Hammarby Sjöstad is a new district in southern Stockholm. A main objective with the Sjöstad project was to halve the environmental impact compared to other construction work. The environmental goals involve a halved water consumption rate, a local treatment of storm water and trials aiming to extract nutrients from the waste water. Sjöstadsverket is an experimental treatment plant used for testing new treatment processes for domestic waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The results are to be compared with the conventional process used at Henrikdals treatment plant today. Two aerobic and two anaerobic main treatment processes are to be tested before decision of full scale is taken in 2005. Anaerobic treatment without heating, as a way to reduce the content of organic material in the waste water, consumes less energy than conventional methods. Anaerobic reactors are usually operated at 37°C. It is possible to attain a high COD-reduction at lower temperatures, assumed a longer contact time between biomass and waste water. In an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) - reactor the microorganisms form granules with excellent sedimentation properties. The granules are floating with the waste water flowing upwards through the reactor. This makes it possible to reduce the COD-content despite a short hydraulic retention time in the reactor. The two UASB-reactors examined in this thesis is a part of the pilot plant. The thesis shows how the startup of the reactors has functioned and evaluates the possibility to reduce the contence of different COD-fractions with this technique.The domestic waste water temperature has during the experiment period dropped from 23°C to 18°C. The total COD-content of the untreated waste water is 567 mg/l. Before the anaerobic step the water is pre-treated by adding of flocculation chemicals and sedimentation. The total amount of suspended material is reduced by 50 % in the pre-treatment and the load on the UASB-reactors is 100 mg/l. With a hydrologic retention time of 2,4 h the pre-treatment and the two-step anaerobic reactor has reduced 64 % of the total COD-content. Over the anaerobic treatment step the COD-reduction was 49 %. The reduction of dissolved COD (<0, 45 μm) was 59 %. When operated in series the main part of the soluble CODreduction has taken place in the first reactor. After more than six months operation there is still a granulated sludge in the reactors and tests show a high metanogenic activity. Gas production from the reactors has been observed but not measured quantitatively. The results from this thesis show that anaerobic treatment with a UASB-process functions without heating for the household waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The anaerobic process should be combined with pre-treatment and supplementary treatment to reduce the remaining COD and the nitrogen and phosphorus content. / Hammarby Sjöstad i södra Stockholm är en stadsdel under framväxt. Tanken bakom Sjöstadsprojektet var att halvera miljöpåverkan jämfört med annan nybyggnation. Bland annat anges i miljömålen halverad vattenförbrukning, lokal hantering av dagvatten och försök med utvinning av växtnäringsämnen ur avloppsvattnet. Sjöstadsverket är en del av detta projekt; en försöksanläggning för reningen av avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Två aeroba och två anaeroba linjer ska utvärderas innan beslut om full skala tas år 2005. Anaerob rening utan uppvärmning är ett resurssnålt sätt att minska innehållet av organiskt material i avloppsvattnet. Anaeroba reaktorer drivs vanligen vid ca 37°C. Det är möjligt att nå en hög reduktion av organiskt material även vid lägre temperaturer, förutsatt en längre kontakttid mellan biomassa och avloppsvatten. I en Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-reaktor utnyttjas mikroorganismernas förmåga att bilda granuler, vilka svävar med avloppsvattnet som flödar uppåt genom reaktorn. Det gör det möjligt att reducera vattnets innehåll av organiskt material trots en kort hydraulisk uppehållstid i reaktorn. I detta examensarbete studeras de två UASB-reaktorer som ingår som en del i pilotanläggningen vid Sjöstadsverket. Examensarbetet visar hur uppstarten av reaktorerna fungerat och utvärderar möjligheten att reducera avloppsvattnets olika fraktioner av COD med denna teknik. Temperaturen på vattnet från hushållen har under försöksperioden sjunkit från 23°C till 18°C. Det obehandlade avloppsvattnet har en total COD-halt kring 567 mg/l. Innan det anaeroba reningssteget förbehandlas vattnet genom sedimentering och inblandning av flockningskemikalier. Den totala mängden suspenderat material halveras i förbehandlingen och belastningen på UASB-reaktorerna är kring 100 mg /l. Efter förbehandling är vattnets COD-koncentration ca 400 mg/l. Med en hydraulisk uppehållstid på 2,4 timmar har en COD-reduktion på 64 % uppnåtts i hela systemet, dvs. försedimentering och två-stegs UASB-reaktor. Över det anaeroba reningssteget var reduktionen av COD 49 %. Reduktionen av löst COD (<0, 45 μm) i UASB-reaktorerna var 59 %. Vid seriell drift har merparten av lösligt COD reducerats i den första reaktorn. Efter nio månaders drift finns fortfarande ett granulärt slam i båda reaktorerna. Tester visar på en hög metanogen aktivitet. Gasproduktion har observerats i reaktorerna men inte kunnat mätas kvantitativt. Resultaten från detta examensarbete indikerar att anaerob rening med en UASB-process fungerar utan uppvärmning för avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Den anaeroba behandlingen bör kompletteras med förbehandling samt en kompletterande behandling för att minska kvarvarande COD och reducera kväve och fosfor.

