A theoretical analysis was made of the reflected and transmitted waves which were produced when a water-hammer pressure wave encountered a tee in the pipeline. The analysis included the fact that a hydraulic loss existed across the tee. Relationships were developed for determining the magnitude of the reflected and the transmitted waves. However, these relationships were only suitable for the case of instantaneous valve closure, due to the relative magnitudes of the terms involved. An experimental analysis was made in order to verify the theoretical relationships. However, due to malfunctions of the equipment and the ill designed pipeline configuration, very little of the information that was desired could be obtained. Hence, the theoretical analysis could not be verified. / Master of Science

Power failure of pumps, sudden valve actions, and the operation of automatic control systems are all capable of generating high pressure waves in domestic water supply systems. These transient conditions resulting in high pressures can cause pipe failures by damaging valves and fittings. In this study, basic equations for solving transient analysis problems are derived using method of characteristics. Two example problems are presented. One, a single pipe system which is solved by developing an excel spreadsheet. Second, a pipe network problem is solved using transient analysis program called TRANSNET. A transient analysis program is developed in Java. This program can handle suddenly-closing valves, gradually-closing valves, pump power failures and sudden demand changes at junctions. A maximum of four pipes can be present at a junction. A pipe network problem is solved using this java program and the results were found to be similar to that obtained from TRANSNET program. The code can be further extended, for example by developing java applets and graphical user interphase to make it more user friendly. A two dimensional (2D) numerical model is developed using MATLAB to analyze gaseous cavitation in a single pipe system. The model is based on mathematical formulations proposed by Cannizzaro and Pezzinga (2005) and Pezzinga (2003). The model considers gaseous cavitation due to both thermic exhange between gas bubbles and surrounding liquid and during the process of gas release. The results from the model show that during transients, there is significant increase in fluid temperature along with high pressures. In literature pipe failures and noise problems in premise plumbing are atributed to gaseous cavitation. / Master of Science

This master thesis treats the modelling of a common-rail direct fuel injection system where pressure generation is decoupled from the injection process. It has been shown that the fuel pressure plays a vital role for the general performance of the engine, affecting both emissions and efficiency, and it is carefully regulated to achieve optimal performance at different operating points. In an attempt to facilitate the development of the responsible control algorithms, a simulation framework has been requested. A model describing the complete work cycle of the high-pressure fuel system is developed and implemented in a Simulink environment. It is to a large extent based on the underlying physics and constructed in a modular manner, which allows for different engine configurations to be simulated. The modelled pressure signal is compared to experimental data at different operating points with promising results in capturing the transient behaviour from a low-level perspective. Additionally, it manages to replicate some of the pressure oscillations which has been observed in the real system and it shows good response to changes in the input signals. However, there are some areas which are subject to improvement since capturing the static pressure levels over longer drive cycles has proved to be a difficult task. Overall, the developed model serves as a starting point for future development and validation of control algorithms.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho foram realizadas simulaÃÃes do transiente hidrÃulico com vÃlvula antecipadora de onda com abertura e fechamento completo e nÃo instantÃneo, como mecanismo de alÃvio para o golpe de arÃete. A vÃlvula deve situar-se prÃximo ao conjunto motor-bomba. Assim, a vÃlvula antecipadora serà aplicada ao segundo nà das adutoras consideradas, utilizando-se para o cÃlculo o software UFC6, produzido no Grupo de Estudos em HidrÃulica Computacional da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. A vÃlvula antecipadora de onda inicia sua abertura quando a pressÃo mÃnima de regulagem à excedida, logo apÃs a passagem da onda de baixa pressÃo. O fluido expulso deve ser disposto em um manancial, ou armazenado em um reservatÃrio que comporte todo esse volume. Neste trabalho, a vÃlvula antecipadora de onda à modelada utilizando a Ãgua como fluido. O fluido (Ãgua) à expulso segundo um modelo de descarga com pressÃo externa atmosfÃrica. As simulaÃÃes aqui descritas utilizam o mÃtodo das caracterÃsticas. Devido à falta de estudos nessa Ãrea, este trabalho visa contribuir para o dimensionamento de vÃlvulas antecipadora de onda e servir como base para trabalhos subsequentes. / In this work was made Hydraulic Transient simulations with anticipation valve with opening and closing complete and non-instantaneous, as a mechanism of relief for water hammer. The valve must be located near the pump. Thus in this work, the valve in advance shall be applied to the second node of the pipelines in question. The software UFC6 was used for estimates the Transient and was produced by the Study Group on Computational Fluid of UFC. Anticipation is a mechanism for relief from water hammer that starts opening when the low pressure of regulation is exceeded, after the passage of the wave of low pressure. The fluid expelled must be placed on a spring or stored in a reservoir in order to accommodate the volume of fluid to be expelled. In this work, the Anticipation Valve is modeling into the water as a fluid. It uses the method of characteristics for simulations. Due to the lack of studies in this area, this research aims to contribute to the design of anticipation valves and a basis for further work.

