No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Since the introduction of glass ionomer cements (GICs) in the 1970s, many attempts have been made to improve them and expand their application in restorative dentistry. Recently, GC America introduced a new glass ionomer restorative system called EQUIA. The manufacturer claims that this material has improved wear resistance by coating the surface of high-strength GIC with a nano-filled resin coating. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the wear resistance and hardness of EQUIA and to compare it to other current restorative materials. Materials and Methods: Four different materials were used in this study: EQUIA, Fuji IX GP Extra, Fuji II LC and Z-100. Six specimens of each material were made and then tested in a toothbrush abrasion machine for 20,400 cycles, after which the amount of volume loss was calculated. Eight specimens of each material were made and tested in a three-body Alabama wear testing machine under a load of 75 N for 400,000 cycles. Four surface profiles were obtained from each specimen and volume loss was calculated using computer software. Five specimens of each material were made and Knoop microhardness was determined by using the mean of the three values from the top surface of the specimen. Results of each test were collected and compared with the other materials using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Wear-resistance results showed that EQUIA has wear-resistance values comparable to composite resin and higher values than those for the high-strength GIC. The results also showed that Fuji II LC had the highest wear among all tested materials. Microhardness results showed that EQUIA has significantly lower microhardness than Fuji IX GP Extra and Z-100. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that coating the surface of glass ionomer restorations with a nano-filled resin coat results in increasing the wear resistance and decreasing the microhardness of the material. Within the limitations of this study, EQUIA has comparable wear resistance to composite resin.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced significant growth and development in recent years, owing to the ability to produce complex parts using a wide range of materials with relative ease. Powder bed-based metal AM has been at the forefront of this growth, even reaching the point where parts can be manufactured for end-use applications. Binder jetting (BJ) is one such technique where a liquid binder is selectively deposited on powder layers to create a green body which is then densified using sintering. The aim of this work was to use binder jetting to produce parts using Vanadis 4 Extra, a highly alloyed cold-work tool steel produced by Uddeholm AB for applications involving high demand on abrasive wear. Optimization of the densification parameters, which included debinding atmosphere, debinding temperature, sintering atmosphere, sintering temperature, and sintering time, to achieve full density parts was carried out as the first phase. It was found that the sintering atmosphere and time had the most significant impact on the density of the samples while the debinding atmosphere heavily impacted the C residue from the binder. In the second phase, samples were produced using the optimized parameters for mechanical analysis, which included analyses of the surface roughness and the wear resistance of the binder jetted samples against the conventionally produced samples. The surface roughness was in line with the data presented in literature for binder jetted samples. The binder jetted samples produced during this work exhibited better wear resistance than the conventionally produced samples, with the samples post-processed using hot isostatic pressing showing even better wear resistance. One possible explanation is the diffusion of N from the sintering atmosphere into the samples, leading to the conversion of carbides to carbonitrides and even nitrides. However, further investigation is needed in order to confirm this theory.

No description available.

High chromium cast iron (HCCI) is considered as one of the most useful wear resistance materials and their usage are widely spread in industry. The wear resistance and mechanical properties of HCCI mainly depend on type, size, number, morphology of hard carbides and the matrix structure (γ or α). The Hypereutectic HCCI with large volume fractions of hard carbides is preferred to apply in wear applications. However, the coarser and larger primary M7C3 carbides will be precipitated during the solidification of the hypereutectic alloy and these will have a negative influence on the wear resistance. In this thesis, the Ti-added hypereutectic HCCI with a main composition of Fe-17mass%Cr-4mass%C is quantitatively studied based on the type, size distribution, composition and morphology of hard carbides and martensite units. A 11.2μm border size is suggested to classify the primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides. Thereafter, the change of the solidification structure and especially the refinement of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) size by changing the cooling rates and Ti addition is determined and discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hypereutectic HCCI related to the solidification structure are discussed. Mechanical properties of HCCI can normally be improved by a heat treatment process. The size distribution and the volume fraction of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) as well as the matrix structure (martensite) were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Especially for the matrix structure, EBSD is a useful tool to classify the fcc (γ) and bcc (α) phases. In conclusion, low holding temperatures close to the eutectic temperature and long holding times are the best heat treatment strategies in order to improve wear resistance and hardness of Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI. / <p>QC 20121130</p>