An excessive input of nutrients to lakes and other water bodies has created a problem with eutrophication in Sweden. Untreated, or partially treated, domestic sewage is a major source for discharge of phosphorus (P), which is the nutrient most frequently responsible for eutrophication of most fresh waters and the Baltic Sea. The waste water can be cleaned by filter materials, which have a high P-retention ability and which after saturation may be used as fertilizers. Four potentially suitable filter materials were tested in batch- and column experiments in this study. In the batch experiments, the following materials were shaken with waste water in time series ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes: coarse (1-4 mm) and fine (0-2 mm) Polonite® (heated bedrock from Poland); Filtralite® (light expanded clay aggregates with limestone added before burning); water cooled blast furnace slag (BF-slag) and BF-slag mixed with 10% burned limestone. In the column experiment, the phosphorus sorption capacity in BF-slag and BF-slag mixed with burned limestone was observed under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions for 10 weeks. The waste water used in both experiments originated from the full scale testing site at Ångersjön in Sweden. After the column experiment was ended, the filter materials were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in order to figure out which chemical reactions that had taken place. The results from the batch experiments show that fine Polonite® and BF-slag mixed with limestone have the fastest P sorption capacity. Already after 5 seconds of shaking the materials showed effective retention of P. The coarse Polonite®, Filtralite® and BF-slag showed similar sorption capacities, although the coarse Polonite® tended to be somewhat inferior. The column studies showed that the materials used in the columns had a sorption capacity of 98 % or more. The XRD and SEM indicated that an amorphous calcium-P-compound was created in the filter material. / I Sverige är reningen av fosfor i vatten från enskilda avlopp ofta bristfällig, vilket bland annat kan leda till övergödning av sjöar, hav och vattendrag. Sedan några år tillbaka har olika filtermaterial med speciella reaktiva egenskaper, som bland annat avskiljer fosfor från avloppsvatten, undersökts. Tanken med filtermaterialen är att de efter mättnad med näringsämnen ska kunnas användas som jordförbättringsmedel. I denna rapport har några olika filtermaterial, lämpade för fosforavskiljning, undersökts genom skak- och kolonnförsök. I skakförsök, där skaktiderna varierade mellan 5 sekunder och 60 minuter, testades Polonite®, Filtralite®, Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk. Polonite® är en upphettad form av bergarten opoka varav två olika kornstorleksfraktioner (0-2 mm och 1-4 mm) användes. Filtralite® och Hyttsand är antropogena filtermaterial. Filtralite® tillverkas i Norge och består av kalkhaltiga kulor av expanderad lera (Leca®). Hyttsand framställs genom vattenkylning av masugnsslagg som bildas vid framställningen av råjärn vid stålverket i Oxelösund. I kolonnförsöken, som utfördes under 10 veckor, studerades Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk under omättade och mättade flödesförhållanden. I samtliga experiment användes avloppsvatten från reningsverket vid Ångersjön, där Filtralite® och Hyttsand testas i fullskala. Efter kolonnförsöken avslutats undersöktes filtermaterialen med XRD (röntgendiffraktion) och SEM (svepelektron mikroskop) för att utreda vilka mekanismer som medverkat vid avskiljningen av fosfor. Resultaten från skakförsöken visade att finkornig Polonite® och Hyttsand blandad med kalk avskiljer fosfor effektivt redan efter skakning i 5 sekunder. Grovkornig Polonite, ren Hyttsand och Filtralite® sorberade fosfor tämligen likartat, även om den grovkorniga Poloniten® tenderade att vara aningen sämre än de övriga. Resultaten från kolonnförsöken visade att fosfor kunde avskiljas till över 98 % i alla kolonner och att det bildats amorfa fosfatföreningar, främst med kalcium, under den 2,5 månader långa experimentperioden.

