<p> Although both steady state and dynamic simulation studies of the activated sludge process are available, the data bases employed have traditionally been: derived from bench scale studies, derived from historical monitoring data, synthetic based on mathematical functions. Actual plant operating data, if available, would reflect full scale operation and would provide a much better data base to judge existing or future process models. This study was designed to provide a more comprehensive data base than presently existed on a full scale municipal activated sludge system. Both flow and component concentrations were continuously measured on two hour intervals for two periods of 10 days and 5 days duration. Streams sampled included the plant influent, the primary clarifier effluent, the aeration tank effluent, the secondary clarifier effluent, the activated sludge recycle and the waste sludge line. Based on total nitrogen and total phosphorus, the data were examined for mass flow closure around the aeration tank. A time dependent mixing model based on two unequal volume stirred tank reactors in series was found to adequately describe the observed variation in aeration tank input-output data. The measured aeration tank inflow and outflow was corrected to give a hydraulic balance using a statistical procedure which generates flow corrections based on expected measurement error. The resulting total nitrogen and total phosphorus material balances were found to improve based on a reduction of the residual sum of squares.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Karst rivers are special type of rivers because of their hydrography conditions. They usually flow from non-karst area and as soon as they reach in to the karst area they disappear underground. There, they flow through cavities until they reach the surface again. The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of water outflow from wastewater treatment plant on karst rivers. The study was done in the central area of CHKO Moravský kras where the impact of two WWTP on a cave system Rudické propadání – Býčí skála is evaluated. As a part of this study a half-year monitoring was carried out, which consisted of water sampling once every two weeks. In total, 13 water samples were taken from 8 sampling points. Also 4 additional one-time samples were taken from the cave system. Moreover, flow rate, temperature, conductivity, oxygen concentration and pH were measured at the sampling point. Afterwards, the content of undissolved solids, CODCr, BOD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, P-PO43- and total phosphorus were determined in the samples. The change of parameters in time and during the flow in the river was observed from the measured values. The balance of pollutants in particular parts of the river was calculated. The outflow values from waste water treatment plants were compared to the emission limits for surface waters and the parameters of rivers were compared to the environmental quality standards. According to the results, it can be observed that the water quality improves after passing through the cavities. It was proven that the outflows from the observed waste water treatment plants are negatively influencing the water streams. The most serious problem is the wash up of sludge from WWTP Rudice and its consequent sedimentation in the river and/or outflow to the Rudické propadání.

is Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of water outflow from wastewater treatment plant on karst rivers. The study was done in the northern area of Moravský kras protected landscape, where the impact of WWTP Ostrov u Macochy on a cave system Lopačské propadání was studied. As a part of this study a half-year monitoring was carried out, which consisted of water sampling every two weeks. In total, 13 water samples were taken from 7 sampling points. Moreover, flow rate, temperature, conductivity, oxygen concentration and pH were measured at the sampling point. Afterwards, the content of undissolved solids, COD, BOD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, NKi and total phosphorus were determined in the samples. The change of parameters in time on the sampling points and further along the flow of the river was evaluated from the measured values. The outflow values from waste water treatment plants were compared with the emission limits for surface waters and the values of river water parameters were compared with the environmental quality standards. It wasn’t proven that the outflow from the observed waste water treatment plant is negatively influencing the water stream. The most serious problems are: -The WWTP was designed for treatment of sewage from Ostrov u Macochy, which involved separate sanitary and storm sewers. After finishing the WWTP, a uniform sewer was built. -High concentration of total phosphorus on the outflow from WWTP. -Poor quality of Lopač brook water already before the outflow vent from WWTP.

