A sudden change in flow in a confined system results in the formation of a series of pressure pulses known as a water hammer. Pump shutdown at the conclusion of a hydraulic fracture treatment frequently generates a water hammer, which sends a pressure pulse down the wellbore that interacts with the created fracture before returning towards the surface. This study confirms that created hydraulic fractures alter the period, amplitude, and duration of the water hammer signal. Water hammer pressure signals were simulated with a previously presented numerical model that combined the continuity and momentum equations of the wellbore with a created hydraulic fracture represented by a RCI series circuit. Field data from several multi-stage stimulation treatments were history matched with the numerical model by iteratively altering R, C, and I until an appropriate match was obtained. Equivalent fracture dimensions were calculated from R, C, and I, and were in agreement with acquired micro-seismic SRV. Finally, the obtained R, C, and I values were compared to SRV and production log data. Capacitance was directly correlated with SRV, while resistance was inversely correlated with SRV, and no correlations with production data were observed. / text

Surge modeling is a tool used by engineers and utility owners in determining the surge pressures or transients that may result from routine pump and valve operations. Recent surge modeling work has focused on low and/or negative pressures within water distribution systems and how those occurrences could lead to intrusions. Effective surge modeling is needed in order to determine if the intrusion potential exists and what mitigation is needed to prevent intrusions. This work focuses on the generally unexplored area of using surge models to predict the location and duration of transient induced low and/or negative pressures within large complex water distribution systems. The studied system serves 350,000 people in the southeast United States, has 65 MGD of pumping capacity at two treatment plants, over 1500 miles of main and 12 storage tanks. This work focuses on the correlation between field data and the surge model using the author's extensive operational knowledge of the system, access to real-time SCADA data, and different celerity or wave speed values. This work also traces the steps taken by the author to locate areas within the system that experienced transient induced low and / or negative pressure.

Water hammer represents a complex hydraulic phenomenon with significant consequences on the proper functioning and safety of operation for pipe and conduit systems. The complexity and intricate physics of water hammer translated into significant difficulties associated firstly, with finding a proper solution for understanding the mechanism of its occurrence and, secondly, relating to proposing technically and economically viable design methods and devices that would help reduce and mitigate water hammer effects. In this context, the present thesis deals with the numerical modeling of the transient behaviour of water pipe segments. Following an extensive literature review of the state-of-the-art on the water hammer mechanisms and past work on experimental, analytical and numerical analysis of this phenomenon, a three dimensional numerical model of the water hammer in a pipe which considers the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is developed using a Finite Element Method – Finite Volume Method (FEM-FVM) technique. Structural and fluid computational results based on rapid and slow gate closure scenarios are compared with existing closed-form solutions of the water hammer. A parametric study is also performed on a simply supported pipe segment to determine the influence of various design parameter. A systematic sensitivity analysis was conducted and a ranking mechanism was established for the importance of each parameter on the fluid fields and structural response. A first comparative analysis is conducted on horizontally and vertically bent elevated pipe segments to quantify the influence of the bend angle on the results. A second comparative analysis is performed on a horizontally bent segment buried in soil to determine the influence of the pipe interaction with the soil on the response. It is observed that the thickness, span, initial velocity and bend angle had a significant impact on the pressure and structural response. The presence of soil was observed to have a significant benefit in decreasing the von-Mises stresses.

Water hammer represents a complex hydraulic phenomenon with significant consequences on the proper functioning and safety of operation for pipe and conduit systems. The complexity and intricate physics of water hammer translated into significant difficulties associated firstly, with finding a proper solution for understanding the mechanism of its occurrence and, secondly, relating to proposing technically and economically viable design methods and devices that would help reduce and mitigate water hammer effects. In this context, the present thesis deals with the numerical modeling of the transient behaviour of water pipe segments. Following an extensive literature review of the state-of-the-art on the water hammer mechanisms and past work on experimental, analytical and numerical analysis of this phenomenon, a three dimensional numerical model of the water hammer in a pipe which considers the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is developed using a Finite Element Method – Finite Volume Method (FEM-FVM) technique. Structural and fluid computational results based on rapid and slow gate closure scenarios are compared with existing closed-form solutions of the water hammer. A parametric study is also performed on a simply supported pipe segment to determine the influence of various design parameter. A systematic sensitivity analysis was conducted and a ranking mechanism was established for the importance of each parameter on the fluid fields and structural response. A first comparative analysis is conducted on horizontally and vertically bent elevated pipe segments to quantify the influence of the bend angle on the results. A second comparative analysis is performed on a horizontally bent segment buried in soil to determine the influence of the pipe interaction with the soil on the response. It is observed that the thickness, span, initial velocity and bend angle had a significant impact on the pressure and structural response. The presence of soil was observed to have a significant benefit in decreasing the von-Mises stresses.