No description available.

In this thesis study, the use of clay-polymer nanocomposites for their applicability in landfill sites as a product of retardation of waste water infiltration was evaluated. For this purpose, organophilic clays from HDTMA+ organic cation and nanocomposites of montmorillonite were prepared. The bentonite samples B1, B2 and B3 dominantly contain 2:1 layer montmorillonite and 1:1 interstratification of illite/smectite mixed layer as clay minerals. B1 is an unmodified yellow bentonite and B2 is a grey bentonite modified from B1, by the addition of Na2CO3 (Soda Ash). They were obtained from Han&ccedil / ili (Kalecik-Ankara) bentonite deposit which belongs to the Hancili Formation of Early Pliocene age. B3 is a standard Wyoming (SWy-1) white bentonite and belongs to the Newcastle formation of Cretaceous age. Their cation exchange and swelling capacity values were determined and the values increase from B1, B2 to B3. In order to produce clay-polymer nanocomposites, firstly organoclays were produced in bentonite samples. Claypolymer nanocomposite production was achieved by in situ intercalative polymerization successfully with intercalation and partly exfoliation of clay minerals with polyacrylamide (PAM). The samples of sand (S1), sand+bentonite (S2) and sand+nanocomposite (S3) mixtures were prepared and their permeability was determined. As a result of these values, the permeability of samples decrease from S1, S2 to S3. The results imply that the permeability of sample decreases as the claypolymer nanocomposite content increases resulting in a retardation of water penetration throughout the sample. The product has a potential to be used as a retardant for waste water infiltration in landfill sites.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Η ρύπανση από τα Υγρά Απόβλητα Ελαιοτριβείων (OMW) αποτελεί περιβαλλοντικό πρόβλημα με ιδιαίτερη σημασία όχι μόνο για την Ελλάδα, αλλά και για όλες τις ελαιοπαραγωγικές χώρες. Η διατάραξη που προκαλούν τα OMW, στα φυσικά οικοσυστήματα, οφείλεται κυρίως στο πολύ υψηλό οργανικό φορτίο που φέρουν, με τιμές του BOD5 να κυμαίνονται στα 20-50 g/l και του COD στα 60-150 g/l. Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάσθηκε αρχικά, η επίδραση της ενσωμάτωσης στο έδαφος (S) του εξαντλημένου υποστρώματος καλλιέργειας του εδώδιμου μακρομύκητα Pleurotus ostreatus (SMS), το οποίο αποτελείται από άχυρο αποικισμένο από το μυκήλιο του μύκητα, και του άχυρου σιταριού (WHS), στην αποδόμηση των OMW μετά την εφαρμογή τους στο μίγμα. Η ανάμιξη με έδαφος έγινε σε συγκεντρώσεις 0, 10, 50 g SMS και WHS αντίστοιχα, ανά 500 g αμμοπηλώδους S. Στη συνέχεια τα μίγματα S + SMS και S + WHS ποτίστηκαν με OMW, σε ποσότητα ίση με το 60% ή το 100% της υδατοϊκανότητας του εδάφους, και επωάστηκαν για 40 ημέρες. Στο υδατικό εκχύλισμα των μιγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις Ολικών Φαινολικών, Αποχρωματισμού, και του Δείκτη Βλαστικότητας (GI) σπερμάτων κάρδαμου, μετά την παρέλευση χρόνου T=0, 20, 40 ημέρες από την εφαρμογή των OMW στα μίγματα. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι στο χρόνο Τ=0 ημέρες (άμεση εκχύλιση φαινολικών μετά την εφαρμογή OMW) δεν υπήρξαν σημαντικές διαφοροποιήσεις της τιμής των Ολικών Φαινολικών και για τα δύο επίπεδα εφαρμογής OMW (60% και 100% της υδατοϊκανότητας του εδάφους), με εξαίρεση μια ελαφρά μείωση των επανακτούμενων φαινολικών στη μεγάλη δόση εφαρμογής του SMS (S + SMS 50). Στο χρόνο T=20 ημέρες η μεγάλη δόση εφαρμογής WHS (S + WHS 50) έδωσε τις μικρότερες τιμές επανακτούμενων φαινολικών (μικρότερες κατά 75% τουλάχιστον σε σύγκριση με