Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Pereira Neto / Coorientador: Profª. Drª. Juliana Tófano de Campos Leite Toneli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, Santo André, 2016. / No ano 2010, o Congresso Nacional do Brasil aprovou a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) com o objetivo de buscar soluções aos problemas causados pela geração de resíduos, que vêm afetando a qualidade de vida da população. Além disso, a PNRS propõe uma gestão eficaz que inclui desde a redução da geração dos resíduos até sua disposição final adequada, aprovando a possibilidade de recuperação de energia a partir dos mesmos. Alguns países incluíram a Conversão de Resíduos em Energia do inglês Waste to Energy-WTE, nos seus planos nacionais de gestão de resíduos como tratamento mediante o processo de combustão in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações combustíveis (matéria orgânica, resíduos sanitários, plásticos, papel/papelão/tetra pak e têxteis) dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) úmidos gerados no município de Santo André localizado no estado de São Paulo com vistas ao seu aproveitamento energético. As frações combustíveis foram caracterizadas tendo em conta sua composição gravimétrica, analisando suas propriedades densidade a granel, umidade, análise imediata e poder calorífico avaliadas na estação de primavera-verão de 2015, visando sua conversão em energia mediante o processo de combustão in natura. Com o objetivo de obter amostras representativas foi utilizada a norma MODECOMTM para o cálculo do número de amostras para a caracterização dos RSU. Para a determinação de suas propriedades foram usadas as normas ASTM para combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR). De acordo com os resultados obtidos os RSU úmidos gerados no município têm umidade de 51,5%, poder calorífico inferior (PCI) de 7,53 MJ/kg e capacidade de geração de energia elétrica de 565 kWh por tonelada de resíduo incinerado com eficiência de conversão de 27%, características favoráveis para sua conversão em energia mediante sua combustão in natura, oferecendo assim uma opção de tratamento, ao invés da sua disposição no aterro sanitário. / In 2010, Brazil approved the National Politic of Municipal Solid Waste (NPSW) in order to seek for solutions to the problems caused by the generation of waste, that has been affecting the population's quality of life. The NPSW also proposes an efficient management including the reduction of waste generation and the correct final disposition, by evaluating its energy recovery. Currently some countries include in their national management plans, the conversion of Waste to Energy (WTE) using the combustion process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy potential of fraction combustible (organic matter, sanitary waste, plastics, paper/cardboard/tetra pak and textiles) of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated by Santo André, a town located in the state of Sao Paulo. The fraction combustible was characterized taking into account their composition and analyzing their physical (bulk density), chemical (proximate analysis) and thermal (calorific value) properties, evaluated in the spring and summer season, aiming its conversion to energy using combustion process. With the purpose of having representative samples, MODECOMTM methodology has used to calculate the samples number in the MSW characterization. To determinate the physical, chemical and thermal properties in the laboratory, were used the ASTM standards for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). According to the results obtained, the MSW generated in the municipality the humidity is 51,5%, lower heating value (LHV) 7,53 MJ/kg and generation capacity in electricity 565 kWh tonne of waste incinerated a conversion efficiency of 27% , showed favorable characteristics to their conversion to energy using mass burning, providing a treatment option, instead of its disposal at the landfill.

Burning trash should not be considered “renewable energy.” However, the federal government and as many as twenty-three states classify waste-to-energy recovery (WTE), or the incineration of garbage, as a renewable energy source that is eligible for a host of financial incentives. This paper discusses how WTE qualifies as an energy source that can be included in a state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), or regulations that require energy producers to source a specific percentage of energy production from renewable energy sources, claiming the same benefits as cleaner, more sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Upon evaluating incentives and programs for which WTE is eligible, I will argue that WTE is neither an environmentally nor economically viable energy solution. By analyzing WTE policy in the state of Maryland, I examine how RPSs contribute to the longevity of this unsustainable practice, calling for an elimination of WTE from RPS policy and federal incentive programs.

Presented diploma thesis deals with the application of dispersion modelling of emissions from stationary sources of pollution as a potential tool which can be used for data preparation in reverse logistic models. In this case, the stationary source is represented by a waste-to-energy plant. The thesis consists of two main parts -- theoretical and computational. Firstly, emission sources and pollutants originating in thermal waste treatment are discussed. In the second chapter, legislation linked to the problem of air pollution is listed and the topics of current air quality in the Czech Republic and dispersion studies are outlined. Closing section of the theoretical part provides information about the principals of dispersion calculations and classification of dispersion models is given. In the computational part, the used dispersion software SYMOS'97 is introduced and the series of conducted calculations is presented. The calculations investigated the influence of plant capacity, dispersion conditions and terrain on the results. The input data of plant capacity and wind rose were indicated as key parameters in the calculation. The final evaluation revealed a good potential of the used dispersion model as a support tool in reverse logistic models.

