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An extensive review of all the avoidance apparatus which have been used to date in chemical avoidance tests and also an analysis of the trends and needs for new improved designs led to the design of a new avoidance apparatus. The new apparatus is a viable tool for analyzing the behavioral responses of fish to potentially toxic effluents in three dimensions. The method is quick, sensitive and relatively easy to use if sufficient fish stock is available. / The variable parameters of the avoidance reaction were three: (a) the type of the pollutant, (b) the injection system, and (c) the concentration of the pollutant. / Statistical analysis for the experiments included preliminary calculations, time series analysis, analysis of variance and Duncan's tests. / Preliminary tests evaluated the general disposition of fish in the channel, the influence of a water acclimation jet and also the effects of noise, light and temperature. Experiments were performed to define the optimal number of fish per experiment, the influence of video analysis and also of variability, adaptability and continuity. / The types of pollutants used were D.S.S. (dodecyl sodium sulfate)--a well-known reference pollutant, polymers, monomers, a plating industrial effluent and its components (Cr, Ni, Fe). / For all of these, horizontal and vertical distributions were produced together with avoidance curves and avoidance reaction representations. / The role of the avoidance reaction in relation to lethal and sublethal levels has been defined; after the evaluation of synergism and antagonism phenomena, proposed adjustments for safe toxicant levels have been estimated.

As consumer demand for all-natural marinades increases, the need to replace phosphate with a natural product that can produce equivalent or improved yield in products such as but not limited to rotisserie chickens (RWOG) and boneless/skinless breast (BSB) is a challenge for processors. The objective of this study was to determine if using an all-natural non-phosphate blend (savorphos-200, SP) in water-based (WB) and oil-based (OB) marinades would perform better in quality and yield parameters than a commercial phosphate blend (PB). The treatments included WB+PB (water, 0.4% phosphate, 0.7% salt), WB+SP (water, 0.5% savorphos-200, 0.7% salt), OB+PB (water, 3% canola oil, 0.4% phosphate, 0.7% salt), and OB+SP (water, 3% oil, 0.5% savorphos-200, 0.7% salt). RWOG and BSB were injected with a multi-needle injector to 20% (wt/wt) pick-up at a constant pressure (15-20 psi). The parameters measured were marinade pick-up %, 20 min and 24 hr marinade retention %, and cook loss %. Color, tenderness, total moisture, and sensory test were conducted on BSB. Data were analyzed within marination type (WB and OB). Results for the RWOG indicated SP obtained higher pick-up yield (p<0.05) and lower cook loss in the OB marinade compared to the PB. For the BSB, pick-up yield on OB marinades are higher for SavoPhos (p<0.05) when compared to the PB. On WB marinades cook loss was lower on SavorPhos compared to the PB. On RWOG and BSB variability is lower for SP on pick-up and 20 min retention yield values. Texture shear values were lower (p<0.05) on SP samples when compared to the PB. A consumer triangle sensory test was not able to distinguish between treatments (p>0.05). Therefore, savorphos-200 can be used as a natural non-phosphate blend in water based marinades with no detriment to yield. In addition, savorphos-200 can be used as a natural non-phosphate blend in oil-based marinades with yield improvements.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 132-136. / Photocopy. / xxiii, 136 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

<p>This study has shown that OH˙ radicals can be generated in an Fe/O2 cell from the electrode products via Fenton&rsquo / s reaction and used for water disinfection. The cell system in which the experiments were carried out was open and undivided and contained two electrodes with iron (Fe) as the anode and oxygen (O2) gas diffusion electrode. Typically, 100 ml of Na2SO4.10H2O (0.5M) solution was used as a background electrolyte. OH˙ radicals were produced in-situ in an acidic solution aqueous by oxidation of iron (II), formed by dissolving of the anode, with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 was electrogenerated by reduction of oxygen using porous reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as a catalyst.</p>