High chromium cast iron (HCCI) is considered as one of the most useful wear resistance materials and their usage are widely spread in industry. The mechanical properties of HCCI mainly depend on type, size, number, morphology of hard carbides and the matrix structure (γ or α). The hypereutectic HCCI with large volume fractions of hard carbides is preferred to apply in wear applications. However, the coarser and larger primary M7C3 carbides will be precipitated during the solidification of the hypereutectic alloy and these will have a negative influence on the wear resistance. In this thesis, the Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI with a main composition of Fe-17mass%Cr-4mass%C is studied based on the experimental results and calculation results. The type, size distribution, composition and morphology of hard carbides and martensite units are discussed quantitatively. For a as-cast condition, a 11.2μm border size is suggested to classify the primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides. Thereafter, the change of the solidification structure and especially the refinement of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) size by changing the cooling rates and Ti addition is determined and discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hypereutectic HCCI related to the solidification structure are discussed. Mechanical properties of HCCI can normally be improved by a heat treatment process. The size distribution and the volume fraction of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) as well as the matrix structure (martensite) were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-situ observation by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Especially for the matrix structure and secondary M7C3 carbides, EBSD and CLSM are useful tools to classify the fcc (γ) and bcc (α) phases and to study the dynamic behavior of secondary M7C3 carbides. In conclusion, low holding temperatures close to the eutectic temperature and long holding times are the best heat treatment strategies in order to improve wear resistance and hardness of Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI. Finally, the maximum carbides size is estimated by using statistics of extreme values (SEV) method in order to complete the size distribution results. Meanwhile, the characteristic of different carbides types will be summarized and classified based on the shape factor. / <p>QC 20130913</p>

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir ao entendimento do efeito das caraterísticas superficiais no desgaste abrasivo com e sem efeito corrosivo. Utilizou-se o equipamento de micro-abrasão-corrosão desenvolvido no Laboratório de Tribologia e Materiais (LTM). Foi utilizado nos testes: amostras de aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304, partículas abrasivas de sílica e velocidade de rotação de 150 rpm. Para a parte corrosiva foi usada solução eletrolítica com 1N de H2SO4. Para a influência da topografia de superfície do corpo de prova o aço AISI 304 foi preparado em lixas de carbeto de silício de granulometria #80 e #4000, e com disposições de lixamento perpendicular e paralelo com respeito ao sentido de rotação da esfera. Esferas de zircônia (Ø 25,4 mm) foram usadas como contra-corpos. Para avaliar a influência da natureza e evolução topográfica da superfície do contra-corpo usaram-se cinco contra-corpos esféricos (Ø 25,4 mm): um cerâmico (nitreto de silício, Si3N4), um metálico (aço AISI 52100) e três polímeros termoplásticos (polipropileno, PP, poliacetal, POM, e poliamida 6,6, PA 6,6); para os testes de micro-abrasão-corrosão foram usados um cerâmico (Si3N4) e um polímero termoplástico (PP). Foi acompanhada a evolução topográfica ao longo dos testes nos contra-corpos por meio de interferometria e perfilometría. O deslizamento das partículas abrasivas foi predominante nas calotas geradas em todos os testes realizados. A topografia de superfície do corpo e contra-corpo mostrou ter relação com a taxa de desgaste na micro-abrasão e micro-abrasão-corrosão. Topografia de superfície com parâmetros de rugosidade maiores apresentam maiores taxas de desgaste, tendo maior sensibilidade na micro-abrasão-corrosão. Atribuiu-se que, com maiores valores dos parâmetros de rugosidade, consegue-se maior efetividade no arraste e participação de partículas abrasivas no contato. / The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the effect of surface characteristics on abrasive wear with and without corrosive effect. The micro-abrasion-corrosion apparatus developed at the Tribology and Materials Laboratory (LTM) was used. The following tests were used: AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel test specimens (body), silica abrasive particles and rotational speed of 150 rpm. For the corrosive analysis, an 1N H2SO4 electrolytic solution was used. For the influence of the surface topography of the specimen, the AISI 304 steel was grinded using silicon carbide (SiC) (#80 and # 4000), and tested with perpendicular and parallel arrangements with respect to the direction of rotation of the sphere. Zirconia balls (Ø 25.4 mm) were used as counter bodies. In order to analyze the influence of the nature and topographic evolution of the counter-body surface, five spherical counter bodies (Ø 25.4 mm) were used in the micro-abrasion tests: one ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4), one metal (AISI steel 52100) and three thermoplastic polymers (polypropylene, PP, polyacetal, POM and polyamide 6.6, PA 6.6); For the micro-abrasion-corrosion tests one ceramic (silicon nitride) and one thermoplastic polymer (PP) were used. The topographic evolution of the counter bodies was monitored along the tests through interferometry and profilometry. The grooving of the abrasive particles was predominant in the wear scars generated in all tests performed. The surface topographies of the body and counter-body showed to have relation with the wear rate in the micro-abrasion and micro-abrasion-corrosion tests. Higher roughness parameters induced higher wear rates, and show greater sensitivity in micro-abrasion-corrosion. It was attributed that higher values of the roughness parameters achieved greater effectiveness in the drag and participation of abrasive particles in the contact. / Tese (Doutorado)