Avloppsreningsverket i Hallsberg kommun är beläget i direkt anslutning till Hallsberg, med Ralaån som recipient. Tekniken på reningsverket bygger på principerna för en klassisk aktivslamanläggning med mekanisk rening, kemisk rening, biologisk rening och en slambehandling där rötning av primär- och sekundärslam används för utvinning av biogas. Hallsberg ARV har under en längre tid haft problem med kvävereningen. Under senaste åren har man överskridit riktvärdet för kväveutsläpp vid ett flertal tillfällen och under 2009 överskreds även gränsvärdet. Riktvärdet för Hallsberg ARV är i dagsläget satt till 10mg NH4-N/l som medelvärde per månad, gränsvärdet är satt till 10 mg NH4-N/l som medelvärde per kalenderår. Då Hallsberg ARV inte drivs vid full kapacitet antas en minskning av kväveutsläppen vara möjlig att genomföra genom trimning av befintligutrustning och processer på verket. Detta antagande låg till grund för det här examensarbetet som syftar till att optimera kvävereningen på Hallsberg ARV. I optimeringen ingick en teknisk, ekonomisk och miljömässig utvärdering av olika alternativa lösningarna för att förbättra funktionen hos anläggningen. Extra hänsyn togs till energi- och kemikalieåtgång i syfte att få en så effektiv drift av verket som möjligt. Arbetet genomfördes genom en initial litteraturstudie på området, vartefter en provtagningsserie om fyra veckor realiserades på verket. Data som ligger till grund för slutsatserna i projektet har också inhämtats från onlinemätare på verket samt från äldre externt analyserade prover. Efter analys av insamlad data antas orsakerna till Hallsberg ARV:s höga utsläpp av kväve bero på en kombination av flera faktorer: -Vid vår och höst kan brunnsslamintaget vara så stort att bräddning sker ut till verket. Detta leder till att kvävebelastningen höjs så kraftigt att nitrifierarna inte hinner acklimatisera sig och får förhöjda kväveutsläpp till följd. -Mycket kväve följer med slammet från simultanfällningen till rötningen. Detta kan påverka halten kväve i rejektet från rötkamrarna som i sin tur kan leda till störningar i kvävereningen. -Centrifugens rejekt innehåller mycket kväve och körs idag endast under ett par dagar i veckan vilket leder till stora variationer i inkommande kvävehalt. -En hög förfällning av fosfor och organiskt material har bidragit till en låg halt av organiskt material i denitrifikationen. Sammantaget föreslås att vidare studier bör genomföras av ovan nämnda områden för att driften på Hallsberg ARV ska kunna drivas med så låga miljömässiga och ekonomiska kostnader som möjligt. / The waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg municipal is situated adjacent to Hallsberg, with Ralaån as a recipient. The technique at the waste water treatment plant is based on the principles for a classical activated sludge treatment plant and includes mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treatment, and a sludge treatment where the digestion of primary and secondary sludge is used for extraction of biogas. Hallsberg waste water treatment plant has during some time had problems with the nitrogen removal with high nitrogen emissions as a consequence. The target value has been exceeded a couple of times during the last years and in 2009 the limit value was exceeded as well. The target value for Hallsberg waste water treatment plant is 10 mgNH4-N/l as an average value per month, the limit value is set to 10 mg NH4-N/l, as an average value per year. Since the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg not is operating at full capacity, a lowering of the nitrogen emissions is assumed to be possible though a trimming of the existing equipment and of the processes on the site. This assumption formed the basis for this thesis, designed to optimize the nitrogen removal at the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg. A technical, economical and environmental evaluation was included in the optimization to improve the function of the plant. Extra evaluations were made in the energy- and chemical consumption in order to streamline the operations at the plant as much as possible. The project was carried out through an initial literature-investigation followed by a four week period of sampling and analyzing at the site. The data that form the conclusion in this project has also been collected through online measurements at the plant as well as through analyses of older samples. After analyzing the collected data, the reasons for the high emissions of nitrogen is thought to be due to a combination of reasons: -During the spring and the autumn the external intake of well sludge can lead to a direct release of sludge in to the plant. The change of nitrogen content will not give enough time for the nitrifying bacteria to acclimatize, with elevated emissions of nitrogen as a consequence. -The usage of simultaneous precipitation could lead to an irregular concentration of nitrogen released to the treatment plant from the digesters. This in turn could contribute to higher nitrogen emissions. -The irregularities of the usage of the centrifuge contribute to nitrogen irregularities and contribute to the difficulties of acclimatization of the nitrifying bacteria. -A high pre-precipitation of phosphorus and organic matter has contributed to a level of organic material in the denitrifikation below what is recommended. To sum up, further investigations are suggested in the above mentioned areas to make the operations at the plant carried trough at the lowest possible environmental and economically cost.