Water management is a critical issue around the world. In South Australia, and throughout Australia, demand for water has increased beyond the capacity of existing water supply systems. For this reason there is great interest in optimal management of water resources at both a national and local level. / In this thesis I discuss the capture and treatment of urban stormwater and suggest practical strategies for water storage in a sequence of dams. My primary motivation was a proposal for the capture, treatment and storage of all stormwater and wastewater on a new suburban housing estate at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, while minimising overflow. / A discrete state mathematical model for the management of water in a system of two connected dams is described in detail, through the use of stochastic matrices. I assume random inputs and regular demand. The system is controlled by pumping water from the first to the second dam. Only practical policies are considered. My initial analysis was restricted to a class of policies that depends only on the content of the first dam. The steady state of the system can be determined for each particular control policy. To determine the steady state I have used Gaussian elimination to reduce the problem of solving a large set of linear equations to a much smaller set. The steady state is an invariant measure that determines the long-term expected overflow. The systematic state reduction procedure subsequently allowed me to consider more complex policies that depend on the content of both dams. One such policy that I analyse in detail is to pump to fill the second dam. Though it is not yet proven this policy is possibly the optimal policy from among the classes considered. I also extend the discrete state model to a system of two connected dams with continuous input into the first dam. The stochastic matrices are replaced by integral operators on a space of bounded probability measures. / An alternative general analysis is described for the policy of pumping to fill the second dam. By using the characteristic pattern of the steady state equations I can define new variables and equations to reduce the problem to a much smaller system of equations. This method was also applied to policies in which I overfill or underfill the second dam. All three solutions are closely related. Yet another method uses a set of superstates. Each superstate is a set of states for which the particular control policy defines a common outcome. Once again the invariant measure is found by solving a reduced order matrix equation. I have also illustrated this method in a particular example. It is entirely possible that my various solution methodologies can be directly related. Although no analysis has yet been done further research into general reduction procedures would be certainly worthwhile. / For each class of controls a computer simulation was used to confirm the theoretical results. The simulation of the two dam system was extended to a system with many dams that is similar to the one proposed at Mawson Lakes. Future investigations include the development of mathematical models and theoretical solutions for the recently revised stormwater storage system at Mawson Lakes. / Thesis (PhDMathematics)--University of South Australia, 2004.

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 1998

The measurement of water in soil on a potential, gravimetric or volumetric basis is considered, with studies concentrating on the measurement of water by dielectric and neutron moderation methods. The ability of the time-domain reflectometry technique to measure water content simultaneously at different spatial locations is an important advantage of the technique. The reported apparent dielectric by the TRASE� time-domain reflectometer and Pyelab time-domain reflectometry systems is sensitive to change in extension cable length. In some soil, e.g. a commercial sand, the response to increasing extension length of extension cable is linear. For other soil a linear response occurs for certain lengths of cable at different moisture contents. A single model accounting for clay content, extension cable length, time-domain reflectometry system, probe type and inherent moisture conditions explained 62.2 % of variation from the control (0 m extension) cable. The extension cable causes a decrease in the returning electromagnetic-wave energy; leading to a decline in the slope used in automatic end-point determination. Calibration for each probe installation when the soil is saturated, and at small water contents is recommended. The ability of time-domain reflectometry, frequency-domain and neutron moderation techniques in measuring soil water content in a Brown Chromosol is examined. An in situ calibration, across a limited range of water contents, for the neutron moderation method is more sensitive to changing soil water content than the factory supplied 'universal' calibration. Comparison of the EnviroSCAN� frequency-domain system and the NMM count ratio indicates the frequency-domain technique is more sensitive to change in soil water conditions. The EnviroSCAN� system is well suited to continuous profile-based measurement of soil water content. Results with the time-domain reflectometry technique were disappointing, indicating the limited applicability of time-domain reflectometry in profile based soil water content measurement in heavy-textured soil, or soil with a large electrical conductivity. The method of auguring to a known depth and placement of the time-domain reflectometry probe into undisturbed soil is not recommended. A time-domain reflectometry system is adapted for in situ measurement of water in an iron ore stockpile. The laboratory calibration for water content of the processed iron ore compares favourably to a field calibration. In the field study, the 28 m extension cable used to connect the probes to the time-domain reflectometry affected the end-point determination of the time-domain reflectometry system. To account for this, 0.197 should be subtracted from the reported apparent dielectric before calculation of volumetric moisture content.

In this thesis, detection of active water-borne bacteria was achieved by combining flow cytometry with vital dyes that characterise the metabolic status of cells. Following optimisation, these techniques were applied to investigate the activity of bacteria exposed to disinfection, both in the laboratory and in real systems. Raw and potable waters from various locations around South Australia were then analysed to investigate relationships between numbers of active bacteria and those detected by traditional culture-based techniques. Flow cytometric cell sorting of active bacteria followed by 16S rRNA gene-directed PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was then used to track the survival of bacteria through water treatment and into distribution. In doing so the identification of active bacteria not detected by culture was achieved. Finally, real-time PCR was optimised for detection of ammonia oxidising bacteria. This group of bacteria were responsible for loss of disinfection residual within a chloraminated distribution system. / thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005.