το μάρτυρα S και στις δύο δόσεις εφαρμογής των OMW). Τέλος στο χρόνο T=40 ημέρες, όλες οι επεμβάσεις παρουσίαζαν μειωμένη επανάκτηση φαινολικών σε σύγκριση με το μάρτυρα (S) με την εφαρμογή WHS να δίνει τις μεγαλύτερες μειώσεις για την χαμηλή εφαρμογή OMW (60%) αλλά να μη διαφοροποιείται του SMS στη υψηλή δόση εφαρμογής (100%). Aποχρωματισμός των υδατικών εκχυλισμάτων δεν παρατηρήθηκε στα μίγματα S + SMS και S + WHS σε σχέση με το S. Παρατηρήθηκε μόνο μια ελαφρά μείωση (10-20%) αμέσως μετά την εφαρμογή OMW (T=0) στις επεμβάσεις με WHS. Οι δύο δόσεις εφαρμογής SMS και η μικρή δόση εφαρμογής WHS εμφάνισαν Δείκτη Βλαστικότητας υψηλότερο και από το μαρτύρα (S) στο χρόνο Τ=40, όχι όμως και η μεγάλη δόση WHS. Επίσης στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάστηκε η συμβολή της φυσικής μικροβιακής χλωρίδας του εδάφους και των OMW, στην αποδόμηση των OMW μετά την εφαρμογή τους στο έδαφος. Το έδαφος αποστειρώθηκε θερμικά, ενώ τα OMW αποστειρώθηκαν με τη χρήση φίλτρων Nalgene 0,2μm. Η δοκιμή περιλάμβανε επεμβάσεις με αποστειρωμένο έδαφος και αποστειρωμένο OMW (AS - AOMW), αποστειρωμένο S και μη αποστειρωμένο OMW (AS - OMW), μη αποστειρωμένο S και αποστειρωμένο OMW (S - AOMW) και μη αποστειρωμένο S και OMW (S - OMW). Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις των Ολικών Φαινολικών στους χρόνους Τ=0, Τ=3, Τ=30 ημέρες, και της Αναπνευστικής Δραστηριότητας (CO2-C) στους χρόνους Τ= 1, 3, 6, 12, 30 ημέρες από την προσθήκη των OMW στο έδαφος. Παρατηρήθηκε ελαχιστοποίηση της επανάκτησης φαινολικών από το έδαφος από το χρόνο Τ=3 ημέρες και μετά. Η εφαρμογή μη αποστειρωμένων OMW αποκατέστησε κατά το 1/3 την αναπνευστική δραστηριότητα του αποστειρωμένου εδάφους. Η αναπνευστική δραστηριότητα ήταν μεγαλύτερη στις επεμβάσεις όπου δεν αποστειρώθηκε το έδαφος και/ η τα OMW, και δεν συσχετίστηκε με μεγαλύτερη μείωση των φαινολικών, οδηγώντας στο συμπέρασμα ότι η βιολογική αποικοδόμηση έχει δευτερεύοντα ρόλο στη μείωση των φαινολικών των OMW στο έδαφος. Τέλος στα μίγματα S+SMS και S+WHS όπου εφαρμόστηκαν τα OMW παρατηρήθηκε επιφανειακή ανάπτυξη αποικιών μυκήτων. Πραγματοποιήθηκε απομόνωση τους σε καθαρές καλλιέργειες και διερευνήθηκε η ικανότητα τους να αποδομούν τα OMW. Αρχικά αξιολογήθηκε η μυκηλιακή αύξηση τους σε τριβλία Petri που περιείχαν ως υπόστρωμα αποστειρωμένα OMW. Στη συνέχεια εξετάστηκαν 19 επιλεγμένα στελέχη μυκήτων ως προς την ικανότητα τους να αποδομούν αποστειρωμένα OMW σε υγρές καλλιέργειες. Μετά από επώαση για τριάντα ημέρες σε ελεγχόμενες συνθήκες 25° C, παρατηρήθηκε μείωση των ολικών φαινολικών των υγρών καλλιεργειών στις καλλιέργειες των στελεχών 5.1, 4.15 και 3.5 όπου πέτυχαν να μειώσουν τα ολικά φαινολικά κατά 12,84, 10,06, και 13,3% αντίστοιχα σε σχέση με αυτά του μάρτυρα (καθαρό OMW 100 %). Σημαντική μείωση του χρώματος του OMW δεν επιτευχθεί από κανένα στέλεχος. Το 4.22 πέτυχε οριακά να αποχρωματίσει κατά 9,63 % το OMW. Ενδιαφέρον παρουσίασε η ικανότητα σημαντικής μείωσης της Φυτοτοξικότητας από το στέλεχος 5.2 (κατά 59%) χωρίς παράλληλα να επιτύχει αντίστοιχη μείωση των Ολικών Φαινολικών. / Pollution caused by Olive Mill Wastewaters (OMW) constitutes an environmental problem of particular importance not only for Greece, but also for all other olive-oil production countries. The perturbation that OMW cause in the natural ecosystems is mainly due to their very high organic charge (BOD5 20-50 g/l and COD in 60-150 g/l). In the present work, the effect of incorporation in soil of wheat straw (WHS) and exhausted Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation substrate (straw colonized by the mycelium of