Rising demand for improved fuel economy and structural efficiency are the key factors for use of aluminum alloys for light weighting in aerospace industries. Precipitation strengthened 2XXX and 7XXX aluminum alloys are the key aluminum alloys used extensively in aerospace industry. Welding and joining is the critical step in manufacturing of integrated structures. Joining of precipitation strengthened aluminum alloys using conventional fusion welding techniques is difficult and rather undesirable in as it produces dendritic microstructure and porosities which can undermine the structural integrity of weldments. Friction stir welding, invented in 1991, is a solid state joining technique inherently benefitted to reduces the possibility of common defects associated with fusion based welding techniques. Weldability of various 2XXX and 7XXX aluminum alloys via friction stir welding was investigated. Microstructural and mechanical property evolution during welding and after post weld heat treatment was studied using experimental techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, hardness testing, and tensile testing. Various factors such as peak welding temperature, cooling rate, external cooling methods (thermal management) which affects the strength of the weldment were studied. Post weld heat treatment of AL-Mg-Li alloy produced joint as strong as the parent material. Modified post weld heat treatment in case of welding of Al-Zn-Mg alloy also resulted in near 100% joint efficiency whereas the maximum weld strength achieved in case of welds of Al-Cu-Li alloys was around 80-85% of parent material strength. Low dislocation density and high nucleation barrier for the precipitates was observed to be responsible for relatively low strength recovery in Al-Cu-Li alloys as compared to Al-Mg-Li and Al-Zn-Mg alloys.

The project elaborated in frame of engineering studies is focused on the certification of the company SW-MOTECH sro in the welding of steel structures for rail vehicles. According to standards ČSN EN 15085 and ČSN EN ISO 3834. The first part focuses on theoretical introduction to the used welding methods. The second section describes the destructive and non-destructive tests on individual welding methods, including their evaluation. Based on work tests pWPS is exposed to welding procedure WPS

This thesis deals with the construction of the welding clamping device for the robot cell. It is divided into two parts – the theoretical part describes welding of aluminium, MIG and TIG methods, welding robots and manipulators. The goal of the thesis is to design and construct the welding clamping device for the robot cell. In the last part of the thesis the return on investment into production of welding clamping device is evaluated.

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No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 70-73. / by William Vincent Moody. / M.S.

