Um novo circuito amplificador de 50 MHz - 1 GHz com alta linearidade para o padrão IEEE 802.22 “wireless regional area” (WRAN) é apresentado. Ele foi implementado sem nenhum indutor e oferece uma saída diferencial para ser utilizada como balun. Técnicas de cancelamento de ruído e aumento de linearidade foram usadas para melhorar a performace do amplificador de modo que eles pudessem ser otimizados separadamente. A linearidade foi melhorada utilizando transistores conectados como diodo. O amplificador foi implementado em um processo CMOS 130 nm, em uma área compacta de 136 m x 71 m. As simulações são apresentadas para esquemáticos pós-leiaute para duas classes diferentes de projeto: um visando a melhor linearidade e o outro a melhor Figura de Ruído (FR). Quando otimizado para melhor linearidade, os resultados de simulação atingem um ganho de tensão > 23.7 dB (ganho de potência > 19.1 dB), uma figura de ruído < 3.6 dB na banda inteira (com 2.4 dB min), um ponto de intersecção de terceira ordem (IIP3) > 3.3 dBm (7.6 dBm max) e um coeficiente de reflexão de entrada S11 < -16 dB. Quando otimizado para melhor figura de ruído, ele atinge um ganho de tensão > 24.7 dB (ganho de potência > 19.8 dB), uma FR < 2 dB na banda inteira, um IIP3 > -0.3 dBm e um S11 < -11 dB. Resultados de simulação Monte Carlo confirmam baixa sensibilidade à variabilidade de processo. Além disso, uma baixa sensibilidade com a temperatura na faixa de -55 até 125 C foi observada para Ganho, FR e S11. Consumo de potência é 17.6 mA sob fonte de alimentação de 1.2 V. / A new 50 MHz - 1 GHz low-noise amplifier circuit with high linearity for IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN) is presented. It was implemented without any inductor and offers a differential output for balun use. Noise cancelling and linearity boosting techniques were used to improve the amplifier performance in a way they can be separately optimized. Linearity was improved using diode-connected transistors. The amplifier was implemented in a 130 nm CMOS process in a compact 136 m x 71 m area. Simulations are presented for post-layout schematics for two classes of design: one for best linearity, another for best noise figure (NF). When optimized for best linearity, simulation results achieve a voltage gain > 23.7 dB (power gain > 19.1 dB), a NF < 3.6 dB over the entire band (with 2.4 dB min figure), an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) > 3.3 dBm (7.6 dBm max.) and an input power reflection coefficient S11 < -16 dB. When optimized for best NF, it achieves a voltage gain > 24.7 dB (power gain > 19.8 dB), a NF < 2 dB over the entire band, an IIP3 > -0.3 dBm and an S11 < -11 dB. Monte Carlo simulation results confirm low sensitivity to process variations. Also a low sensitivity to temperature within the range -55 to 125 C was observed for Gain, NF and S11. Power consumption is 17.6 mA under a 1.2 V supply.

The development of the IEEE 802.22 standard is aimed at providing broadband access in rural areas by effectively utilizing the unused TV band, provided no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation. This thesis presents the analytical framework to evaluate the number of active customer premise equipments (CPEs) in a wireless regional area network. Initial ranging is the primary process in IEEE 802.22 networks for CPEs to access the network and establish their connections with the base station (BS). A comprehensive analysis of initial ranging mechanism is provided in this work and initial ranging request success probability is derived based on the number of contended CPEs and the initial contention window size. Further, the average ranging success delay is derived for the maximum backoff stages. The collision probability is highly dependent on the size of the initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. To keep it at a specific level, it is necessary for the BS to schedule the required size of the initial contention window to facilitate the maximum number of CPEs to establish their connections with reasonable delay. Therefore, the optimized initial window size is proposed that meets the collision probability constraint for a particular number of contended CPEs. An analytical model is also developed to estimate the ranging request collision probability depending upon the size of initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. Moreover, this approximation provides the threshold size for contention window to start the initial ranging process in the IEEE 802.22 network. / Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.

No / Avoiding collision among contending customer premise equipments (CPEs) attempting to associate with a base station (BS) in a wireless regional area network (WRAN) is a challenging issue. The collision probability is highly dependent upon the size of the initial contention window and the number of contending CPEs. To reduce the collision probability among CPEs in order to start the ranging process in an IEEE 802.22 network, the BS needs to adjust the initial contention window size. This paper provides an analytical framework to estimate the ranging request collision probability depending upon the size of the initial contention window and the number of CPEs attempting to join the IEEE WRAN cell. The accuracy of the estimated curve is analyzed for various numbers of contention CPEs on the basis of the relative errors. The numerical results confirm that the approximation works reasonably well for finding the ranging request collision probability for any number of contention CPEs at a particular value of initial contention window size. Moreover, this approximation provides the threshold size for a contention window to start the initial ranging process for any number of CPEs in an IEEE 802.22 network. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computer networks are in the scope of the IEEE organization normalized by the 802 board which currently comprises six working groups for wireless communications. IEEE 802.11 for wireless local area networks, IEEE  802.15 for wireless personal area networks, IEEE 802.16 for wireless metropolitan area networks, IEEE 802.20 for mobile broadband wireless access, IEEE 802.21 for media independent handover and IEEE 802.22 for wireless regional area networks. This master's thesis focuses on a security analysis of particular standards, describes threats, vulnerabilities, current security measures and mutually compares wireless specifications from a security point of view. The conclusion is devoted to overall evaluation of the project, to its contributions, possible enhancements and continuation in the form of consequential studies.