No description available.

Currently Vietnam is facing several problems with waste handling. For instance, a lot of the municipal organic solid waste is dumped at landfills, which contributes to environmental difficulties such as greenhouse gas emissions. Anaerobic digestion has proven to be an adequate method for solving environmental problems such as waste treatment, where biogas can be produced. The methane content in the biogas can subsequently be used as a prosperous energy source for heating, electricity and vehicle fuel. The production and utilization of biogas in Vietnam is in a developing face. However, there are issues that should be tackled to improve and expand the biogas production and use. In Vietnam the main substrate used for anaerobic digestion is animal manure as most of the biogas digesters are placed on farms. The purpose of this master thesis was to identify additional potential substrates for biogas production, with focus on Thái Nguyên city and Sông Công city in the Thái Nguyên province. In order to find suitable substrates, interviews and literature research were carried out in Vietnam. Subsequently biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were performed for the identified and acquired substrates. The BMP-tests were first performed at Thái Nguyên University but as the results were inconclusive, further experiments were performed at Linköping University (Sweden) where eight substrates from the Thái Nguyên province were investigated. The identified substrates used for the BMP-tests were three types of beer waste from the Vicoba brewery in Thái Nguyên city, food waste from different restaurants in Sông Công city, fruit waste from the fruit market in Thái Nguyên and household vegetable waste. The highest methane yield could be observed for household vegetable waste (543 Nml/g VS) followed by beer waste (yeast) with a methane potential of 497 Nml/g VS. Beer waste (hops boiling) had the lowest methane potential with a value of 230 Nml/g VS. Estimation of the total methane potential in both cities together from food waste from restaurants, beer waste and sewage sludge from the upcoming waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in Thái Nguyen city were made by combining data from interviews, literature values and the BMP-results. The estimation showed that from Thái Nguyên City and Sông Công city about 137,500 m3 CH4/year can be produced from food waste from restaurants, about 1.7 millionCH4 m3/year can be produced from sludge from the WWTP in Thái Nguyên city (under construction) and there is also a possibility to produce about 10,700 m3 CH4/year from the beer brewery in Thái Nguyên city. Thus, the total estimated methane potential sums up to 1.8 million m3 CH4/year. The results show that Thái Nguyên city and Sông Công city have potential wastes that preferably could be used as substrates for biogas production which could add on to the biogas produced currently at farm level in the Thái Nguyên region. / I dagsläget står Vietnam inför svåra problem med rådande avfallshantering. En stor del av det organiska avfallet deponeras. Detta bidrar till miljöproblem som exempelvis utsläpp av växthusgaser. Kontrollerad rötning har visat sig vara en bra metod för avfallshantering av organiskt avfall, eftersom biogasen som produceras exempelvis kan användas som energikälla för matlagning, elektricitet och fordonsbränsle, samtidigt som avfallsmängden kraftigt reduceras. Utvecklingen av kommersiell biogasproduktion i Vietnam är fortfarande i ett inledande stadie. De främsta substraten för biogassubstratet som används i landet i nuläget är olika typer av gödsel med anledning av att de flesta rötkammare är placerade på bondgårdar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kompletterande potentiella substrat som kan användas för biogasproduktion i städerna Thái Nguyên och Sông Công som är belägna i provinsen Thái Nguyên. För att identifiera möjliga biogassubstrat genomfördes intervjuer på plats tillsammans med litteraturundersökningar. Vidare genomfördes metanpotentialbestämningar (BMP) för identifierade, utvalda och, erhållna substrat. Det visade sig ej vara möjligt inom tidsramen för besöket att genomföra BMP-testerna på ett fullgott sätt vid Thái Nguyêns universitet med anledning av begränsningar i metodförutsättningar, varför BMP-tester även genomfördes på Linköpings universitet. Totalt testades metanpotentialen för åtta olika substrat från städerna Thái Nguyên och Sông Công. De identifierade substraten som användes i