Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marines.pdf: 1227671 bytes, checksum: 6829c077e81b61a29aef8f5f3fd0fc79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / Neste estudo foi avaliada a qualidade da água do rio Cascavel, município de Cascavel, Paraná, utilizando indicadores microbiológicos, físicos e químicos de poluição e a suscetibilidade/resistência das cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas aos antimicrobianos comerciais. As amostragens de água foram realizadas entre julho-2010 e junho-2011, em três pontos: a) próximo a nascente; b) área urbana; c) área rural. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos: temperatura, pH, cor, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, nitrogênio total e fósforo total, coliformes totais (CT), coliformes termotolerantes (CTe) e Escherichia coli. Foram realizados também testes de resistência a nove antimicrobianos comerciais. Os parâmetros estudados indicaram que a água do rio Cascavel apresenta-se em desacordo com a legislação nacional vigente, classificando-se como regular no índice de qualidade de água. As variáveis físicas, químicas e a precipitação não influenciaram o crescimento de CT e CTe, sendo maiores as contagens de E. coli na área urbana. Os maiores perfis de resistência das cepas de E. coli isoladas das águas do rio Cascavel foram encontrados no ponto 2, área urbana, como provável consequência da influência humana sobre a qualidade da água.

O rio Corumbataí, principal tributário do rio Piracicaba, e fonte de abastecimento da cidade de Piracicaba, vêm sofrendo degradação desde a sua nascente, na cidade de Analândia até sua foz, no rio Piracicaba. Entre 2005 e 2006, foram determinados os teores dos elementos: Be, Al, Na, Mg, Ca, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, Th, Tl, U por Espectrofotometria de massas com fonte de plasma induzido (ICP-MS) e as propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, na água e sedimento do rio Corumbataí. As coletas foram realizadas em setembro e dezembro de 2005 e em março, junho e setembro de 2006. Na água, os elementos foram determinados na fração dissolvida, filtrando-se a amostra em campo e preservando-se com HNO3 e na fração total, utilizando-se o método de extração aberta com o uso de HNO3 e HCl. No sedimento, os elementos foram determinados na fração trocável, agitando-se por 12 horas em HCl 1 mol L-1 e na fração total, com a extração em forno microonda. Nas amostras de água, foi calculado o Índice de qualidade da água (IQA), o que demonstrou uma diminuição na qualidade ao longo dos anos, principalmente nos pontos localizados na região à jusante de Rio Claro (RJ) e Piracicaba (PI). O Fósforo Total, Turbidez, pH, OD, Clorofila-a, Escherichia Coli, DBO e os metais Fe e Al dissolvido, Mn, Cd e Hg total, apresentaram concentrações acima do Conama 357/2005 para rios classe 2 em diversos pontos e épocas de coleta, ao longo do rio. No sedimento, os metais Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Pb não apresentaram valores acima dos preconizados pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento - CETESB como causadores de efeitos tóxicos. Os outros metais não possuem valores máximos de referência na legislação brasileira. Os elementos que apresentaram fração trocável maior que 50% em todos os pontos de coleta foram: Na, Ca, Mn, Tl, Co, Cu, Be, Pb. A análise estatística multivariada de componentes principais e a análise de agrupamento indica os pontos RJ e PI, como os mais comprometidos e demonstra que o IQA é um bom indicador da qualidade ao longo da bacia hidrográfica. / The Corumbataí River, main tributary of the Piracicaba river and source of water supply to the city of Piracicaba has been suffering degradation from its waterhead in the city of Analândia to its mouth in the Piracicaba river. In 2005 and 2006 were determined the concentration of the elements, Be, Al, Na, Mg, Ca, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, Th, Tl, U by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), as well as physicochemical and microbiological proprieties, in the water and sediments of the Corumbataí River. The collections were carried out in September and December of 2005 and March, June and September of 2006. In the water, the elements in the dissolved fraction were determined by filtering the sample in field and preserving themselves with HNO3, and in the total fraction, by using the method of open extration using HNO3 and HCl. In the sediment, the elements were determined in the exchangeable fraction, by agitating for 12 hours in HCl 1 mol L-1 and in the total fraction, with the extration in microwave. In the samples of water, the water quality Index (WQI) was calculated, and the results showed a reduction in the quality throughout the years, mainly in the points located in the region downstream regions of Rio Claro, (RJ), and Piracicaba, (PI). The Total Phosphorus, Turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyill-a, Escherichia Coli, BOD and the dissolved metals Al and Fe, and total Hg, Mn, Cd presented concentrations above Conama 357/2005 for rivers class 2 in several points and periods of collection, along the river. In the sediment, the Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Pb did not present values above the recommended ones by Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento - CETESB as responsible for toxic effect. Reference values for the the other metals are not indicated in the Brazilian legislation. The elements that presented bigger exchangeable fraction than 50% in all the collection points were: Na, Ca, Mn, Tl, Co, Cu, Be, Pb. The multivaried statistical analysis of main components and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis indicated RJ and PI points, as the most damaged and showed that the WQI is a good indicative of quality along the hydrographic basin.