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Jr / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T23:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viaro_VivienLuciane_M.pdf: 4505576 bytes, checksum: 18be75ce76921d4bee282a5330042a53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O transiente hidráulico é definido como a transição entre duas condições de escoamento permanente. Nessa transição a variação das grandezas associadas ao escoamento, principalmente a pressão, é importante no dimensionamento e exploração da instalação hidráulica. Os estudos das situações transitórias e das manobras que as provocaram, são fundamentais para se garantir a segurança operacional das instalações hidráulicas em geral. A análise do escoamento transitório em condutos forcados é feita com base nas equações da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento. Uma das imprecisões associadas à mo delação convencional está no uso de uma formulação quase-estática para o termo de atrito, a qual é válida somente para escoamento permanente. Este trabalho faz uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos em modelo fisico e os da modelação matemática, considerando ou não uma modelação especial para o termo de atrito transitório. Foram utilizados os modelos propostos por Brunone et. al. (1991) e Vardy et. al. (1993), na descrição do termo de atrito variável / Abstract: Hydraulic transient is defined as the transition between two permanent flowing conditions. In this transition, the greatness variation related to the flowing, mainly the pressure, is important to the measuring and exploration of hydraulic installation. Studies about transitory situations and the shuntings that caused them are fundamental to guarantee operational safety of the hydraulic plants in general. The transitory flowing analysis in forced conduits is based on equations of continuity and on the amount of movement. One of the imprecisions related to the conventional modeling is in using a almost-static formulation for the friction term, which is only valid for permanent flowing. This paper compares the results obtained from physical model with the one from the mathematical modeling, considering or not a special modeling for transitory friction term. The models used proposed by Brunone et. al. (1991) and Vardy et. al. (1993), to describe the variable friction term / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Numerical modeling of cavitation using computational software is a highly pursued topic of research due to its impact in different industrial sectors. While some industrial applications such as wastewater treatment and mineral processing are known to advantageously use this phenomena, it remains an unwanted process in others where it is known to induce vibration, reduce performance and cause structural damage. The main objective of the current research study is to investigate the accuracy to which cavitating flow behavior inside oil-hydraulic systems can be computationally modeled, what limitations exist and how to improve numerical predictions. An experimental test-rig has been built in the preceding years with plexiglass tube to observed the vapor formations during cavitation and the pressure readings at three points have been recorded. The current study uses a computational model with the same geometry as the experimental test-rig, and uses the experimentally recorded pressure values for validating numerical results. Two main software are used to setup the simulation framework. The first is Hopsan, one open source simulation software for hydraulic systems developed by Link\"oping University and the second is ANSYS Fluent, a commercial software for modeling complex fluid flow applications. Four different orifices are used to create different outlet pressures. For orifices of diameter 2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm, good correlation between numerical and experimental results were observed. Further investigations into complex cavitating flow behavior of repetitive water hammers were also carried out. Different valve profile movements were used to investigate what the impact of having and not having vapor bubbles in the plexiglass tube would have on the pressure distribution when oil starts to re-circulate in the system. Furthermore, repetitive water hammer flow behavior for oscillations of 2, 3, and 4 water hammers were investigated. This investigation revealed several important findings.  The first is that if valve opens to the point that the flow starts to re-circulate in the system while vapor bubbles already exist in the plexiglass tube, massive pressure peaks, as high as 350 bar, will be created in the plexiglass pipe. The strength of this pressure surge will be dependent on the amount of vapor in the pipe when flow is re-introduced. The second is that if the valve starts to re-open (move backwards) while no vapor exists in the plexiglass tube, this movement will result in the formation of vapor. However, this vapor only lasts for a small duration and disappears before the valve reaches a point that allows flow move again. The third and final finding for repetitive water hammers was that the strength of the pressure surges will reduce with each sequential water hammer.

This master thesis project was done in collaboration with Epiroc Group Ab. Epiroc supplies high-quality drills of various types that can be used both above and below ground. A major problem in their percussive rock drills is that that cavitation is formed. Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs when a fluid is subject to a sudden pressure drop. This pressure drop causes the liquid to vaporize and create gas bubbles. These gas bubbles will cause erosion to the walls when imploded. These cavitation damages lead to drills breaking and parts having to be replaced preserved. An experimental rig was used to create cavitation. From the experimental rig, it was possible to measure the hydraulic transients that are created when the valve was closed. In this study, we examined whether one can visually see these damages occurring inside the pipe on valve parts that are subjected to these cavitation damages. CFD simulations were used to re-create the closing of the valve in the experimental rig. By exporting pressure data from the experiments one could compare the numerical result to the experimental data. It was also investigated if it is possible to see some connection between the gas formation and the damages seen visually from the experimental part. For the simulation the realizable k − ε methods were implemented with enhanced wall treatment. The mixture model was used since we have a multi-phase flow. Some visual damages were recognized during the experiments. However, no distinguished pattern or specific areas was established. From the simulations, it could be determined that they generated gas when the valve was closed. However, the pressure transients could not be replicated in the numerical result.

