The aim of this study was to make an assessment on rural water supply management with particular focus in sub-Saharan African countries because of the water crisis that has plagued them for decades now. Most sub-Sahara African countries lack potable water supply as a result of mismanagement of resource and / or inadequate infrastructure provided by their governments. The last two decades saw the stagnation of rural water supply with long term break down of many infrastructures because of lack of technical personnel and resource. The concept of participation was widely introduce in the early 1970s to address this issue as it is believed that involving people having problem in the problem solving mechanism will provide better results (participatory approach). This paper focus on community involvement in water supply and management, working along side with other stakeholders and seeks to evaluate the level of participation of the stakeholders and to see if participation in reality is working in solving this problem. A case study was done at Bambui – Tubahin Cameroon, assessing the involvement of the various stakeholders in the management of their water scheme. This work was done through literature, interviews, discussion and observations, and from results gotten from field. It was obvious that the success of the scheme which has been running for decades now can be attributed to the collaborative actions of the various stakeholders working together. From the survey it was apparent that participation in reality was instrumental for sustainability of the scheme with decentralization being a key factor in enhancing this phenomenon.

Although Texas is a water reclamation leader in the country for quantity of water reclaimed, it falls behind both California and Florida in residential applications. The concept of residential reuse has some barriers to overcome prior to implementation on a broad scale in Texas. The two case studies, St. Petersburg, Florida, and the El Dorado Irrigation District of El Dorado County, California, describe extensive reuse programs in response not only to impending water shortages but also to effluent disposal limitation requirements. Major factors that limit residential reuse in Texas include the following: cost, expediency and negative public perception. Two other considerations exist when determining the feasibility of implementing residential reuse: income level and irrigation needs. Most of the successful reuse programs examined were for higher income areas. Also, irrigation expectations and needs of the residences play a major factor in the success of the program. In arid environments planted with drought-tolerant plants, landscape irrigation becomes less of a priority. Further limitations that specifically affect Texas’ expanding its water reclamation programs include the legal issues of existing water rights and direct versus indirect reuse. / text

There is an increasing recognition in environmental sustainability research of the significance of Indigenous land and water management practices that are locally developed and grounded in traditional resource use. This dissertation explores land and water management policies and practices in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) region of Bangladesh, with a particular focus on traditional Indigenous and invasive government and non-governmental policies and practices enacted within the Laitu Khyeng Indigenous community located in the CHT. Three main questions guide the study: (1) What were traditional Indigenous Laitu Khyeng land-management customs and practices, particularly in relation to environmental sustainability? (2) To what extent were Laitu Khyeng community members affected by introduced land-management policies, such as those promoted by government, NGOs, commercial companies, and multinational agencies? And, (3) What were Laitu Khyeng hopes and expectations regarding land management policies and practices, particularly in relation to environmental sustainability? Data collection methods included: traditional sharing circles, individual story sharing, photovoice, participant observation, and commonplace books. The research findings revealed that current management practices, imposed by both government and non-government agencies, have seriously undermined local, traditional land and water management practices. The effects of these management projects include: dramatic increase in the non-Indigenous population resulting from an outsider brick-field industrial project within the last 10 years; increased destitution, displacement, and deforestation of natural resources resultant from force, fraud, and manipulated occupation of forest and plain land over two decades; recent expansion of the Bangladesh Forest Department and private companies’ lumber plantation projects by outsiders; and increase in national and multinational corporations’ tobacco plantation projects within last 15 years. Addressing questions of resource management and sustainability, participating Elders, knowledge-holders, and community leaders articulated meanings of land and water management in terms traditional cultivation culture, administrative structures, and spiritual practices. In addition to these themes, youth participants emphasized land and water management as involving key responsibilities, including learning traditional cultivation knowledge from Elders, and organizing peaceful campaigns to protect their land, water, and identity rights. The research findings demonstrate that the Laitu Khyeng Indigenous traditional land and water management practices value biodiversity, human and nonhuman relationships, spirituality, conservation, historical practices protection, and also draw from non-Indigenous knowledge and practice in environmental resource management. To achieve environmental sustainability in the community, participants emphasized that all youth in the community learn local Indigenous knowledge and practices in order to protect the environment.