mushroom, SMS), was examined as a means to improve the decomposition of OMW after their application in the soil (S). WHS and SMS were mixed with soil at concentrations of 0, 10, and 50 g per 500 g of soil. Then the mixes were irrigated with two doses of OMW at 60% and 100% of soil water holding capacity respectively and were subsequently incubated for 40 days. In the water extract of mixes the following measurements were performed: Total phenolics, decoloration and germination index (GI) determinations using seeds of cardamon at T= 0, 20 and 40 days from the application of OMW in the mixes. At T=0 recovery of phenolics was already small and similar for all treatments with a trend for greater reduction in the high application level of SMS. After 20 days (T=20) the high level of WHS application resulted in the smaller values of recovered phenolics (about 75% of the control S, in both doses of OMW). Finally after 40 days, all the treatments presented decreased recovery of phenolics compared to the control (S). At that time the application of WHS gave the smallest recovery for the small dose of OMW (60%) but did not differ from the SMS application in the high OMW dose (100%). Decoloration of OMW was not observed in any mixes with SMS or WHS The two levels of SMS application and the small level of WHS application presented igermination indexes higher than the control (S) at time T=40, but the high level of WHS did not. The contribution of the microbial flora of soil and OMW, in the degradation of OMW following their application in the soil was also tested. The soil was autoclaved twice whereas the OMW was sterilized by the use of filters (Nalgene 0,2mm). The trial included treatments with (a) sterilized soil and sterilized OMW (AS - AOMW), (b) sterilized S and not sterilized OMW (AS - OMW), (c) not sterilized S and sterilized OMW (S – AOMW) and (d) not sterilized S and OMW (S - OMW). Measurements of total phenolics at times T=0, T=3, T=30 and of respiratory activity (CO2-C) at times T = 1, 3, 6, 12, 30 days after the addition of OMW in the soil were performed. Minimisation of recovered phenolics from the soil was observed from time T = 3 days and afterwards in the treatments. The application of non-sterilized OMW in sterilized soil restored about 1/3 of the respiratory activity of the non-steilized control treatment. The respiratory activity was greater in the opposite treatment where sterilized OMW was applied in non-sterilized soil but was not connected to greater reduction of total phenolics, leading to the conclusion that the biological degradation has a secondary role in the reduction of OMW phenolics, in soil. In the mixes of soil with SMS and WHS surface fungal growth was observed following the application of OMW. They were isolated in pure cultures and their ability to degrade OMW was investigated. Initially their mycelial growth in Petri dishes that contained solidified sterilized OMW was tested. Based on this screening 19 fungal strains were selected and tested for their ability to degradate sterilized OMW in liquid cultures. After incubation for 30 days at 25° C reduction of total phenolics was observed in the cultures of three strains (5.1, 4.15 and 3.5), that decreased total phenolics by 12,84, 10,06, and 13,3% respectively compared to the control (non-inoculated OMW). Significant reduction of OMW colour was not achieved by any strain, (4.22 achieved marginal decolorisation by 9,63% compared to control). Interestingly significant reduction of phytotoxicity was observed for strain 5.2 (reaching 59%) without a parallel reduction in total phenolics.