The early stages of propagation of a water hammer disturbance are investigated, water hammer constituting a special case of axially symmetric elastic wave propagation in a fluid-filled cylindrical shell. Many of the objectionable features of the elementary (Joukowsky) water hammer theory are removed, and particular emphasis is placed upon consideration of the effects of radial inertia of the fluid and of the shell. The formulation is appropriate for consideration of any axially symmetric acoustic disturbance which originates in the fluid and any of the usual engineering boundary conditions which describe constraints on motion of the end, or ends, of the shell. Motion of the shell is described by a thin-shell theory, and motion of the fluid is described by the axially symmetric wave equation, nonhomogeneous boundary conditions providing coupling of the fluid and shell motions. Application of a finite Hankel transform to the axially symmetric wave equation yields an infinite system of one-dimensional wave equations representing motion of the fluid. Integration of a finite set of these wave equations in conjunction with equations governing motion of the shell is accomplished numerically after a straight-forward application of the method of characteristics. An analysis which includes bending, rotary inertia, and shear deformation in the shell is conducted for the case of sudden termination of uniform flow in a semi-infinite shell with a"built-in" end. For a relatively thick steel shell filled with water it is found that bending stresses and transverse shearing stresses at the end of the shell are significant, but that nowhere are there significant longitudinal membrane stresses. Maximum stresses and displacements are found to occur within the time required for an acoustic disturbance in unbounded fluid to traverse one diameter of the shell. The maximum radial displacement of the middle surface of the shell is found to exceed the value predicted by the elementary theory by about fifty percent. A solution based on the classical membrane theory of shells, neglecting longitudinal stresses, also is obtained by numerical integration of the ordinary differential equations arising from application of the method of characteristics to the governing partial differential equations. Considerable simplification of the numerical calculations results from the fact that only one pair of families of characteristic lines are involved in the membrane analysis as compared to three pairs of such families in the bending analysis. The membrane analysis is employed principally to show the adequacy of using the first five of the infinite set of one-dimensional wave equations governing motion of the fluid. The membrane formulation takes account of two important omissions of the elementary theory, namely radial inertia of the fluid and radial inertia of the shell. A representation of the fluid motion by a single one-dimensional wave equation is investigated. Radial inertia of the fluid is taken into account by attributing additional mass to the shell. This formulation is shown to produce the same results as the best available long-time asymptotic solution to a water hammer problem, but it is found, on the basis of an analysis employing the membrane theory of shells, to be inadequate for describing the early stages of a water hammer disturbance. / Doctor of Philosophy

Yes / This paper models a hydro turbine based on the dynamic description of the hydraulic system having a surge tank and elastic water hammer. The dynamic of the hydraulic system is transformed from transfer function form into the differential equation model in relative value. This model is then combined with the motion equation of the main servomotor to form the nonlinear model of the hydro turbine, in which the power of the hydro turbine is calculated using algebraic equation. A new control model is thus proposed in which the dynamic of the surge tank is taken as an additional input of control items. As such, the complex hydraulic system is decomposed into a classical one penstock and one machine model with an additional input control. Therefore, the order of the system is descended. As a result, the feasibility of the system is largely improved. The simulated results show that the additional input of the surge tank is effective and the proposed method is realizable. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (50839003, 50949037, 51179079), Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (No. 2008GA027)

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Presented here is an Eulerian scheme for solving the unsteady pipe-flow equations. It is called the Characteristic Dissipative Petrov-Galerkin finite element algorithm. It is based on Hicks and Steffler's open-channel finite element algorithm [5]. The algorithm features a highly selective dissipative interface, which damps out spurious oscillations in the pressure field while leaving the rest of the field almost unaffected. The dissipative interface is obtained through upwinding of the test shape functions, which is controlled by the characteristic directions of the flow field at a node. The algorithm can be applied to variable grids, since the dissipative interface is locally controlled. The algorithm was applied to waterhammer problems, which included reservoir, deadend, valve and pump boundary conditions. Satisfactory results were obtained using a simple one-dimensional element with linear shape functions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Euleriese skema word hier beskryf om die onbestendige pypvloei differensiaal vergelykings op te los. Dit word die Karakteristieke Dissiperende Petrov-Galerkin eindige element algoritme genoem. Die algoritme is gebaseer op Hicks en Steffler se oop-kanaal eindige element algoritme [5]. In hierdie algoritme word onrealistiese ossilasies in die drukveld selektief gedissipeer, sonder om die res van die veld te beinvloed. Die dissiperende koppelvlak word verkry deur stroomop weegfunksies, wat beheer word deur die karakteristieke rigtings in die vloeiveld, by 'n node. Die algoritme kan dus gebruik word op veranderbare roosters, omdat die dissiperende koppelvlak lokaal beheer word. Die algoritme was toegepas op waterslag probleme waarvan die grenskondisies reservoirs, entpunte, kleppe en pompe ingesluit het. Bevredigende resultate was verkry vir hierdie probleme, al was die geimplementeerde element een-dimensioneel met lineere vormfunksies.