.

Le réseau sans fil sur le corps humain ou « wireless body area network (WBAN) » est une nouvelle technologie de réseau sans fil dédié à la surveillance des paramètres physiologiques d’une personne. Le réseau est composé de dispositifs électroniques miniatures, appelés nœuds, disposés aux alentours ou à l’intérieur du corps humain. Chaque nœud est doté d’un ou plusieurs capteurs mesurant les paramètres physiologiques de la personne, comme l’électrocardiogramme ou bien la température du corps, et les caractéristiques de l’environnement qui l’entoure. Ces nœuds sont surtout soumis à une contrainte énergétique importante puisque la miniaturisation a réduit les dimensions de leurs batteries. Puisque les nœuds consomment la majorité de l’énergie pour transmettre les données, une solution pour diminuer leur consommation consisterait à compresser les données avant la transmission. Les méthodes classiques de compression ne sont pas adaptées pour le WBAN particulièrement à cause de la puissance de calcul requise et la consommation qui en résulterait. Dans cette thèse, pour contourner ces problèmes, nous utilisons une méthode à base de l’acquisition comprimée pour compresser et reconstruire les données provenant des nœuds. Nous proposons un encodeur simple et facile à mettre en œuvre pour compresser les signaux. Nous présentons aussi un algorithme permettant de réduire la complexité de la phase de reconstruction des signaux. Un travail collaboratif avec l’entreprise TEA (Technologie Ergonomie Appliquées) nous a permis de valider expérimentalement une version numérique de l’encodeur et l’algorithme de reconstruction. Nous avons aussi développé et validé une version analogique de l’encodeur en utilisant des composants standards. / A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a new class of wireless networks dedicated to monitor human physiological parameters. It consists of small electronic devices, also called nodes, attached to or implanted in the human body. Each node comprises one or many sensors which measure physiological signals, such as electrocardiogram or body heat, and the characteristics of the surrounding environment. These nodes are mainly subject to a significant energy constraint due to the fact that the miniaturization has reduced the size of their batteries. A solution to minimize the energy consumption would be to compress the sensed data before wirelessly transmitting them. Indeed, research has shown that most of the available energy are consumed by the wireless transmitter. Conventional compression methods are not suitable for WBANs because they involve a high computational power and increase the energy consumption. To overcome these limitations, we use compressed sensing (CS) to compress and recover the sensed data. We propose a simple and efficient encoder to compress the data. We also introduce a new algorithm to reduce the complexity of the recovery process. A partnership with TEA (Technologie Ergonomie Appliquées) company allowed us to experimentally evaluate the performance of the proposed method during which a numeric version of the encoder has been used. We also developed and validated an analog version of the encoder.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on se proposait de développer de nouveaux mécanismes de radiolocalisation, permettant de positionner les nœuds de réseaux corporels sans-fil (WBAN) mobiles, en exploitant de manière opportuniste des liens radio coopératifs bas débit à l'échelle d'un même corps (i.e. coopération intra-WBAN), entre réseaux distincts (i.e. coopération inter-WBAN), et/ou vis-à-vis de l'infrastructure environnante. Ces nouvelles fonctions coopératives présentent un intérêt pour des applications telles que la navigation de groupe ou la capture de mouvement à large échelle. Ce sujet d'étude, par essence multidisciplinaire, a permis d'aborder des questions de recherche variées, humine-biomécanique et de ayant trait à la modélisation physique (e.g. modélisation spatio-temporelle des métriques de radiolocalisation en situation de mobilité, modélisation de la mobilité groupe...), au développement d'algorithmes adaptés aux observables disponibles (e.g. algorithmes de positionnement coopératifs et distribués, sélection et ordonnancement des liens/mesures entre les nœuds...), aux mécanismes d'accès et de mise en réseau (i.e. en support aux mesures coopératives et au positionnement itératif). Les bénéfices et les limites de certaines de ces fonctions ont été en partie éprouvés expérimentalement, au moyen de plateformes radio réelles. Les différents développements réalisés tenaient compte, autant que possible, des contraintes liées aux standards de communication WBAN émergeants (e.g. Impulse Radio - Ultra Wideband (IR-UWB) IEEE 802.15.6), par exemple en termes de bande fréquentielle ou de taux d'erreur. / The PhD investigations aim at exploring new WBAN cooperative localization mechanisms, which could benefit jointly from on-body links, body-to-body links between distinct mobile users or off-body links with respect to the infrastructure. Following a multidisciplinary approach, we have thus addressed theoretical questions related to physical modeling or to algorithmic and cross-layer design. A few more practical aspects have also been dealt with. More specifically, based on WBAN channel measurements, single-link ranging error models are first discussed for more realistic performance assessment. Then a Constrained Distributed Weighted Multi-Dimensional Scaling (CDWMDS) positioning algorithm is put forward for relative MoCap purposes, coping with on-body nodes' asynchronism to reduce system latency and exploiting the presence of constant-length radio links for better accuracy. Subsequently we consider extending this algorithm for larger-scale asbolute MoCap applications within a 2-step localization approach that incorporates additional off-body links in a heterogeneous WBAN framework. Then, both individual and collective kinds of navigation are addressed. In both MoCap and navigation scenarios, low-complexity solutions exploiting on-body deployment diversity enable to combat error propagation and strong range biases due to body shadowing, relying on on-body nodes' dispersion or graph neighborhood to approximate the corrupted distances. Finally, experiments based on real IR-UWB radio platforms validate in part the previous proposals, while showing their practical limitations.

