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<p>Food safety is important to prevent foodborne illnesses that can negatively affect public health and the economy. Preventative measures can be taken by government agencies, food-related workers, and consumers to reduce the occurrence of such illnesses. This paper examines the impact of government policies on food safety from the perspective of consumers, restaurant employees and employers, and food processing workers. The first essay explores how food safety recalls affect consumer behavior. The second essay studies the impact of minimum wage policies on service quality in the restaurant industry. The third essay investigates the effect of minimum wage policies on product food safety in the meat and poultry processing industry. </p>

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2015-12-21T14:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ana_Cristina_Russo_Nascimento.pdf: 9067895 bytes, checksum: f5d0854e1572e991b963b73b2414e563 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T14:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ana_Cristina_Russo_Nascimento.pdf: 9067895 bytes, checksum: f5d0854e1572e991b963b73b2414e563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-04 / It has been a challenge for companies and scholars the issue of alignment of interest between owners and executives, called agency problems. Among its various views and administrative tools, created with the purpose of mitigating these problems the salary of the executive which can be a tool of encouragement when it is compensated in a variable way linked to purposes which set challenges to add value to the companies and thus a higher return to stockholders. There are claims in this context that the remuneration models which determine long-term goals are more appropriate, once they enable measure tangible results for organizations. Thereforeaim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of variable remuneration linked to long-term goals and business performance as well as the behavior of that financial performance by business sector. One hundred fifty-fivepublicly traded companies were analyzed in 2010, which information has been extracted from References Forms (FR). The indicators used were Enterprise Value, EBITDA and Total Return to Shareholders (TRS), constructed with data provided by the Econom??tica System, for the period from 2010 to 2013. The significance of variables was tested using the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and the figure which was carried out showed statistical significance the impact on the type of remuneration on the financial performance of the sample only for the indicator Enterprise Value, the results suggested that the long-term goal linked to the remuneration can positively influence the company's performance. / A quest??o do alinhamento de interesse entre acionistas e executivos, denominada problemas do agente-principal, tem sido um desafio para empresas e estudiosos. Dentre seus diversos aspectos e ferramentas administrativas, criados com o prop??sito de mitigar esses problemas, est?? a remunera????o do executivo que pode ser instrumento de incentivo, quando paga de modo vari??vel atrelada a finalidades que estabele??am desafios para agregar valor ??s empresas e, assim, maior retorno aos acionistas. Nesse contexto, h?? afirma????es de que os modelos de remunera????o que determinam metas de longo prazo s??o mais adequados, uma vez que possibilitam aferir resultados concretos para as organiza????es. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo ?? verificar a rela????o entre a presen??a de remunera????o vari??vel atrelada a metas de longo prazo e o desempenho empresarial, bem como o comportamento do referido desempenho financeiro por setor de atividade. Foram analisadas 155 empresas de capital aberto no ano de 2010, cujas informa????es foram extra??das dos Formul??rios de Refer??ncias (FR). Os indicadores empregados foram Valor da Empresa, LAJIDA e Retorno Total ao Acionista (RTA), constru??dos com dados fornecidos pelo sistema Econom??tica, para o per??odo de 2010 a 2013. A signific??ncia das vari??veis foi testada recorrendo ao m??todo dos M??nimos Quadrados Ordin??rios (MQO), e as estimativas realizadas mostraram signific??ncia estat??stica do impacto do tipo de remunera????o sobre o desempenho financeiro da amostra apenas para o indicador Valor da Empresa, cujos resultados sugeriram que o objetivo de longo prazo vinculado ?? remunera????o pode influenciar positivamente o desempenho da empresa.