BMP-studien var tre typer av bryggeriavfall från Vicoba bryggeri i Thái Nguyên, matavfall från olika restauranger i Sông Công, fruktavfall från fruktmarknaden i Thái Nguyên och hushållsavfall från ett hushåll i Thái Nguyên. Det högsta metanutbytet kunde observeras för matavfall från hushåll (543 Nml/g VS) följt av bryggeriavfall i form av jäst (497 Nml/g VS). Ölavfall från vörtkokning påvisade det lägsta metanutbytet av samtliga testade substrat motsvarande 230 Nml/g VS. En uppskattning av den totala metanpotentialen i de båda städerna från matavfall från restauranger, bryggeriavfall samt avloppsslam från reningsverket som är under uppbyggnad i Thái Nguyên genomfördes baserat på intervjuer, litteraturvärden samt genomförda metanpotentialtester (BMP). Uppskattningen visade att cirka 137 500 m3 CH4/år skulle kunna produceras från matavfall från restauranger, cirka 1,7 miljoner CH4 m3/år från avloppsreningsverksslam samt från ölbryggeriet i Thái Nguyên är det möjligt att producera cirka 10 700 CH4 m3/år. Sammantaget indikerar det en uppskattad metanpotential motsvarande ca 1,8 miljoner CH4 m3/år. Slutsatsen av den här studien visar att det finns stor potential för biogasproduktion i Thái Nguyên och Sông Công. / Developing strategies and methods for participatory planning in Thái Nguyên and Linköping

Visų hidroelektrinių veikimo principas pagrįstas dviem pagrindiniais parametrais, - slėgio aukščiu ir debitais. Lietuvoje iki 2009 metų buvo pastatyta 82 MHE. Šis etapas jau baigiasi, kadangi potencialių vietų mažajai hidroenergetikai plėtoti Lietuvoje beveik neliko ir buvo paskelbtos upės, kuriose draudžiama statyti užtvankas. Šiame tyrime buvo ieškoma alternatyvaus, netradicinio sprendimo – vandentiekos ir vandenvalos tinklų panaudojimui. Tyrimų tikslas – išnagrinėti Kauno nuotėkų tinklų galimybes elektros energijos gamybai. Buvo apžvelgtos galimybės Pabaltijo šalyse panašaus tipo projektams įgyvendinti. Taip pat buvo apžvelgtos Kauno nuotėkos ir ištirta galimybė panaudoti esamą infrastruktūrą elektros energijos gamybai Kauno nuotėkų pirmose ir antrose valymo grotose. Šiame darbe pateikiama metodika, leidžianti apskaičiuoti projektinius hidrografus programa SMADA kurią naudoja JAV universiteto studentai projektuojantys užtvankas, krantines ir kitką. Vadovaujantis sudarytais hidrografais, pasirenkama turbina ir apskaičiuojamas jos galingumas bei komponavimo tipas programa RETScrean. RETScrean sukurta Kanadoje. Ji skirta įvertinti atnaujinamų energijos technologijų projektus. Skaičiuojant šia programa, buvo pasirinkti vidutinio 50 % tikimybės vandeningumo metai. Žinant tai buvo apskaičiuoti instaliuotas galingumas, metinis išdirbis ir turbinos tipas. Vertinant turbinų komponavimo tipus, buvo atliekama daugiakriterinė analizė programine įranga DAM ir pasirinktas optimaliausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The way of working of all hydroelectric power stations is based on two main parameters: the pressure height and the rate. 82 SHP were built in Kaunas till 2009. This period is coming to the end since there are not many places left for the Small Hydropower development in Lithuania. In addition to this, the list of rivers was announced in which it is forbidden to build dams. Therefore, the untraditional way of producing the electric power in the waste water network was explored. The aim of this research is to analyze the possibilities of Kaunas Waste Water Network for the Electric Power Generation. The opportunities to realize similar types of projects in the Baltic States as well as to adapt them to the existing infrastructure in primary and secondary wastewater grating of Kaunas were discussed in this research. Methodology that is presented in this paper enables to calculate hydrographs by the use of SMADA which influences the choice of the turbine and calculations of its power as well as the type of composition by the use of RETScrean. SMADA is widely used by the students of universities in the USA. The program RETScrean, that is used to evaluate the renewed projects of energetic technologies, was created in Canada. The year with the probability 50 % of wateriness was chosen. This information was used to calculate the installed powerfulness, production per year as well as the type of the turbine with a programme RETScrean. Multicriteria analysis was performed by the use of... [to full text]