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-23T10:51:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EMYDIO CLEMENTE DE SOUSA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 5264287 bytes, checksum: 48883828373d3daac0f65ee6e1ef7809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T10:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EMYDIO CLEMENTE DE SOUSA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 5264287 bytes, checksum: 48883828373d3daac0f65ee6e1ef7809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / O desgaste prematuro de conjuntos e componentes industriais, bem como de uma infinidade de outros segmentos, representa um grande fator para a redução da eficiência operacional de um equipamento, provocando assim, um aumento das perdas, e consequentemente, em altas despesas com manutenção e reposição de componentes mecânicos. Este trabalho aborda uma análise comparativa entre a resistência ao desgaste de martelos trituradores de baterias recuperados por três ligas a base de cobalto (Stellite 1, 6 e 21), bem como dois processos de deposição: os processos ao Arco Elétrico com Eletrodo Revestido (SMAW) e ao Arco Plasma Transferido com adição de Pó (PTA-P). Os martelos trituradores são originalmente confeccionados em aço inoxidável AISI 316 L sem nenhum recobrimento. Além da avaliação da resistência ao desgaste no próprio meio de trabalho foram realizados ensaios de microdureza, análises microestruturais via microscopia ótica, e eletrônica de varredura e, análise de diluição com o objetivo de caracterizar e consolidar a pesquisa para que se tenha o estudo comparativo da melhor liga e melhor processo de deposição. Os resultados demostraram que a melhor condição testada foi aquela que empregou a liga Stellite 6 depositadas pelo processo PTA-P. Essa condição apresentou a menor perda de massa nos ensaios de resistência ao desgaste, enquanto que a condição menos favorável foi verificada para os depósitos executados com a liga Stellite 1 utilizando o mesmo processo de deposição. A diluição média das ligas depositadas pelo processo SMAW foi 3,7 vezes maior do que a média apresentada utilizando o processo PTA-P. Os maiores valores de microdureza foram aqueles apresentados pelo revestimento executados com a liga Stellite 1 com maior teor de C, e esta liga, proporcionou um maior número de destacamento dos revestimentos. A microestrutura dos depósitos executados pelo processo PTA-P apresentou-se mais refinada quando comparada com aquelas depositadas pelo processo SMAW. / The premature wear sets and industrial components, as well as many of other segments, is a big factor for reducing operational efficiency of equipment, thus causing an increase in losses, and consequently in high cost of maintenance and replacement of mechanical components. This work presents a comparative analysis of the wear resistance of AISI 316 L steel automotive batteries crushers hammers repaired by welding process using three cobalt-based alloys: Stellite 1, 6 and 21, as well as, two welding deposition process: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Plasma Transferred Arc with addition powder (PTA-P). Crushers hammers are originally made of stainless steel AISI 316 L with no coating. Besides the “in situ” wear resistance evaluation microhardness tests, microstructure and dilution analysis by optical microscopy and scanning electron were done to characterize and consolidate research in order to have a comparative study of best league and better deposition process. The results showed that the best alloy was Stellite 6 using the PTA-P process, which had the lowest mass loss in wear resistance tests, while the less favorable condition was for deposits made with the alloy Stellite 1 using the same deposition welding process. The average dilution of the alloys deposited by the SMAW process was 3.7 times higher than the average using the PTA-P process. The highest microhardness values were presented by Stellite 1 alloy deposit, with higher C content, which also provided a greater number of coating detachment. The deposits made by the process PTAP showed a more refined microstructure when compared to those deposited by the SMAW process