Yes / A problem with 1-D water hammer modelling is in the application of accurate unsteady friction. Moreover, investigating the time response of fluid dynamics and unsteady turbulence structures during the water hammer is not possible with a 1-D model. This review article provides a summary of 1-D modelling using the recent finite volume approach and the discussion extends to a quasi-2-D model and historical developments as well as recent advancements in 3-D CFD simulations of water hammer. The eddy viscosity model is excellent in capturing pressure profiles but it is computationally intensive and requires more computational time. This article reviews 3-D CFD simulations with sliding mesh, an immersed solid approach, and dynamic mesh approaches for modelling valve closures. Despite prediction accuracy, a huge computational time and high computer resources are required to execute 3-D flow simulations with advanced valve modelling techniques. Experimental validation shows that a 3-D CFD simulation with a flow rate reduction curve as a boundary condition predicted accurate pressure variation results. Finally, a brief overview of the transient flow turbulence structures for a rapidly accelerated and decelerated pipe flow using DNS (Direct numerical simulation) data sets is presented. Overall, this paper summarises past developments and future scope in the field of water hammer modelling using CFD.

Cette thèse contribue à la vérification et à la validation du modèle bifluide de Baer-Nunziato, pour modéliser les phénomènes de transitoires hydrauliques dans les réseaux de tuyauteries industrielles. Il s’agit d’abord de modéliser les écoulements de transitoires hydrauliques avec le modèle bifluide en représentation eulérienne, puis d’étendre ce modèle en formalisme ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) pour prendre en compte l’interaction fluide-structure (IFS). Pour modéliser les écoulements, des lois de fermetures du modèle bifluide concernant les termes interfaciaux, les termes sources et les lois thermodynamiques (EOS) ont d’abord été étudiées. Ensuite, le système complet a été simulé avec une méthode à pas fractionnaires qui admet deux étapes, l’une pour la résolution de la partie convective, l’autre pour les termes sources. L’ensemble de schémas a été vérifié et étendu aux EOS ‘Stiffened Gas généralisées’ afin de représenter le changement de phase eau-vapeur. Après avoir retrouvé certains phénomènes typiques associés aux transitoires hydrauliques, le modèle bifluide a été validé avec l’expérience de Simpson, l’expérience Canon, et comparé avec deux modèles homogènes sur ces deux expériences. Enfin, une version ALE du modèle bifluide a été mise en œuvre et vérifiée sur un cas de propagation d’ondes de pression dans une conduite flexible. La variation de la célérité des ondes dans le fluide liée au couplage fluide/structure a été bien retrouvée. La validation a été effectuée sur un cas expérimental d'explosion dans une tuyauterie en eau. Les simulations sont en bon accord avec les données expérimentales. / This thesis contributes to the verification and the validation of the Baer-Nunziato (BN) model, to modelize water hammer phenomena in industrial piping systems. It consists of two parts, the first is to modelize water hammer flows with the BN model in Eulerian representation and the second is to extend this model to the ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) formalism so as to take into account fluid-structure interaction (FSI). To modelize water hammer flows, closure laws of the BN model concerning the interfacial/source terms and the equations of state (EOS) were first studied. Then the whole system was simulated with a fractional step method including two steps, one for the resolution of the convective part, the other for the source terms. All schemes have been extended to ‘generalized Stiffened Gas’ EOS in order to represent phase-change. After regaining some typical phenomena associated with water hammer flows, the BN model was validated with the Simpson experiment, a classical water hammer test case, and the Canon experience, a rapid decompression of fluid in a high pressure duct. Moreover, the model was compared with two homogeneous models on both experiments. Finally, an ALE version of the BN model was implemented, and verified on a case of wave propagation in a ‘single’ phase flow and a two-phase flow in a flexible pipe. The variation of wave propagation speed due to the coupling between the fluid and the structure has been well retrieved. The validation was performed on an experiment which examines the response of a pipe filled with water, subjected to a violent pressure peak (140 bar). The simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