Ongoing development of modern society, based on consumption of goods and services, leads to the increase of compulsoriness of economic agents to face market requirements by increasing the degree of local and regional industrialization. Establishment of new economic activities generates negative pressures on the environment and surface waters, generating increased pollution, manifested by vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to stressors. Preliminary studies carried out within the doctoral thesis entitled 'Research on the evolution, magnitude and complexity of the impact of economic activities on the East Jiu' include information on characteristic elements of the East Jiu River basin, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. The objectives of the field research aimed to identify economic activities in the eastern Jiu Valley generating an impact on the environment (especially the mining industry, but also timber exploitation and processing, local agriculture, animal husbandry and waste storage), establishing a quarterly monitoring program of the river basin, identification of flora and fauna species and identification of areas vulnerable to potential pollution. Based on observations made in situ and on information obtained from the evolution process of the monitoring program, the appropriate methodologies for assessing physical-chemical and ecological quality of the water were selected. Study of the evolution of the impact generated by economic activities on the East Jiu was carried out by mathematical modelling, with finite volumes, of the East Jiu River basin and plotting of pollutant dispersion maps. The magnitude and complexity of impact generated by economic activities was studied by using a complex system based on fuzzy logic, designed based on interactions between natural and artificial systems, between physical-chemical indicators of water and ecosystem. The research carried out substantiates in development of necessary technical measures to reduce the impact generated by economic activities located in eastern Jiu Valley, without significantly changing the hydrodynamics of the river basin. Following research, during different research stages, methods, techniques and tools were designed and accomplished with the help of which, water and aquatic ecosystems’ quality can be assessed, as well as the impact generated by human activity on the Jiu River, at a given moment and/or continuously.:CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE THESIS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 1 THE EAST JIUL RIVER HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN 1.1. Soil and subsoil of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.2. Climate description of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.3. Geology particularities of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.4. Groundwater features of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.5. Flora and fauna of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF WATER, RIPARIAN, TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 2.1. Mining industry 2.2. Wood processing industry in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 2.3. Urban agriculture and local animal husbandry 2.4. Inappropriate urban household waste storage CHAPTER 3 MONITORING PROGRAM AND METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF THE EAST JIUL RIVER 3.1. Establishment of monitoring (control) sections 3.2. Monitoring program of the East Jiu River basin 3.3. Sampling, transport and analysis of water samples 3.4. Methodology used to establish the water quality CHAPTER 4 QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WATER IN THE EASTERN JIU HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN 4.1. Section 1 - Jieț River - upstream of household settlements (blank assay) 4.2. Section 2 - East Jiu River - in the area of Tirici village 4.3. Section 3 - Răscoala brook - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.4. Section 4 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Răscoala brook 4.5. Section 5 - Taia River - upstream of the confluence with East Jiu River 4.6. Section 6 - East Jiu River - before the confluence with the Taia River 4.7. Section 7 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Taia River 4.8. Section 8 - Jiet River downstream of household settlements 4.9. Section 9 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Jieț River 4.10. Section 10 - East Jiu River - before the confluence with Banița River 4.11. Section 11 - Roşia River - upstream of household settlements 4.12. Section 12 - Bănița River - after the confluence with the Roșia River 4.13. Section 13 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Banița River 4.14. Section 14 - Maleia River - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.15. Section 15 - Slătioara River - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.16. Section 16 – East Jiu River - before the confluence with West