Orientador: Carlos Salas Paez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kasonde_Clement_M.pdf: 2543320 bytes, checksum: c5a650cf010e5208fc95d2c67b9ae94a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: De acordo com (CSO-LFS 2012), o governo da República da Zâmbia formula políticas empregatícias para melhorar as relações e condições de trabalho. Essas políticas também têm como objetivo reduzir a pobreza através da criação de empregos decentes para os cidadãos (CSO-LFS 2012). Para que as políticas sejam relevantes, o governo realiza avaliações econômicas através de diversos meios, como a condução de pesquisas sobre a força de trabalho (LFS), monitoramento das condições de vida (LCMS), monitoramento da performance econômica e outras iniciativas socioeconômicas relacionadas. Além disso, o governo também promove a educação para seus cidadãos uma vez que está consciente de que uma força de trabalho instruída e essencial para o desenvolvimento econômico (CSO-LFS, 2012). O fomento ao investimento local e estrangeiro em vários setores é também uma importante política que qualquer governo deveria implementar tendo em vista a criação de empregos decentes e redução da pobreza. Como argumenta Amartya Sem, o crescimento econômico se dá através do desenvolvimento das capacidades. De acordo com (Layard 2004; Offer 2006; Wilkinson and Picket 2010), o crescimento do PIB tem se mostrado uma referência inadequada do progresso social a parece exercer pouco ou nenhum impacto no bem-estar social. Essa visão é amparada pela noção de "desenvolvimento como liberdade" de Sem, que implica que as pessoas só desfrutam de liberdade genuína quando ela é baseada na segurança econômica e social. De acordo com o painel de especialistas na Comissão de Mensuração do Desempenho Econômico e Progresso social nomeado por Nicolas Sarkozy, ex-presidente da França, os termos de referência não aceitam que os cidadãos se adaptem às exigências da economia, mas sim que a economia seja remodelada para servir aos interesses dos cidadãos. De acordo com `Failure of a Model¿ de Ron Blackwell e David Coates, um estado democrático deve permanecer como um agente econômico indispensável, fornecendo serviços públicos de qualidade, desempenhando o papel de regulador, preparando o palco para os agentes econômicos e intervindo (através de políticas fiscais ou monetárias) de modo a acalmar os impulsos especulativos ou controlar uma recessão (ILO - IJLR, 2012). Também existe, como Tim Page coloca em seu trabalho, um forte argumento a favor da implementação e desenvolvimento por parte do governo de políticas industriais ativas, através da criação de marcos regulatórios claros, que forneçam capital que não venha diretamente do mercado aberto para o investimento. Por exemplo, US$ 750 milhões foram captados no mercado de capitais em 2012 para a realização de programas governamentais que visavam melhorias nas estradas públicas e na infraestrutura ferroviária, com o objetivo de alavancar o desenvolvimento social e econômico na Zâmbia / Abstract: According to (CSO-LFS 2012), the Government of the Republic of Zambia formulates employment and labour policies to improve workers¿ and employers¿ labour relations and employment conditions. These policies are also aimed at reducing poverty by the creation of decent jobs for the citizens (CSO-LFS 2012). In order to make relevant policies, the Government carries out assessments on the economy through various means such as conducting the Labour Force Surveys (LFS), Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys (LCMS), economic performance monitoring programs and other related socioeconomic initiatives. In addition, the Government also promotes education for its citizens as it realizes that an educated labour force is essential for economic development (CSO-LFS, 2012). The promotion of both local and foreign investment in various sectors is also an important policy any government should implement with a view to creating decent jobs and reduce poverty. As Amartya Sen has opined, economic growth has to be for the purpose and the most straightforward way of characterizing that goal is to say that citizens must be able to acquire the capabilities and that they need to choose lives that they have reasons to value (Sen, 1999). According to (Layard 2004; Offer 2006; Wilkinson and Picket 2010), measured increase in DGP has been seen to be inadequate benchmark of social progress and appears to have little or no impact on either happiness or life satisfaction. This view is supported by Sen¿s notion of `development as freedom¿, which entails that people can enjoy genuine liberty only insofar as it is based on economic and social security. According to the panel of experts on the Commission for Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy, the former president of France, the terms of references for the committee of experts was that the objective is not to accept the world as it is and adapt citizens to the demands of the economy, but to reshape the economy to ensure that it serves the interest of the citizens. According to the `Failure of a Model¿ by Ron Blackwell and David Coates, as part of policy activism, a democratic state must remain as an indispensable actor in the economy, playing a role of providing quality public services and as a regulator, setting the stage for market actors and intervening (either through fiscal or monetary policy) in order to cool a speculative boom or halt a recession (ILO - IJLR, 2012). There is also, as Tim Page makes in his paper, a strong case for government to develop active industrial policies by setting clear regulatory frameworks, providing capital for investments that will not be funded on the open market. For instance, the 2012 Zambia¿s US$ 750 million Euro Bond" which was sourced from `Wall Street¿ capital market for public works programmes (PWP), is meant to improve inter alia; public roads and railway infrastructure in order to help stimulate economic and social development in Zambia / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy. Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970. Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining. Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift. Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s. The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension des enjeux de l'épargne salariale pour les politiques de rémunérations dans les entreprises en France. Une mise en perspective historique et théorique permet d'abord d'identifier les motivations conduisant les entreprises à développer un dispositif alliant l'intéressement et le PEE. Ensuite, nous explicitons à travers une modélisation théorique de type « Principal-Agent » les caractéristiques d'un contrat associant l'intéressement à un PEE. Les prédictions théoriques qui en découlent sont enfin validées par une étude empirique sur des données individuelles d'entreprises et de salariés. A partir d'une estimation par appariement sur le score de propension, les résultats révèlent que les entreprises qui intègrent à leurs politiques de rémunérations un dispositif alliant l'intéressement et le PEE versent en moyenne des salaires de base plus faibles, compensés par le versement d'une prime d'intéressement. Par ailleurs, celui-ci s'accompagne d'un impact positif et significatif sur le profit mais d'un effet non significatif sur la productivité du travail des entreprises. Il existe néanmoins une corrélation positive entre la mise en œuvre du dispositif et la productivité du travail pouvant avoir pour origine un effet de sélection. Ces travaux nous invitent à défendre la thèse selon laquelle l'instauration par les entreprises d'un dispositif alliant le partage du profit et le PEE vise non seulement des effets d'incitation mais aussi des objectifs de maîtrise des coûts salariaux. Au-delà, lorsque le PEE donne lieu à la constitution de l'actionnariat salarié, il permet aux entreprises de poursuivre des objectifs de stabilisation du capital. / This dissertation aims at shedding a new light on the analysis of the effects of profit sharing and employee ownership plan on wages practices in France. We firstly purpose a survey of the theoretical foundations of profit sharing and employee ownership plan. By considering institutional and macroeconomic changes in France since 1980, we secondly develop an historical analysis of the financial participation. In this context, we argue that a system based on both profit sharing and employee ownership plan is not only designed as an effort incentive scheme but also as a risk transfer device. We thirdly develop a Principal-Agent model to determine the optimal characteristics of a contract based on both profit sharing and employee ownership plan. Our hypothesis is then tested on an original matched employer-employee database concerning French firms. Using a Propensity Score Matching method which allows controlling for potential selection bias, we show that such a contract has no significant impact on the labour productivity but a positive one on the firm's benefit. We finally find a negative impact on the employee's base wage but no significant effect on the total earnings.