This thesis is focused on identifying main factors influencing economical rentability of energy generated using incineration of municipal waste. Research was conducted focusing on municipal waste management, waste-to-energy possibilities and the issue of district heating systems, which are important considering the economy of waste-to-energy plants. Main limiting factors were identified using mathematic models adjusted for specific geographic locations.

The dissertation thesis is focused on the issue of energy recovery of waste. It contributes to optimization models developed in the author's workplace in the long term, which serve to simulate material flows in waste management and to search for an optimal waste management strategy. The main objective is to assess the potential for the use of heat produced in waste-to-energy plants as a key factor for the economy of these facilities. The thesis therefore represents an activity on the border of the fields of waste management and heating. Partial mathematical models were developed within the scope, for which it was necessary to collect input data, especially in relation with district heating networks. These models were then used in a comprehensive optimization model describing the integration of waste-to-energy plants with other heat sources. This main model was extended to include the environmental aspect.

The topic of the diplome thesis is draft of the waste-to-energy plant for municipal waste with cogeneration of heat. Basic specification of project: Waste-to-Energy plant is facilitated by two rotary kilns of type operating in parallel. Further flue gas leaving the post-combustor enters a multicyclone unit to separate substatial portion of fly-ash. Heat of flue gas at the temperature of 1000°C generates superheated steam in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Dry sorption process is appllied for flue gas treatment. Specifically sodium bi-carbonate is used for it. Products of reactions and remnants of dust are separated by a baghouse. Superheated steam, generated by two HRSG, presents the inlet stream of a condensing steam turbine with steam extraction. The diploma thesis contains calculation of major devices and basic economical and financial statement of project.

The diploma thesis deals with computer simulation of processes in the field of energy utilization of waste and biomass. The first part contains description of energy utilization from waste and biomass and fundamental devices of energy systems. There is also described methodology of modeling and techniques used for processes simulation. The next part is focused on mathematical models explanation of processes with constant and variable efficiency. In practical work are compared results from individual considered mathematical models with real data which were obtained from the real operation of waste energy plant. With use of gained mathematical models is considered model situation of cogeneration in the device of biomass and coal co-firing. At the end of this work is suggested implementation of created mathematical models into simulation program W2E.

The aim of this thesis is the design of municipal waste incinerator using the generated steam for power generation and distribution of heat. At the beginning is engaged in development of waste issues and the current state of waste management. The next section describes the options of waste treatment and possible solutions to the current state of waste issues. The concept of waste incineration plants: For waste incineration is used line for burning 100,000 tons of municipal waste per year.Combustion takes place in a grate boiler. Its advantage is the versatility and flexibility to waste. Electricity generation is dealt with condensing turbine with controlled consumption. The flue gas cleaning is designed to semi-wet method. The final stage involves the calculation of the balance, the calculation of electric energyand basic economic evaluation.

Following diploma thesis deals with waste-based renewable energy production. Waste is a very heterogeneous mixture consisting of various materials with different origin. This can be either fossil or biogenic. The very substances with biogenic origin are considered renewable energy source with financial support from state. Therefore is nowadays tendency to develop a method, which can determine the biogenic waste ratio. The method, aside possible cheapest price and simplicity, should be also reliable and easy reproducible due to its usage. At the beginning, thesis focuses on the waste-to-energy facilities. Important part deals with legislative side of this topic. The reasons, why Czech Republic is behind with thermal waste treating are stated as well as Czech Republic’s obligations to European Union in the field of biodegradable municipal solid waste. Main part of thesis deals with different methods to determine biogenic waste ratio in municipal solid waste. Step by step are introduces 4 known methods, where especially sorting, balance and 14C methods are described closely. By each method are stated its major benefits and handicaps in case of using. Finally, the computational model, which is based upon balance methods equations, is introduced following with feasibility study of balance method for local conditions. The very end of the thesis brings comparison of each method results, general summary, where are results of this thesis stated and possible trends for future in this area of expertise, as well.

The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of small-scale waste to energy plants in the Czech Republic. In the first part, there is a survey of the corresponding literature and general evaluation of the specificities of these plants. The next section analyzes the technical and economic indicators of a specific technology by Microsoft Excel model. Finally, recommendations for small-scale waste to energy plants arising from the model are summarized.