Presented diploma thesis is dealing with the problematics of fuel ethanol production. Relevant basic terminology is explained in the theoretical part, methods of lignocellulose pre-treatments and their conversion to bioethanol are introduced. Attetion is also given to microorganisms used for bioethanol production on industrial scale, as well as analytical instrumental techniques for glucose and ethanol detection. In experimental part, we are focusing on substrate composition analysis – contents of dry matter, cellulose and ash was investigated. Waste paper was chosen as substrate, as it does not find any other use beside recycling these days. Chosen production microorganism, that conversts sugars into etanol was the unknown strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Primal substrate pre-treatment – removal of rigid parts was performed in several physical and physical – chemical ways. Substrate with such pre-treatment was ready for enzymatic hydrolysis, during which monomers from polymer matrix were formed. Ethanol was produced using method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, when enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation take place at the same time and the same container.

Paper waste discarded by families of five persons in Logan City was studied for two seven-day periods. The sample consisted of 42 families comprised of a father who was employed full-time, a mother, and three children living at home. A questionnaire was administered to each family for the purpose of describing the sample, and to determine some of their family conditions and practices. Sample families were given plastic bags for storing of waste paper, which was collected at the end of each seven-day period. The weight of all paper discards was tabulated for each family. Seven of these families were put in a category of high paper output and seven families were put in a category of low paper output. Averages were tabulated for the total sample, high paper output category, and low paper output category. The highest and lowest total paper weights recorded for the 14 days were 62 pounds 5 ounces and 7 pounds 15 ounces respectively. The average weight for all families was 18 pounds 12 ounces. The average high paper output category was 37 pounds 11 ounces. The average low paper output category was 9 pounds 3 ounces. Through comparing these weights with information found on the questionnaires, the following may be said to have an effect on the amount of paper families discard: method of disposing of newspapers, income, and perhaps occupation of the father.

No description available.

Office waste paper is one of the fastest growing segments of the recycled fiber industry. Toner particles are rigid, insoluble and difficult to disperse and detach from fibers. Therefore papers made from recycled office waste having high toner content will contain noticeable ink particles. This work will consider an alternative way of efficient de-inking using plasma polymers which will not affect the fibers chemically or mechanically. The focus is development and characterization of plasma-deposited films to serve as a barrier film for the adhesion of ink toner to the paper fibers and thereby enhance ink lift off from the fibers. The plasma treated paper is coated with fluorocarbon (PFE) and polyethylene glycol (PFE) films, with constant thickness of PFE and varying the thickness of PEG by 1500, from 1500 to 4500, for the three cases studied (PFE greater than PEG, PFE=PEG, PFE less than PEG). Handsheets were made using virgin fibers to eliminate effects of fillers. Once the sheets were coated and printing performed, they were re-pulped and both the slurry and the de-inking surfactant were placed in a flotation cell. Handsheets were made from the collected foam and stock and were scanned for particle count. The results indicated higher ink loss for the cases with increased thickness of polymer films. A handsheet with a 7500 film (PFE = 3000 and PEG = 4500) showed 61% ink removal compared to 38% for handsheets with no film deposited. There was also less material loss for the cases with higher polymer film thickness.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.

De-inking sludge generated from pulp and paper industry is considered hazardous since it may contain heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, and Pb. Hence, the de-inking sludge needs to be treated before being disposed of. Sludge combustion is a proven disposal technology, which generates fly ash containing a portion of the heavy metals that may leach out under uncontrolled conditions. The aim of this thesis is to implement a new multi-zone temperature combustion technique (Low-High-Low temperature combustion, LHL) to help contain and immobilize the heavy metals within fly ash particles. During the LHL, the waste will be initially fed into a low-temperature zone (<1100 K) and then subjected to the high-temperature treatment (~1480 K) that will be followed by another low-temperature zone (~1100 K). / This dissertation describes the detailed design and construction of a novel pilot-scale combustion facility, called the Multi-Mode Combustion Facility (MCF), used as a multidisciplinary research tool for investigating the thermal remediation of contaminated solid residues. The MCF is capable of operating in two different modes: Fluidized-Bed combustion mode (FBC) and Single burner furnace mode (SBF). However, this project focuses on the FBC mode (minimum fluidization velocity of 0.42 m/s and bed temperature of 1073 K). / This research compares the combustion characteristics of de-inking sludge obtained in the LHL and in the conventional combustion techniques. The following properties of particulates were studied: morphological evolution of solid particles, structural porosity, metals interactions with fly ash particles, and leachability. / The LHL's final supermicron spherical fly ash went through a molten phase with submicron particles attached to the fly ash particles surfaces. Thus, reducing its porosity to 19%. However, the amorphous final fly ash obtained in the conventional technique reveals 32% porosity. It was found that the physical characteristics of the final LHL's fly ash are the main cause for the reduced heavy metals leachability rates of 0.18, 0.046, and 0.92% for Cd, Cr, and Pb, respectively. The conventional technique had 53.28, 16.79, and 5.20% of Cd, Cr, and Pb respectively, leaching out due to the high porosity percentages. In conclusion, the LHL technique allows for controlling the heavy metals emission from FBCs, while using a waste to energy approach and maintaining environmentally acceptable gas emission levels.

Thesis (Ph.D) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Hsieh, Jeffery; Committee Member: Breedveld, Victor; Committee Member: Empie, Jeff; Committee Member: Forney, Larry; Committee Member: Singh, Preet

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Banerjee, Sujit, Committee Member ; Orloff, David, Committee Member ; Patterson, Tim, Committee Co-Chair ; Ahrens, Fred, Committee Co-Chair.

In this thesis we discusses the problem of waste management, which means the gathering, concentration, collection, purchase, sorting, transport, storage, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste, of course. This work actually focuses on the management of waste paper. This issue was also deals with waste management the reverse logistics.