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της διερεύνησης της επίδρασης της ιλύος βιολογικού καθαρισμού Καλαμάτας (Β.Κ.Κ.) στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού (Spinacia Oleracea) καθώς και στην απαορρόφηση N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ιχοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, βαρέων μετάλλων Pb, Ni, Cd και Cο από τα διάφορα μέρη του φυτού. Επιπλέον, η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια μελέτη της επίδρασης της συγκεκριμένης ιλύος και σε ορισμένους δείκτες ποιότητας των μιγμάτων ιλύος-εδάφους, όπως pH, αλατότητα, οργανική ουσία, ολικό ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, αλλά και σε ποσοτικούς δείκτες όπως η περιεκτικότητα σε ολικό άζωτο (Ν%), διαθέσιμο φωσφόρο (Ρ κατά Olsen), ανταλλάξιμα κατιόντα K, Ca, Mg, και συγκέντρωση ολικών, διαθέσιμων και ανταλλάξιμων ιχνοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, "βαρέων μετάλλων" Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. Τα αποτελέσματα προέρχονται μετά από πειραματική μελέτη που έγινε σε φυτά σπανακιού, αναπτυσσόμενα σε υποστρώματα που προέκυψαν από ανάμιξη εδάφους και ιλύος σε διάφορες αναλογίες, σε υπαίθριο προστατευμένο χώρο. Σκοπός της πειραματικής αυτής μελέτης είναι να ελεγχθούν και να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδιότητες που αποκτούν τα υπό εξέταση υποστρώματα από την προσθήκη ιλύος στο έδαφος ταυτόχρονα με την επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού. Έτσι σε αδρές γραμμές μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα και η αξιολόγησή τους κατατείνουν στο ότι η ιλύς της μονάδας βιολογικού καθαρισμού της Καλαμάτας μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί ως λίπασμα σε μικρές αναλογίες ιλύος/εδάφους και φαίνεται ότι η διάθεσή της στο έδαφος για γεωργικούς σκοπούς αποτελεί μια πολύ καλή μέθοδο διάθεσης, που πρέπει να εξετάζεται κατά προτεραιότητα. Ταυτόχρονα, επιβάλλεται η συνέχιση και επέκταση της σχετικής έρευνας, για αξιοποίηση και οικολογική διαχείριση της εν λόγω ιλύος. / This study investigates the effects of the sewage sludge of Kalamata Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) both in the development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and the absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Co from various spinach plant parts. Parameters of soil - sludge mixtures are also considered during this study. Especially the effect of sludge on parameters such as pH, salinity, organic matter, total CaCO3, total nitrogen content (N%), available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and concentration of total, available and exchangeable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. The experiments where conducted in Messinia and the results showed that sludge improves soil fertility. The application of sludge does not cause environmental problems in small proportions of sludge – soil mixture. In large quantities the addition of sludge is associated with potential toxicities and increased salinity in the soil as well as potential environmental problems from over-concentration of phosphorus but also heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and Cr. Special attention is need for Cd, not because of high concentration, but because of the special mobility it presents. Finally this study confirms the presence of a large number of interactions between nutrients, heavy metals and soil properties in soil and spinach. The evaluation of these interactions are of great importance because they help us to quantify elemental contribution of soil and plants, helps in understanding the problems of nutrition in preventing the occurrence of toxic problems at the expense of consumer health, the environment and ultimately to effective use of sludge. Finally, the sludge of Kalamata WWTP can be used as fertilizer in small proportions of sludge / soil mixtures and it seems that the disposal of sludge in soils for agricultural purposes is a very good method of disposal that must be considered.

The subject of this thesis is to implement the passport of sewer system installation, technical assessment and evaluation of the technical condition of the entire sewer network in the industrial area, along with focus and plotting the current leadership of the sewerage system. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. It was also developed a hydraulic model of the entire solution sewer system. In the second part of the study is a proposal for an appropriate treatment system of wastewater. In conclusion there is a financial assessment and comparison of different variants cleaning system in terms of investment and operating costs.