La synchronisation temporelle est la première opération effectuée par le démodulateur. Elle permet d'assurer que les échantillons transmis aux processus de démodulation puissent réaliser un taux d'erreurs binaires le plus faible.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons l'étude d'algorithmes innovants de synchronisation temporelle à haute performance.D'abord, nous avons proposé des algorithmes exploitant l'information souple du décodeur en plus du signal reçu afin d'améliorer l'estimation aveugle d'un retard temporel supposé constant sur la durée d'observation.Ensuite, nous avons proposé un algorithme original basé sur la synchronisation par lissage à faible complexité.Cette étape a consisté à proposer une technique opérant dans un contexte hors ligne, permettant l'estimation d'un retard aléatoire variable dans le temps via les boucles d'aller-retour sur plusieurs itération. Les performances d'un tel estimateur dépassent celles des algorithmes traditionnels.Afin d'évaluer la pertinence de tous les estimateurs proposés, pour des retards déterministe et aléatoire, nous avons évalué et comparé leurs performances à des bornes de Cramèr-Rao que nous avons développées pour ce cadre. Enfin, nous avons évalué les algorithmes proposés sur des signaux WBAN. / Time synchronization is the first function performed by the demodulator. It ensures that the samples transmitted to the demodulation processes allow to achieve the lowest bit error rate.In this thesis we propose the study of innovative algorithms for high performance time synchronization.First, we propose algorithms exploiting the soft information from the decoder in addition to the received signal to improve the blind estimation of the time delay. Next, we develop an original algorithm based on low complexity smoothing synchronization techniques. This step consisted in proposing a technique operating in an off-line context, making it possible to estimate a random delay that varies over time on several iterations via Forward- Backward loops. The performance of such estimators exceeds that of traditional algorithms. In order to evaluate the relevance of all the proposed estimators, for deterministic and random delays, we evaluated and compared their performance to Cramer-Rao bounds that we developed within these frameworks. We, finally, evaluated the proposed algorithms on WBAN signals.

L'Ultra Large Bande est une technique de transmission radio qui consiste à utiliser des signaux dont le spectre s'étale sur une large bande de fréquences, typiquement de l'ordre de 500 MHz à plusieurs GHz. Elle fut d'abord utilisée pour des applications radars puis transposée aux applications de télécommunications, suscitant ainsi un intérêt grandissant au sein de la communauté académique et industrielle. Les principales caractéristiques de cette technologie lui confèrent le statut d'un candidat prometteur pour les systèmes de communications radio haut-débit à courte portée. Cette thèse poursuit un objectif double. Le premier consiste à améliorer l'analyse de performances des antennes ULB et à en proposer de nouvelles structures soit pour la mesure de canal, soit pour les communications. Dans cet objectif, des descripteurs temporels particulièrement pertinents pour le mode impulsionnel sont introduits et appliqués aux antennes réalisées. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les réseaux ULB corporels. Dans ce contexte, la question de l'interaction antenne ULB/corps s'est naturellement posée. De nombreuses simulations et mesures sur des personnes volontaires ont permis d'étudier cette question. Une campagne extensive de mesures du canal ULB sur le corps a été ensuite réalisée, ce qui a permis de proposer un modèle statistique capable de reproduire les effets de ce canal de manière réaliste, en configuration statique.

The main focus of the work presented in this licentiate thesis concerns antenna design, adaptive antenna control and investigation on how the performance of small wireless nodes can be increased by inclusion of multiple antennas. In order to provide an end-user suitable solution for wireless nodes the devices require both small form factor and good performance in order to be competitive on the marked and thus the main part of this thesis focuses on techniques developed to achieve these goals. Two prototype systems have been developed where one has been used by National Defence Research Agency (FOI) to successfully monitor a test-subject moving in an outdoor terrain. The other prototype system shows the overall performance gain achievable in a wireless sensor node when multiple antennas and antenna beam steering is used. As an example of how to include multiple antennas in a wireless node the concept of using dual conformal patch antennas for wireless nodes is presented. The proposed antenna showed an excess of 10 dB gain when using a single driven antenna element as would be the case in a system utilizing antenna selection combining. When used as a 2-element phased array, up to 19 dB gain was obtained in a multiscattering environment. Using the second order resonance the proposed antenna structure achieves low mutual coupling and a reflection coefficient lower than -15 dB. The presented antenna design shows how a dual antenna wireless node can be designed using discrete phase control with passive matching which provides a good adaptive antenna solution usable for wireless sensor networks. The inclusion of discrete phase sweep diversity in a wireless node has been evaluated and shown to provide a significant diversity gain. The diversity gain of a discrete phase sweep diversity based system was measured in both a reverberation chamber and a real life office environment. The former environment showed between 5.5 to 10.3 dB diversity gain depending on the detector architecture and the latter showed a diversity gain ranging from 1 to 5.4 dB. Also the performance of nodes designed to be placed in a high temperature and multiscattering environment (the fan stage of a jet engine) has been evaluated. The work was carried out in order to verify that a wireless sensor network is able to operate in such a multiscattering environment. It was shown that the wireless nodes are able to operate in an emulated turbine environment based on real-life measured turbine fading data. The tested sensor network was able to transmit 32 byte packages using cyclic redundancy check at 2 Mbps at an engine speed of 13.000 rpm. / WISENET / WISEJET