The traditional method of teaching welding has remained unchanged for decades. In this model, an instructor gives demonstrations to a class of students and then helps them individually as they practice the techniques of welding. This traditional instructional method has been effective but is time consuming. Due to a significant increase in the demand for skilled welders within the United States, efforts have been made to develop more efficient methods of providing welding instruction. Various electronic welding guidance systems and virtual welding systems have recently been developed. In this study, the researcher addressed two questions 1) Does the use of an electronic welding guidance system improve the pass rate that entry-level high school students receive on basic gas metal arc weld tests? 2) Will entry-level high school students who learn gas metal arc welding with a guided welding training system learn how to weld faster and/or more proficiently than those taught using the traditional training method? A study was performed in an entry-level high school welding class to determine the effectiveness of a guided welding instruction system in comparison to the traditional method of teaching welding. The results of the study indicated that the traditional method of teaching welding and the use of a guided welding system yielded similar results, both in quality and efficiency, in student ability to produce basic GMAW welds.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an emerging solid state welding process. It has been a proven method for welding high strength aluminium alloys which were previously not recommended for conventional fusion welding. Since the invention of the process by The Welding Institute, United Kingdom, in 1991, a number of studies have been conducted on the material flow, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir welds. However, there is not enough conceptual background available on FSW process for physical understanding of the mechanism of weld formation. In addition to that, FSW welds of high strength precipitation hardenable aluminium alloys suffer from reduced joint efficiency due to overaging in the heat affected zone. In the present investigation, experimental analysis has been carried out to understand the mechanism of weld formation and parameter optimization for aluminium alloys 7020-T6 and 6061-T6. For this purpose the investigations have been made on both the process aspects and the material aspects. The process aspects are analyzed with the objective of learning the mechanism to produce defect free welds. For this purpose experiments have been carried out to analyze the effect of FSW parameters, material flow and the frictional characteristics between the tool and base metal. Preliminary experiments are conducted on aluminium alloy 7020-T6 with different tool geometries to analyze the interaction of the tool with the base metal using a knee-type vertical milling machine. Then, the tool geometry which produced defect-free weld is used for further experimentation. The role of tool pin, shoulder and axial load on the formation of defect free weld is analyzed in an innovative experiment, where the tool and base metal interaction is continuously increased by continuously increasing the interference between the tool and base metal. In another experiment the initial abutting interface position with respect to the tool is continuously varied to study the interaction of the tool with the initial interface and to find the positional information where the initial interface is completely eliminated. Further, the tool metal interface condition is studied using a specially designed tribological experiment which simulates the FSW condition. From the base metal point of view, due to the strain, strain rate and temperature imposed on the base metal during the process, the microstructure is altered. In precipitation hardenable aluminium alloys the strengthening precipitates are dissolved or overaged in the weld region depending on the peak temperature in the region, which reduces the joint efficiency. However, the dissolution and overaging are kinetic process. In order to analyze this time dependant softening behavior of the base metal 7020-T6 and 6061-T6, isothermal annealing and differential scanning calorimetric studies are performed. In order to obtain FSW welds with maximum joint efficiency, the welding temperature should not exceed the “softening temperature” of the base metal. But, to produce defect free welds favorable material flow in the weld nugget is necessary. The material flow and consolidation depend on the process temperature. Hence, for a given tool to produce defect free weld there is a need for minimum temperature. If the weld formation temperature is less than the base metal softening temperature, the weld can be made with 100% joint efficiency. In order to optimize the FSW parameter which gives defect free weld with lowest possible temperature, an instrumented programmable FSW machine is designed and developed. The machine is designed in such a way that welding parameters – rotation speed, traverse speed and plunging depth – can be continuously varied from the start to end of the weld between given two values. This reduces the number of experimental trials, material and time. Based on the experimental results the following conclusions are derived. 1.The minimum diameter of the pin required for FSW depends on the base metal and tool material property for a given set of parameters. If the pin diameter is insufficient for a given set of welding parameters, it fails during plunging operation itself. 2.There is a minimum diameter of the shoulder for a given diameter of the pin which produces defect free weld. The ratio of pin to shoulder to produce a defect free weld is not a constant value. It changes with tool geometry and process parameters. 3.Increasing the area of contact between the tool and shoulder for a given set of parameters increases the heat input and results in increased weld nugget grain size. 4.Initial abutting interface of the base metal is eliminated at the leading edge of the tool. However, new surfaces are generated due to interaction with the tool and the newer surfaces are consolidated at the trailing edge of the tool. Importantly, the weld strength is controlled by the defects generated due the improper elimination of newly generated surfaces. 5.Optimal axial load is required to generate the required pressure to consolidate the transferred material at the trailing edge of the tool and should be equal to the flow stress of the material at the processing temperature. The optimal axial load is 8.1kN for a tool having 20mm diameter shoulder with 6mm diameter frustum shaped pin. 6.Only the material that approaches the tool at the leading edge on the advancing side is stirred and the remaining material is simply extruded around the tool. Further, the initial abutting interface is completely removed only when it is located in the stirring zone, otherwise the initial abutting interface is not eliminated. In the present study the interface is completely stirred when it is located on the advancing side of the tool between 0.5mm away from the centerline and edge of the tool. 7.The temperature and pressure at the tool–base metal interface is above the temperature and pressure required for seizure to occur for given tool material (H13) and base metal (7020-T6). Hence, it is clear that during FSW the base metal transfers on to the tool and interaction occurs between transferred layer on tool and base metal. The coefficient of friction between the given tool material and base metal in FSW condition is in the range of 1.2 – 1.4. 8.The minimum temperature requirement for FSW of 7020-T6 is 400oC and 6061-T6 is 430oC. However, 7020-T6 and 6061-T6 softens at lower temperatures than that of the minimum FSW temperature. 7020-T6 softens 30% in 7min at 250oC, 4min at 300oC, 2min at 350oC and 1min at 400oC. After softening 30%, there is 10% recovery in hardness and the hardness remains constant thereafter. Whereas 6061-T6 softens gradually up to 47% in 7min at 350oC and 400oC, below the temperature of 250oC for 7020-T6 and 350oC for 6061-T6 there is no softening observed in 7min. 9.The maximum joint efficiency of the 7020-T6 weld is 82% and 6061-T6 weld is 60%. 10. The reduction in joint efficiency is attributed to overaging of the material in the heat affected zone.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no programa de Mestrado Interinstitucional - MINTER - entre a UTFPR e o IFAM, com financiamento da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES - através do projeto ACAM 1379/2006 e da Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus - SUFRAMA - através do convênio 084/2005. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES- através do projeto ACAM 1379/2006 e da Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus - SUFRAMA - através do convênio 084/2005. / Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade analisar a influência de parâmetros do processo de soldagem com arame tubular com proteção gasosa (Gás Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding - FCAW-G) nas características da solda do aço ASTM A-36. Parâmetros como tensão do arco (V), velocidade de alimentação do arame (Valim) e distância bico de contato-peça (DBCP) foram variados a fim de detectar suas influências sobre a largura, a penetração, o reforço do cordão e a dureza do metal de solda. Além disso, foi determinada a influência desses parâmetros na taxa de deposição do material de adição, sendo ensaiadas, as soldas, quanto às resistências à tração e ao impacto (ensaio Charpy criogênico) para determinar a qualidade recomendada por norma. As medições geométricas dos cordões de solda foram realizadas em macrografias obtidas da seção transversal da solda, por meio de microscópio óptico, bem como as análises da microestrutura. As medições de dureza foram realizadas com durômetro na seção transversal dos cordões. A taxa de deposição, em kg/h, foi determinada pela pesagem dos corpos-de-prova antes e depois da deposição da solda. Verificou-se que, de forma geral, a morfologia do cordão (largura, penetração e reforço) foi grandemente influenciada pela velocidade de alimentação do arame, seguida pela tensão de soldagem e pela distância bico de contato-peça. Da mesma maneira, a taxa de deposição foi influenciada diretamente pela velocidade de alimentação, pela tensão e pela DBCP: a primeira, com um acréscimo significativo (24,08%); a tensão de forma não muito intensa (4,17%). Desta maneira é possível afirmar, com base nos valores dos parâmetros utilizados neste trabalho, que a maior taxa de deposição (4,32 Kg/h), a melhor morfologia do cordão de solda e dureza adequada foram obtidas com Valim de 12,5 m/min, tensão de 34 V e DBCP de 16 mm. / This research aims to analyze the influence of the parameters of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) on the characteristics of welding steel ASTM A-36. Parameters such as arc voltage (V), feed speed of the wire (Valim) and stickout (distance nozzle contact piece - DBCP) were varied to detect their influence on the width, penetration, reinforcement of the cord, and the hardness of metal weld. Furthermore, it was determined the influence of these parameters on deposition rate of filler metal and the welds were tested for resistance to tensile and impact strength (Charpy test) to determine the quality of the recommended standard. The geometric measurements of weld were carried out in macrographs by the obtained from the cross section of the weld, through an optical microscope as well as the analysis of the microstructure. The hardness measurements were carried out with durometer in cross section of the fillets. The deposition rate in kg/h was determined by weighing the specimen before and after the deposition of solder. It was found that in general the morphology of the cord (width, penetration and reinforcement) was greatly influenced directly by the feed speed of the wire, followed by welding voltage, and stickout. Similarly, the deposition rate was directly influenced by the feed speed, voltage and DBCP, the first with a significant increase (24, 08%), and the tension witch a not so intensive effect (4, 17%). Thus it can be said based on the values of the parameters used in this study that the highest rate of deposition (4,32 kg/h), the better morphology of the weld cord and appropriate hardness was obtained with Valim of 12.5 m/min, voltage 34 V and 16 mm DBCP .

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