Jiu River CHAPTER 5 INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL FACTORS ON AQUATIC ICHTHYOFAUNA IN THE EAST JIU RIVER BASIN 5.1. Total suspended solids and aquatic ecosystems 5.2. Acidity or basicity reaction of surface watercourses 5.3. Aquatic ecosystem requirements for gas oversaturation 5.4. Nitrogenous compounds in watercourse 5.5. Phenols, aquatic ecosystems and water quality CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN PART OF JIU VALLEY 6.1. Impact analysis of mining industry in the Eastern Part of Jiu Valley 6.2. The general impact of Eastern Jiu Valley dumps to water quality 6.3. Research on effective infiltration in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 6.4. Research on groundwater quality in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 6.5. Analysis of the impact generated by local micro-agriculture 6.6. Analysis of the impact generated by deforestation and wood processing 6.7. Analysis of the impact generated by non-compliant landfilling of waste CHAPTER 7 EVOLUTION OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN JIU VALLEY 7.1. Analysis of the dynamic elements of the watercourse - RMA2 mode 7.2. Analysis of pollutants concentration evolution in the water course - RMA4 module 7.3. Computational field and composition of the energy model of the East Jiu River 7.4. Extension and evolution of the impact generated by economic activities on the East Jiu River 7.5. Extension and evolution of the impact caused by organic pollution of the East Jiu River CHAPTER 8 MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN JIU VALLEY 8.1. Definition of input linguistic variables 8.2. Linguistic outputs of the fuzzy interference system 8.3. Defining the Black Box set of rules 8.4. Proficiency testing of complex systems based on fuzzy logic 8.5. While it is all about the wheel do not forget about the cube CONCLUSIONS AND PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS REFERENCES

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_eb_dr_rcla.pdf: 1118558 bytes, checksum: 4b3fe4c2f68bd64211a9cd9b6d7a602f (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi a determinação de indicadores microbiológicos, metais e IQA (Índice de Qualidade da Água) na microbacia do rio Cabeça, SP. Também foi realizada a avaliação da evolução do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nesta microbacia visando a preservação não somente das águas, mas toda “teia complexa” das relações existentes entre parâmetros físicos, biológicos e antrópicos em uma bacia hidrográfica. A crescente degradação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos devido a ações antrópicas torna necessário o monitoramento da qualidade ambiental desses ecossistemas. O rio Cabeça é um afluente na bacia do rio Corumbataí, unidade ambiental de extrema importância econômica e social por apresentar potencial hídrico capaz de abastecer as cidades de Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina e Charqueada e ainda permitir a exportação de água para municípios localizados em bacias vizinhas, tais como Araras e Piracicaba, onde os problemas hídricos são bastante sérios. Cinco pontos de amostragem foram determinados ao longo do rio Cabeça além de outros dois pontos no corpo hídrico que recebe a suas águas, o rio Passa Cinco, um a montante e outro a jusante do ponto de encontro de ambos os rios. Coletas foram realizadas uma vez por mês durante o período de abril/2007 a março/2009. Os parâmetros DBO e Escherichia coli estiveram em desacordo com o estabelecido pelo Decreto Estadual 8468/1976 e pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 para rios de classe 2. Ferro e pH também desrespeitaram os padrões fixados na Resolução citada. Os metais Cu, Cr e Ni não foram detectados durante o período de estudo e Cd e Pb foram encontrados somente em algumas amostras. Há predomínio de pastagem e de cana-de-açúcar e uma tendência de aumento dessas atividades. O rio Passa Cinco não teve alterações significativas dos parâmetros... / In this study, the microbiological indicators, metals and WQI (Water Quality Index) in the Cabeça river watershed, SP, were evaluated. The evolution of land use and vegetation cover was also studied to preserve not only the water, but the “complex web” of relations between physical, biological and social parameters in a watershed. Due the increasing degradation of water quality by the human activities is necessary to monitor the environmental quality of these ecosystems. The Cabeça river is a tributary in the Corumbataí river watershed, an environmental unit of extreme economic and social importance due the water potential able to supply the cities of Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina and Charqueada and allow to export water to cities located in neighboring watershed, such Araras and Piracicaba, where water problems are serious. Five sampling points were selected over the course of the Cabeça river and other two points on the Passa Cinco river, that