This study consists of the development of a ram pump, which will allow the pumping of water without the need of external energy sources. It is considered an analysis of interest since, once it is finished; it can be applied in reality improving and facilitating different activities related to agriculture and health. Previous studies have been made related to the ram pump; however, in this case, it is intended to understand the system that has been built in the laboratory in order to find the best combination of parameters that will lead to obtain the highest possible efficiency.  The study will be carried out by studying scientific literature and by experimenting in the laboratory. Encompassing the experimental and literary field, it is expected to understand perfectly the advantages and disadvantages of the ram pump in order to determine if it is worth it to install in certain places. After the study, the most favourable parameters for the operation of the Bruzaholms Bruk pump have been obtained. It has been found that the use of a longer drive pipe favours the operation of the system, as it is possible to obtain a higher efficiency, although it must be taken into account that the mentioned length needs to be controlled, as it could reduce the working rhythm of the pump. It has also been seen that the pump gives better results if the impulse valve is completely opened. Finally, it has been proven that, as long as the height difference between the two tanks is enough, increasing the height of the water source will favour the operation of the system.

La crise de l’eau dans le monde et la pénurie des ressources en eau exigent une bonne gestion de cette précieuse ressource. La bonne gestion passe en premier lieu par un réseau d’adduction d’eau potable fiable avec un faible taux de fuite. Les fuites causées par la rupture des canalisations, phénomène assez fréquent en milieu urbain, s’amorcent sur un défaut dû à la corrosion ou autres. L’amorçage et la propagation de la fissure se fait par fatigue sous l’effet de contraintes engendrées par le passage des véhicules, ou brutalement à cause du phénomène de coup de bélier. La gravité de ces phénomènes dépend de plusieurs paramètres y compris la nature du matériau des conduites. Les matériaux polymères, comme le PEHD, occupent une bonne partie du marché de transport d’eau, grâce à leurs multiples qualités (coût réduit, facilité de pose, flexibilité), notamment dans les réseaux de distribution (réseau secondaire). L’utilisation de ce matériau dans les réseaux d’adduction (aqueducs) est en pleine expansion mais beaucoup moins étudier dans les travaux de recherche. L’objectif de la thèse consiste à étudier le risque de rupture des conduites en polyéthylène haute densité destinée à l’adduction d’eau potable ainsi que leurs résistances au phénomène de coup de bélier. Pour répondre à cette problématique, en premier lieu nous avons caractérisé expérimentalement le comportement mécanique à la rupture des conduites en PEHD. Ensuite, nous avons développé un outil numérique de calcul par élément fini permettant de modéliser la rupture des conduites. À l'issue de cette étude nous avons proposé un modèle semi-empirique reliant la pression d’amorçage d’une fissure à la taille du défaut préexistant ainsi qu’aux dimensions de la conduite. Finalement, nous avons appliqué les outils développés sur un réseau d’adduction d’eau potable existant. Le comportement d’une conduite en PEHD soumise à un phénomène de coup de bélier a été analysé / The water crisis in the world and the shortage of water resources require good management of this precious resource. Good management requires, first and foremost, a reliable drinking water supply system with low leakage rate. Leakage caused by the rupture of pipes, fairly frequent phenomenon in urban areas, initiate from a pre-existing defect in the pipe wall. The initiation and propagation of the crack occur under environmental stress caused by passing vehicles, or it can happen brutally due to water hammer phenomenon. The severity of these phenomena depends on several parameters including the nature of the piping material. Polymeric materials such as HDPE, take a great part of the water transport market, thanks to their many qualities (reduced cost, ease of installation, flexibility), especially in secondary network distribution system. Currently, the use of this material in the supply networks (aqueducts) is booming but less studied in research works. The aim of the present work is to study the failure of high density polyethylene pipes for the supply of drinking water and their resistance to water hammer phenomenon. In order to address this issue, first we have characterized experimentally the mechanical fracture behavior of HDPE pipe. Then, we have developed a finite element calculation tool allowing the modeling of pipes subjected to internal pressure loads. As a result of this numerical study, we proposed a semi-empirical model linking the failure pressure to the size of pre-existing defects as well as the pipe dimensions. Finally, we applied the developed tools on an existing drinking water system. The behavior of HDPE pipe subjected to a water hammer phenomenon was analyzed