Project Completion Report, OWRR Project No. A-011-ARIZ / Agreement No. 1071 / Project Dates: July 1967 - June 1969. / Acknowledgment - The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. / The purpose of this investigation was to characterize salvageable water resources in the semi-arid Tucson basin and to evaluate appropriate treatment and control methods and management procedures for reuse of these salvageable waters. A preliminary inventory of salvageable water resources in the Tucson basin indicated a conservatively estimated annual total of 30,000 acre-feet available, as follows: municipal system effluents, 25,000 acre-feet; industrial cooling effluents, 1,000 acre-feet; urban runoff, 2,000 acre-feet; and industrial processing waters and other minor sources, 2,000 acre-feet per year. The City water utility has ample information on hand regarding quality of municipal effluents; data collected during this study are sufficient to define representative quality of industrial effluents; and presently developed processes evidently are adequate for the control and treatment of salvageable waters. However, little was known of the quality of urban runoff in this semi-arid environment, and efforts were directed toward exploratory sampling and analysis as indicators of potential problem areas in runoff quality. A ground-water recharge investigation at the Rillito Creek recharge site near Tucson produced a mathematical model which can be used to represent fluctuations of ground-water levels resulting from line-source recharge. Findings can be applied to alternative management schemes in the utilization or storage of salvaged waters. Initial formulation of management alternatives by examination of local salvaged-water subsystems appeared not to require elegant mathematical solution but rather an improved system framework defining community objectives and criteria for salvaged water allocation.

Municipal Source Water Protection Plans (SWPPs) are instituted in efforts to maintain and protect water quantity and quality. An integral part of a SWPP is the Source Water Monitoring Plan (SWMP). Without well defined metrics it is impossible to determine if a SWPP is effective and meeting its general goals of maintaining water quantity and quality. A 16 month intensive monitoring plan was implemented to examine how a SWMP should be structured and how acquired data needs to be analyzed in order to answer specific water quality questions that may be posed. This thesis demonstrates the temporal and spatial variability of water quality data and discusses the utilization of common water quality metrics. The importance of developing goals for SWMP is stressed as, due to the range of information that can be acquired from different sampling strategies, SWMPs need to be tailored to meet the goals of a monitoring program.

Water management is a critical issue around the world. In South Australia, and throughout Australia, demand for water has increased beyond the capacity of existing water supply systems. For this reason there is great interest in optimal management of water resources at both a national and local level. / In this thesis I discuss the capture and treatment of urban stormwater and suggest practical strategies for water storage in a sequence of dams. My primary motivation was a proposal for the capture, treatment and storage of all stormwater and wastewater on a new suburban housing estate at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, while minimising overflow. / A discrete state mathematical model for the management of water in a system of two connected dams is described in detail, through the use of stochastic matrices. I assume random inputs and regular demand. The system is controlled by pumping water from the first to the second dam. Only practical policies are considered. My initial analysis was restricted to a class of policies that depends only on the content of the first dam. The steady state of the system can be determined for each particular control policy. To determine the steady state I have used Gaussian elimination to reduce the problem of solving a large set of linear equations to a much smaller set. The steady state is an invariant measure that determines the long-term expected overflow. The systematic state reduction procedure subsequently allowed me to consider more complex policies that depend on the content of both dams. One such policy that I analyse in detail is to pump to fill the second dam. Though it is not yet proven this policy is possibly the optimal policy from among the classes considered. I also extend the discrete state model to a system of two connected dams with continuous input into the first dam. The stochastic matrices are replaced by integral operators on a space of bounded probability measures. / An alternative general analysis is described for the policy of pumping to fill the second dam. By using the characteristic pattern of the steady state equations I can define new variables and equations to reduce the problem to a much smaller system of equations. This method was also applied to policies in which I overfill or underfill the second dam. All three solutions are closely related. Yet another method uses a set of superstates. Each superstate is a set of states for which the particular control policy defines a common outcome. Once again the invariant measure is found by solving a reduced order matrix equation. I have also illustrated this method in a particular example. It is entirely possible that my various solution methodologies can be directly related. Although no analysis has yet been done further research into general reduction procedures would be certainly worthwhile. / For each class of controls a computer simulation was used to confirm the theoretical results. The simulation of the two dam system was extended to a system with many dams that is similar to the one proposed at Mawson Lakes. Future investigations include the development of mathematical models and theoretical solutions for the recently revised stormwater storage system at Mawson Lakes. / Thesis (PhDMathematics)--University of South Australia, 2004.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Texas A&M University, 2007. / "Major Subject: Water Management & Hydrological Science" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created on Oct. 13, 2008.) Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.