receiving the water of that river, one point upstream and one downstream from the point of encounter between the two rivers. Samples were collected once a month during the period from April/2007 to March/2009. The results showed that the BOD and Escherichia coli were above the limits establishing to river class 2 by State Decree 8468/1976 and CONAMA 357/05 Resolution. Iron and pH were also out of the limits recommended by Resolution. The metals Cu, Cr and Ni were not detected during the study period and Cd and Pb were found only in a few samples. There is a predominance of pasture and cane sugar and a tendency to increase these activities. The Passa Cinco river had not significant changes in the water quality parameters, after receiving the waters from Cabeça river. The WQI showed that the water quality of the rivers studies is classified as good, but risks of degradation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo / Banca: Ariovaldo José da Silva / Banca: Aurora Mariana Garcia de França Souza / Banca: Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis / Banca: Carlos Renato Corso / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a determinação de indicadores microbiológicos, metais e IQA (Índice de Qualidade da Água) na microbacia do rio Cabeça, SP. Também foi realizada a avaliação da evolução do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nesta microbacia visando a preservação não somente das águas, mas toda "teia complexa" das relações existentes entre parâmetros físicos, biológicos e antrópicos em uma bacia hidrográfica. A crescente degradação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos devido a ações antrópicas torna necessário o monitoramento da qualidade ambiental desses ecossistemas. O rio Cabeça é um afluente na bacia do rio Corumbataí, unidade ambiental de extrema importância econômica e social por apresentar potencial hídrico capaz de abastecer as cidades de Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina e Charqueada e ainda permitir a exportação de água para municípios localizados em bacias vizinhas, tais como Araras e Piracicaba, onde os problemas hídricos são bastante sérios. Cinco pontos de amostragem foram determinados ao longo do rio Cabeça além de outros dois pontos no corpo hídrico que recebe a suas águas, o rio Passa Cinco, um a montante e outro a jusante do ponto de encontro de ambos os rios. Coletas foram realizadas uma vez por mês durante o período de abril/2007 a março/2009. Os parâmetros DBO e Escherichia coli estiveram em desacordo com o estabelecido pelo Decreto Estadual 8468/1976 e pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 para rios de classe 2. Ferro e pH também desrespeitaram os padrões fixados na Resolução citada. Os metais Cu, Cr e Ni não foram detectados durante o período de estudo e Cd e Pb foram encontrados somente em algumas amostras. Há predomínio de pastagem e de cana-de-açúcar e uma tendência de aumento dessas atividades. O rio Passa Cinco não teve alterações significativas dos parâmetros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this study, the microbiological indicators, metals and WQI (Water Quality Index) in the Cabeça river watershed, SP, were evaluated. The evolution of land use and vegetation cover was also studied to preserve not only the water, but the "complex web" of relations between physical, biological and social parameters in a watershed. Due the increasing degradation of water quality by the human activities is necessary to monitor the environmental quality of these ecosystems. The Cabeça river is a tributary in the Corumbataí river watershed, an environmental unit of extreme economic and social importance due the water potential able to supply the cities of Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes, Ipeúna, Itirapina and Charqueada and allow to export water to cities located in neighboring watershed, such Araras and Piracicaba, where water problems are serious. Five sampling points were selected over the course of the Cabeça river and other two points on the Passa Cinco river, that receiving the water of that river, one point upstream and one downstream from the point of encounter between the two rivers. Samples were collected once a month during the period from April/2007 to March/2009. The results showed that the BOD and Escherichia coli were above the limits establishing to river class 2 by State Decree 8468/1976 and CONAMA 357/05 Resolution. Iron and pH were also out of the limits recommended by Resolution. The metals Cu, Cr and Ni were not detected during the study period and Cd and Pb were found only in a few samples. There is a predominance of pasture and cane sugar and a tendency to increase these activities. The Passa Cinco river had not significant changes in the water quality parameters, after receiving the waters from Cabeça river. The WQI showed that the water quality of the rivers studies is classified as good, but risks of degradation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor