<p>An excessive input of nutrients to lakes and other water bodies has created a problem with eutrophication in Sweden. Untreated, or partially treated, domestic sewage is a major source for discharge of phosphorus (P), which is the nutrient most frequently responsible for eutrophication of most fresh waters and the Baltic Sea. The waste water can be cleaned by filter materials, which have a high P-retention ability and which after saturation may be used as fertilizers. Four potentially suitable filter materials were tested in batch- and column experiments in this study. In the batch experiments, the following materials were shaken with waste water in time series ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes: coarse (1-4 mm) and fine (0-2 mm) Polonite® (heated bedrock from Poland); Filtralite® (light expanded clay aggregates with limestone added before burning); water cooled blast furnace slag (BF-slag) and BF-slag mixed with 10% burned limestone. In the column experiment, the phosphorus sorption capacity in BF-slag and BF-slag mixed with burned limestone was observed under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions for 10 weeks. The waste water used in both experiments originated from the full scale testing site at Ångersjön in Sweden. After the column experiment was ended, the filter materials were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in order to figure out which chemical reactions that had taken place.</p><p>The results from the batch experiments show that fine Polonite® and BF-slag mixed with limestone have the fastest P sorption capacity. Already after 5 seconds of shaking the materials showed effective retention of P. The coarse Polonite®, Filtralite® and BF-slag showed similar sorption capacities, although the coarse Polonite® tended to be somewhat inferior. The column studies showed that the materials used in the columns had a sorption capacity of 98 % or more. The XRD and SEM indicated that an amorphous calcium-P-compound was created in the filter material.</p> / <p>I Sverige är reningen av fosfor i vatten från enskilda avlopp ofta bristfällig, vilket bland annat kan leda till övergödning av sjöar, hav och vattendrag. Sedan några år tillbaka har olika filtermaterial med speciella reaktiva egenskaper, som bland annat avskiljer fosfor från avloppsvatten, undersökts. Tanken med filtermaterialen är att de efter mättnad med näringsämnen ska kunnas användas som jordförbättringsmedel. I denna rapport har några olika filtermaterial, lämpade för fosforavskiljning, undersökts genom skak- och kolonnförsök. I skakförsök, där skaktiderna varierade mellan 5 sekunder och 60 minuter, testades Polonite®, Filtralite®, Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk. Polonite® är en upphettad form av bergarten opoka varav två olika kornstorleksfraktioner (0-2 mm och 1-4 mm) användes. Filtralite® och Hyttsand är antropogena filtermaterial. Filtralite® tillverkas i Norge och består av kalkhaltiga kulor av expanderad lera (Leca®). Hyttsand framställs genom vattenkylning av masugnsslagg som bildas vid framställningen av råjärn vid stålverket i Oxelösund. I kolonnförsöken, som utfördes under 10 veckor, studerades Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk under omättade och mättade flödesförhållanden. I samtliga experiment användes avloppsvatten från reningsverket vid Ångersjön, där Filtralite® och Hyttsand testas i fullskala. Efter kolonnförsöken avslutats undersöktes filtermaterialen med XRD (röntgendiffraktion) och SEM (svepelektron mikroskop) för att utreda vilka mekanismer som medverkat vid avskiljningen av fosfor.</p><p>Resultaten från skakförsöken visade att finkornig Polonite® och Hyttsand blandad med kalk avskiljer fosfor effektivt redan efter skakning i 5 sekunder. Grovkornig Polonite, ren Hyttsand och Filtralite® sorberade fosfor tämligen likartat, även om den grovkorniga Poloniten® tenderade att vara aningen sämre än de övriga. Resultaten från kolonnförsöken visade att fosfor kunde avskiljas till över 98 % i alla kolonner och att det bildats amorfa fosfatföreningar, främst med kalcium, under den 2,5 månader långa experimentperioden.</p>

An excessive input of nutrients to lakes and other water bodies has created a problem with eutrophication in Sweden. Untreated, or partially treated, domestic sewage is a major source for discharge of phosphorus (P), which is the nutrient most frequently responsible for eutrophication of most fresh waters and the Baltic Sea. The waste water can be cleaned by filter materials, which have a high P-retention ability and which after saturation may be used as fertilizers. Four potentially suitable filter materials were tested in batch- and column experiments in this study. In the batch experiments, the following materials were shaken with waste water in time series ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes: coarse (1-4 mm) and fine (0-2 mm) Polonite® (heated bedrock from Poland); Filtralite® (light expanded clay aggregates with limestone added before burning); water cooled blast furnace slag (BF-slag) and BF-slag mixed with 10% burned limestone. In the column experiment, the phosphorus sorption capacity in BF-slag and BF-slag mixed with burned limestone was observed under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions for 10 weeks. The waste water used in both experiments originated from the full scale testing site at Ångersjön in Sweden. After the column experiment was ended, the filter materials were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in order to figure out which chemical reactions that had taken place. The results from the batch experiments show that fine Polonite® and BF-slag mixed with limestone have the fastest P sorption capacity. Already after 5 seconds of shaking the materials showed effective retention of P. The coarse Polonite®, Filtralite® and BF-slag showed similar sorption capacities, although the coarse Polonite® tended to be somewhat inferior. The column studies showed that the materials used in the columns had a sorption capacity of 98 % or more. The XRD and SEM indicated that an amorphous calcium-P-compound was created in the filter material. / I Sverige är reningen av fosfor i vatten från enskilda avlopp ofta bristfällig, vilket bland annat kan leda till övergödning av sjöar, hav och vattendrag. Sedan några år tillbaka har olika filtermaterial med speciella reaktiva egenskaper, som bland annat avskiljer fosfor från avloppsvatten, undersökts. Tanken med filtermaterialen är att de efter mättnad med näringsämnen ska kunnas användas som jordförbättringsmedel. I denna rapport har några olika filtermaterial, lämpade för fosforavskiljning, undersökts genom skak- och kolonnförsök. I skakförsök, där skaktiderna varierade mellan 5 sekunder och 60 minuter, testades Polonite®, Filtralite®, Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk. Polonite® är en upphettad form av bergarten opoka varav två olika kornstorleksfraktioner (0-2 mm och 1-4 mm) användes. Filtralite® och Hyttsand är antropogena filtermaterial. Filtralite® tillverkas i Norge och består av kalkhaltiga kulor av expanderad lera (Leca®). Hyttsand framställs genom vattenkylning av masugnsslagg som bildas vid framställningen av råjärn vid stålverket i Oxelösund. I kolonnförsöken, som utfördes under 10 veckor, studerades Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk under omättade och mättade flödesförhållanden. I samtliga experiment användes avloppsvatten från reningsverket vid Ångersjön, där Filtralite® och Hyttsand testas i fullskala. Efter kolonnförsöken avslutats undersöktes filtermaterialen med XRD (röntgendiffraktion) och SEM (svepelektron mikroskop) för att utreda vilka mekanismer som medverkat vid avskiljningen av fosfor. Resultaten från skakförsöken visade att finkornig Polonite® och Hyttsand blandad med kalk avskiljer fosfor effektivt redan efter skakning i 5 sekunder. Grovkornig Polonite, ren Hyttsand och Filtralite® sorberade fosfor tämligen likartat, även om den grovkorniga Poloniten® tenderade att vara aningen sämre än de övriga. Resultaten från kolonnförsöken visade att fosfor kunde avskiljas till över 98 % i alla kolonner och att det bildats amorfa fosfatföreningar, främst med kalcium, under den 2,5 månader långa experimentperioden.

Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζεται η δυνατότητα επαναχρησιμοποίησης των επεξεργασμένων αστικών λυμάτων και ιλύος από Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας σε γεωργικές εκτάσεις του νομού. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στην επαναχρησιμοποίηση των αστικών λυμάτων στην γεωργία. Περιγράφονται τα χαρακτηριστικά των λυμάτων, οι διεργασίες που συντελούνται στις Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων, τα κριτήρια ποιότητας που πρέπει να πληρούν τα λύματα (προκειμένου να χρησιμοποιηθούν για άρδευση). Αναλύονται τα αγρονομικά κριτήρια και τα κριτήρια για την διασφάλιση της δημόσιας υγείας, που πρέπει να τηρούν τα επεξεργασμένα λύματα, ώστε να εφαρμόζονται στα εδάφη με ασφάλεια. Επίσης, στο πρώτο μέρος αναλύονται τα κριτήρια επιλογής θέσεων για την εφαρμογή των λυμάτων, καθώς και το νομοθετικό πλαίσιο που ισχύει στην Ελλάδα σχετικά με την επαναχρησιμοποίηση. Τέλος, γίνεται μια επισκόπηση της διεθνούς πρακτικής σχετικά με την επαναχρησιμοποίηση και περιγράφεται και η κατάσταση που επικρατεί στον Ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος γίνεται αναφορά στους υδατικούς πόρους του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας. Περιγράφεται το υδατικό δυναμικό του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας, οι ανάγκες νερού για διάφορες χρήσεις στον νομό, καθώς και οι υποδομές δικτύων άρδευσης σην Αιτωλ/νία. Το τρίτο μέρος αναφέρεται στην χρήση της ιλύος στην γεωργία. Γίνεται περιγραφή των χαρακτηριστικών της λυματολάσπης, του νομικού πλαισίου που ισχύει κατά την χρήση της στην γεωργία και τονίζονται τα κρίσιμα σημεία ελέγχου κατά την εφαρμογή της λάσπης στα γεωργικά εδάφη. Στο τέταρτο μέρος γίνεται η οριοθέτηση και η περιγραφή των περιοχών μελέτης και παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος, με τον οποίο προσδιορίζονται οι καλλιεργούμενες εκτάσεις μέσα σε κάθε περιοχή μελέτης, ώστε στην συνέχεια να εκτιμηθούν οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις. Οι Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Αστικών Λυμάτων, που εξετάζονται στην παρούσα μελέτη, είναι αυτές των Δήμων Μεσολογγίου, Αιτωλικού, Θέρμου, Αγρινίου και Ναυπάκτου. Ενώ οι επιλεγείσες περιοχές μελέτης βρίσκονται πλησίον των ανωτέρω εγκαταστάσεων. Γίνεται επίσης σύντομη αναφορά στον τρόπο λειτουργίας της κάθε ΕΕΛ. Στο πέμπτο μέρος γίνεται αναφορά στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την υδατοκατανάλωση των καλλιεργειών, αναλύεται η μεθοδολογία με την βοήθεια της οποίας προσδιορίζονται οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις των καλλιεργειών σύμφωνα με την εξίσωση των Penman Monteith κατά FAO. Προσδιορίζονται οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις των καλλιεργειών και οι συνολικές ανάγκες σε αρδευτικό νερό για κάθε περιοχή μελέτης, ακολουθεί η συσχετισή του με τις ετήσιες εκροές της κάθε ΕΕΛ, ώστε να προκύψει το ποσοστό κάλυψης των αρδευτικών αναγκών με επεξεργασμένες εκροές για την κάθε περιοχή. Τέλος, στο έκτο μέρος γίνεται μια προσπάθεια εκτίμησης της δυνατότητας χρήσης της λυματολάσπης στα εδάφη του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας. / This study examines the potential reuse of treated municipal wastewater and sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in agricultural areas of Aitoloakarnania prefecture. The first part of the study is an introduction to the reuse of urban wastewater in agriculture. Describes the characteristics of wastewater, the processes occurring in the wastewater treatment plants, the quality criteria that wastewater should have for safe use in irrigation. Also, the first part analyzes the criteria for selecting areas to apply wastewater. The legislative framework in Greece for waste water reuse is also analyzed. Finally, a review of international and domestic practices on agricultural reuse is given. The second part refers to the water resources of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture. The third part refers to the use of sludge in agriculture. Describes the characteristics of the sludge, the legal framework applicable for use in agriculture and highlights the critical control points in the application of sludge on soils. The fourth part describes each study area and shows how we can specify in each area the cultivated species (crops) in order to calculate the water requirements of the crops. The study areas are sited near by the WWTPs of Messolongi, Aitoliko, Thermo, Agrinio, Naupaktos. The fifth part refers to the factors affecting water requirements of the crops, and analyzes the methodology used to calculate water requirements of crops (FAO Penman – Monteith equation). At the end of the part there is a correlation between the water requirements of the crops and the annual output of each WWTP, resulting in the percentage of coverage of irrigation demands of crops in each studied area. Finally, the sixth part is an attempt to assess the usability of sludge to soils of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture.

This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

Karst rivers are special type of rivers because of their hydrography conditions. They usually flow from non-karst area and as soon as they reach in to the karst area they disappear underground. There, they flow through cavities until they reach the surface again. The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of water outflow from wastewater treatment plant on karst rivers. The study was done in the central area of CHKO Moravský kras where the impact of two WWTP on a cave system Rudické propadání – Býčí skála is evaluated. As a part of this study a half-year monitoring was carried out, which consisted of water sampling once every two weeks. In total, 13 water samples were taken from 8 sampling points. Also 4 additional one-time samples were taken from the cave system. Moreover, flow rate, temperature, conductivity, oxygen concentration and pH were measured at the sampling point. Afterwards, the content of undissolved solids, CODCr, BOD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, P-PO43- and total phosphorus were determined in the samples. The change of parameters in time and during the flow in the river was observed from the measured values. The balance of pollutants in particular parts of the river was calculated. The outflow values from waste water treatment plants were compared to the emission limits for surface waters and the parameters of rivers were compared to the environmental quality standards. According to the results, it can be observed that the water quality improves after passing through the cavities. It was proven that the outflows from the observed waste water treatment plants are negatively influencing the water streams. The most serious problem is the wash up of sludge from WWTP Rudice and its consequent sedimentation in the river and/or outflow to the Rudické propadání.

is Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of water outflow from wastewater treatment plant on karst rivers. The study was done in the northern area of Moravský kras protected landscape, where the impact of WWTP Ostrov u Macochy on a cave system Lopačské propadání was studied. As a part of this study a half-year monitoring was carried out, which consisted of water sampling every two weeks. In total, 13 water samples were taken from 7 sampling points. Moreover, flow rate, temperature, conductivity, oxygen concentration and pH were measured at the sampling point. Afterwards, the content of undissolved solids, COD, BOD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, NKi and total phosphorus were determined in the samples. The change of parameters in time on the sampling points and further along the flow of the river was evaluated from the measured values. The outflow values from waste water treatment plants were compared with the emission limits for surface waters and the values of river water parameters were compared with the environmental quality standards. It wasn’t proven that the outflow from the observed waste water treatment plant is negatively influencing the water stream. The most serious problems are: -The WWTP was designed for treatment of sewage from Ostrov u Macochy, which involved separate sanitary and storm sewers. After finishing the WWTP, a uniform sewer was built. -High concentration of total phosphorus on the outflow from WWTP. -Poor quality of Lopač brook water already before the outflow vent from WWTP.

Avloppsreningsverket i Hallsberg kommun är beläget i direkt anslutning till Hallsberg, med Ralaån som recipient. Tekniken på reningsverket bygger på principerna för en klassisk aktivslamanläggning med mekanisk rening, kemisk rening, biologisk rening och en slambehandling där rötning av primär- och sekundärslam används för utvinning av biogas. Hallsberg ARV har under en längre tid haft problem med kvävereningen. Under senaste åren har man överskridit riktvärdet för kväveutsläpp vid ett flertal tillfällen och under 2009 överskreds även gränsvärdet. Riktvärdet för Hallsberg ARV är i dagsläget satt till 10mg NH4-N/l som medelvärde per månad, gränsvärdet är satt till 10 mg NH4-N/l som medelvärde per kalenderår. Då Hallsberg ARV inte drivs vid full kapacitet antas en minskning av kväveutsläppen vara möjlig att genomföra genom trimning av befintligutrustning och processer på verket. Detta antagande låg till grund för det här examensarbetet som syftar till att optimera kvävereningen på Hallsberg ARV. I optimeringen ingick en teknisk, ekonomisk och miljömässig utvärdering av olika alternativa lösningarna för att förbättra funktionen hos anläggningen. Extra hänsyn togs till energi- och kemikalieåtgång i syfte att få en så effektiv drift av verket som möjligt. Arbetet genomfördes genom en initial litteraturstudie på området, vartefter en provtagningsserie om fyra veckor realiserades på verket. Data som ligger till grund för slutsatserna i projektet har också inhämtats från onlinemätare på verket samt från äldre externt analyserade prover. Efter analys av insamlad data antas orsakerna till Hallsberg ARV:s höga utsläpp av kväve bero på en kombination av flera faktorer: -Vid vår och höst kan brunnsslamintaget vara så stort att bräddning sker ut till verket. Detta leder till att kvävebelastningen höjs så kraftigt att nitrifierarna inte hinner acklimatisera sig och får förhöjda kväveutsläpp till följd. -Mycket kväve följer med slammet från simultanfällningen till rötningen. Detta kan påverka halten kväve i rejektet från rötkamrarna som i sin tur kan leda till störningar i kvävereningen. -Centrifugens rejekt innehåller mycket kväve och körs idag endast under ett par dagar i veckan vilket leder till stora variationer i inkommande kvävehalt. -En hög förfällning av fosfor och organiskt material har bidragit till en låg halt av organiskt material i denitrifikationen. Sammantaget föreslås att vidare studier bör genomföras av ovan nämnda områden för att driften på Hallsberg ARV ska kunna drivas med så låga miljömässiga och ekonomiska kostnader som möjligt. / The waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg municipal is situated adjacent to Hallsberg, with Ralaån as a recipient. The technique at the waste water treatment plant is based on the principles for a classical activated sludge treatment plant and includes mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treatment, and a sludge treatment where the digestion of primary and secondary sludge is used for extraction of biogas. Hallsberg waste water treatment plant has during some time had problems with the nitrogen removal with high nitrogen emissions as a consequence. The target value has been exceeded a couple of times during the last years and in 2009 the limit value was exceeded as well. The target value for Hallsberg waste water treatment plant is 10 mgNH4-N/l as an average value per month, the limit value is set to 10 mg NH4-N/l, as an average value per year. Since the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg not is operating at full capacity, a lowering of the nitrogen emissions is assumed to be possible though a trimming of the existing equipment and of the processes on the site. This assumption formed the basis for this thesis, designed to optimize the nitrogen removal at the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg. A technical, economical and environmental evaluation was included in the optimization to improve the function of the plant. Extra evaluations were made in the energy- and chemical consumption in order to streamline the operations at the plant as much as possible. The project was carried out through an initial literature-investigation followed by a four week period of sampling and analyzing at the site. The data that form the conclusion in this project has also been collected through online measurements at the plant as well as through analyses of older samples. After analyzing the collected data, the reasons for the high emissions of nitrogen is thought to be due to a combination of reasons: -During the spring and the autumn the external intake of well sludge can lead to a direct release of sludge in to the plant. The change of nitrogen content will not give enough time for the nitrifying bacteria to acclimatize, with elevated emissions of nitrogen as a consequence. -The usage of simultaneous precipitation could lead to an irregular concentration of nitrogen released to the treatment plant from the digesters. This in turn could contribute to higher nitrogen emissions. -The irregularities of the usage of the centrifuge contribute to nitrogen irregularities and contribute to the difficulties of acclimatization of the nitrifying bacteria. -A high pre-precipitation of phosphorus and organic matter has contributed to a level of organic material in the denitrifikation below what is recommended. To sum up, further investigations are suggested in the above mentioned areas to make the operations at the plant carried trough at the lowest possible environmental and economically cost.

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