Les systèmes de transmission par engrenages sont largement utilisés pour transmettre de la puissance et adapter les vitesses de rotation entre organes moteurs et récepteurs. Dans ce contexte, les engrenages sont fréquemment les organes parmi les plus sensibles de la chaîne cinématique et peuvent être soumis à un grand nombre d’avaries (fatigue de contact, fatigue de flexion, usure…etc.) apparaissant lors du fonctionnement et dont les causes sont multiples. L’objectif de ce travail est, d’une part, de simuler l’usure abrasive et la fatigue de contact conduisant à de l’écaillage (pitting) et, d’autre part, d’analyser les interactions entre ces avaries et le comportement statique et dynamique de transmission par engrenages. A cette fin, un modèle dynamique tridimensionnel d’engrenages de fortes largeurs est couplé à des modèles d’usure et d’avaries de contact. L’usure est simulée en s’appuyant sur le modèle d’Archard modifié afin de tenir compte de l’influence du régime de lubrification. Les usures obtenues après un certain nombre de cycles de chargement sont considérées comme des écarts initiaux additionnels par rapport à la géométrie idéale du flanc de denture. Les phénomènes de fatigue de contact par pitting sont analysés en deux étapes; a) une période d’initiation de fissure simulée en s’appuyant sur plusieurs critères de fatigue multiaxiaux et b) une phase de propagation de fissure traitée par la mécanique linéaire élastique de la rupture. Les sollicitations dynamiques fournies par le modèle dynamique d’engrenages sont utilisées comme données d’entrée pour la simulation des périodes d’initiation puis de propagation. Un grand nombre d’exemples d’application sont présentés et les interactions entre comportement dynamique, usure et fatigue sur des engrenages cylindriques sont analysées. / Gear transmissions have high power-to-weight ratios, can be made very compact and match the speeds and torques of one machine to another with high efficiency. However, gears are one of the weakest links in a transmission and can develop a number of failures (wear, contact fatigue, bending fatigue, etc.) which downgrade the overall transmission performance. The objective of this work is twofold; on the one hand, simulate abrasive wear on tooth flanks and contact fatigue leading to pitting, on the other hand, analyse the interactions between these damages and the dynamic and static behaviour of geared transmissions. To this end, a three dimensional gear dynamic model is used and coupled with several wear and fatigue models. The wear on tooth flanks is simulated based on a modified Archard’s law which includes the influence of the lubrication regime. Wear is accounted for via time- and position-varying distributions of normal deviations with respect to ideal flank geometry which are superimposed on profile and lead modifications. The occurrence of pitting is divided into two periods: a) a crack initiation period simulated by using several multi-axial fatigue criteria and, b) a crack propagation phase which is tackled using the theory of linear elastic rupture mechanics. The dynamic tooth loads delivered by the gear dynamic model are used as input data for the simulations of crack initiation and then crack propagation. A number of results are presented and the interactions between wear, contact fatigue and dynamic behaviour are investigated and commented upon.

Магистерская диссертация выполнена на тему: «Исследование износа и стойкости токарных резцов с алмазоподобным покрытием». Расчётно-пояснительная записка содержит 94 листа, 86 рисунков, 6 таблиц, 23 источника, 1 приложение. Объектом исследования данной работы являются токарные резцы с алмазоподобным покрытием. Цель работы – определить наиболее благоприятные условия работы токарных резцов с алмазоподобным покрытием. В результате выполнения работы были проведены исследования износа алмазоподобного покрытия на токарных резцах, построены и проанализированы графики зависимостей этих износов. Проведен анализ полученных результатов и выдвинута гипотеза об еще одной возможной причине разрушения покрытия, в то время как остальные известные причины устранены. Разработаны конструкции токарных резцов и проведено исследование предлагаемой гипотезы. По результатам исследования проведен расчет прочности и подтверждена предлагаемая гипотеза. / The master's dissertation is carried out on the topic: "Investigation of wear and resistance of cutting tools with a diamond-like coating". The settlement and explanatory note contains 94 sheets, 86 figures, 6 tables, 23 sources, 1 attachment. The object of research in this work is diamond-coated lathe tools. The purpose of the work is to determine the most favorable working conditions for lathe tools with a diamond-like coating. In the course of the work, the study of the wear of the diamond-like coating on lathe tools at various cutting modes was carried out, the graphs of the dependences of these wear in time were built and analyzed. The analysis of the results obtained is carried out and a hypothesis is put forward about another possible cause of the destruction of the coating, while the other known causes have been eliminated. To confirm the hypothesis, the designs of lathe tools were developed and a study was carried out. According to the results of the study, the strength calculation was carried out, the proposed hypothesis was confirmed.