Nous proposons une analyse originale de l'impact de la complémentaire santé sur les comportements des travailleurs et des firmes sur le marché du travail. Le premier chapitre explicite théoriquement les politiques salariales et d'investissement en santé choisies par l'entreprise lorsque celle-ci n'observe qu'imparfaitement l'état de santé du salarié et où l'investissement en santé peut se traduire par des gains de productivité, via un meilleur état de santé. Nous montrons que les deux politiques sont dépendantes de la productivité de la firme. Le deuxième chapitre explique les raisons pour lesquelles l'offre jointe complémentaire/salaire diffère selon la structure de la firme. Nous montrons que les TPE et plus généralement les entreprises soumises à des contraintes financières plus importantes n'offrent pas de couverture, celle-ci étant généralement liée au contrat de travail des salariés les mieux payés. Le troisième chapitre analyse empiriquement l'impact de la complémentaire santé sur l'état de santé des travailleurs. Etre couvert (relativement au fait d'être non-couvert) n'améliore pas significativement l'état de santé. De même, l'accès à une couverture collective (relativement à une couverture individuelle) ne se traduit pas par un état de santé significativement accru. Le dernier chapitre analyse quant à lui le comportement d'absentéisme du travailleur sous l'effet de la complémentaire collective. La présence d'un contrat de groupe induit la présence d'aléa moral sur les arrêts courts lorsque le travailleur appartient à des firmes de petites tailles indemnisant faiblement les arrêts de travail. / This thesis focuses on the assessment of health risks and the modelisation of the health expenditures decisions. The aim is to realize the link between the agent behaviors concerning his health investments and her situation on the labor market. This work will be sharing around two axis. On the one hand, it will be necessary to use econometrics methods to evaluate healths risks, health expenditures and their heterogeneity within the population. In other words, this part connects inequalities about health expenditures and those on the labor market,for estimate willingness to pay a health coverage. The determinants of purchasing a complementary will be highlighted. On the other hand,a structural model with individual choices will be etablished, based on the empirical works. An equilibrium model confronting the sum of interdependent decisions of workers - health expenditures, careers and assets choices - in a uncertainty environment should allows us to represent stylized facts and to propose economic policies. We emphasize more precisely on the link between health expenditures, careers choices and retirement.

In this thesis I conduct a comparative analysis of the influence of socioeconomic actors, business and labor, on public policy in Germany and the United States, specifically public policy that has an impact on economic inequality. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of how institutional constructs may determine the level of influence by different socioeconomic actors on public policy. In particular, I examine the link between institutional design and economic inequality, specifically the relative influence of business interests in varying types of capitalist economies and democratic systems, and assess those facets of institutional design that may facilitate the channeling of business influence in policy making. I explore institutional changes in the German political and economic system beginning in the late 1980s to determine whether these changes have altered the policy making process over time, and analyze similarities with institutional changes that have taken place in the United States beginning in the late 1970s to present. Further, I examine whether shifts in institutional design indicate that the German system is transitioning towards a more liberal model similar to that of the United States, and consider what effects this may have on the level of economic inequality in Germany. To conduct my analysis I use the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework; based on the IAD framework I create a conceptual map of the channels by which socioeconomic actors are involved in the policy making process. I evaluate the policy-making process in both formal and informal policy arenas. The policy areas analyzed include corporate governance, industrial relations, and tax, welfare and minimum wage policy during the selected time periods. The analysis shows that the institutional designs that produced the selected policies benefit business interests and may contribute towards economic inequality. The larger goal is to develop research that will build a theoretical foundation to help us identify how these systems may be improved to produce a more equitable allocation of economic resources.