With the continuous improvement in knowledge and health risks associated with heavy metal expulsion, government environmental agencies are continuously reducing the legal disposal limits. However, the demand for items like IPods or energy-efficient appliances containing heavy metal like copper is on the rise. Whether from commercial or residential areas, heavy metals are known to have toxic effects on humans, animals, and/or ecosystems; hence, their removal is necessary part of preserving our environment. With the rising cost of natural resources, biological species have proven to be viable alternatives in the jet fuel and biodiesel industries. Algal biomass is widely considered economical because of its renewable, biodegradable, noncompetitive, and nontoxic properties. Currently, algae are being grown on waste water for the lipid; this research involves taking the left over or lipid-extracted algae (LEA) for utilization as a biosorbant to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Down selection via batch processes showed that Chlorella sorokianna and its associated lipid-extracted algae (LEA) demonstrated similar adsorption capacities of copper (II) as three current-in-use ion exchange resins. A feasibility study proved that the LEA was an economically realistic means to remove copper (II) from effluent. The LEA biomass is capable of a maximum adsorption of 14.36 ± 0.27 mg of copper (II) per gram of dry biomass for six regeneration, sorption-desorption, cycles with nitric acid. Using SEM and FTIR, the LEA is capable of ion exchange electrostatic interaction with various surface sites of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and metal groups. Next, the batch process was used to fabricate a lab-scale continuous column process much like ion exchange or activated carbon columns in a waste water treatment plant. Using the continuous systems' kinetics and cycle life, a cost analysis was performed on a plant scale column to reduce copper (II) in wastewater for recovery at a later date, which would yield cost saving over the life of columns. To install three LEA columns prior to ion exchange in a waste water treatment plant, the total capital expense is $1.03 million for a one year time line. The bidirectional flow columns are meant as pretreatment prior to ion exchange columns. The LEA columns provide a waste water treatment plant a sustainable, greener and cheaper alternative to offset costs associated with purifying waste water.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjama išleidžiamų nuotekų į ežerą koncentracija, asimiliacija. Darbo objektas – Ruopiškio (Alsetos) ežeras. Darbo metodai – pH, BDS7, ištirpusio deguonies, amonio azoto ir suspenduotų medžiagų dalelių koncentracijų skirtumo įtekančiame ir ištekančiame nustatymas ir gautų duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai. Tiriant išleidžiamų gamybinių nuotėkų į Ruopiškio (Alsetos) ežerą, koncentracijų (skirtumas) tarp vandens, kuris išteka iš išleistuvo ir vandens, kuris išteka iš ežero, nustatyta, kad asimiliacija yra neigiama, kadangi ištekančiame vandenyje koncentracijos didesnės nei įtekėjo. Vandens rūgštingumo (pH) koncentracija ištekančiame iš išleistuvo vandenyje mažesnė negu koncentracija ežero ištakoje. Biocheminio deguonies sunaudojimo (BDS7) koncentracijų kaita ežere yra labai didelė. Ištirpusio deguonies įtekančiame į ežerą vandenyje, koncentracija yra didesnė, nei ištekančiame iš išleistuvo, tačiau ištekančiame iš ežero jau sumažėjusi. Amonio azoto koncentracija ežere yra didesnė šaltuoju metu sezonu nei šiltuoju. Suspenduotų medžiagų dalelių nusėdimo koncentracijų kaita labai skirtinga, tai priklauso nuo veiksnių, kurie būdingi sezono metu (temperatūra, vegetacija, vėjas, kuris įtakoja bangavimą be sroves). Vandeniui pratekant pro ežerą, statistikai reikšmingų skirtumų visais tiriamų rodiklių atvejais nėra (p>0,05), daroma išvada, kad tirtų medžiagų asimiliacija nereikšminga ir ežeras papildomo apvalymo neatlieka. / Discharges of wastewater concentration and assimilation was investigated in the work of master science. Object of the work – Ruopiskis lake (Alseta). Method of the work – pH BOD7, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and suspended particulate matter concentracions in the inflowing and out flowing difference identification and analysis of the data. The results of the work. Study of industrial waste water discharged into Ruopiskis (Alseta) lake levels change between the water flowing out of¬ the bleeder and the water that flows from the lake showed that assimilation is negative, since leaving the water levels higher than flow in. Water acidity (pH) concentration in water leaving the bleeder less than concentration flowing from the lake. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD7) concentrations variation is very high. Ammonium nitrogen concentration in the lake in the cold season is more higher than warm season. Dissolved oxygen in water flowing into the lake the concentration is higher than leaving the bleeder, but leaving the lake has a lower. Deposition of suspended particulate matter concentrations variation very differently, is depending on factors that are typical of the s¬eason (temperature, vegetation, wind, which affects waves and streams). Water flows through the lake, statistically is insignificant in all cases (p>0,05), so there is no assimilation, concluded that the investigated materials assimiliation is insignificant and the lake additional purification does not perform.

Bibliography: leaves 183-191. / xxi, 191 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1996?

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.