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T18:18:35Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T18:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Carregamentos transientes termo hidráulicos do tipo Steam Hammer são eventos comuns em sistemas de tubulações de vapor com grandes potenciais de catástrofes em plantas de geração de energia. Uma vez iniciado o evento, ondas de pressões são geradas com amplitudes, geralmente, de grande magnitude ocasionando altas pressões no sistema, ruídos, deformações, fadiga, com possibilidade de danos materiais e econômicos e em casos extremos fatalidades. Os procedimentos da indústria para análise deste tipo de sistema consistem realização de análises estáticas equivalentes ou análise de espectro de resposta com carregamentos caracterizados por meio de métodos analíticos baseados em hipóteses simplificadoras do fluido e fluxo. Neste trabalho é proposta a analise de sistema de tubulações por meio do método de integração numérica com superposição modal e carregamento caracterizado por método numérico com base no método das características. Comparações foram efetuadas entre os resultados obtidos pela metodologia proposta e os procedimentos da indústria, demonstrando que, dado ao alto grau de conservadorismo, os procedimentos da indústria acarretam em superdimensionamento de estruturas e tubulações ocasionando custos adicionais de projeto, sendo a otimização do projeto obtida aplicando-se a metodologia proposta no trabalho. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Paulo Vatavuk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_EdsonVictorde_M.pdf: 1243495 bytes, checksum: 65a1b651d2f304cfca69e91ab51e9514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O estudo do transitório hidráulico em condutos forçados tem grande relevância em projetos de sistemas de tubulações. A quantificação das pressões máximas e mínimas é de fundamental interesse para o projetista, a fim de que este possa dimensionar a tubulação e/ou prever dispositivos de proteção, cuja finalidade é amortecer as variações de carga, prejudiciais à vida útil da instalação. Neste trabalho optou-se pelo estudo de um destes dispositivos, o reservatório hidropneumático, que protege as instalações contra sobrepressões e subpressões, impedindo assim a descontinuidade do escoamento quando o sistema de bombeamento é desligado ou quando ocorre um fechamento rápido de válvula de bloqueio. O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa é o de formular tabelas e gráficos de aplicação para o pré-dimensionamento de reservatórios hidropneumáticos para a atenuação de transitórios hidráulicos em sistemas de condutos forçados, facilitando, desta maneira, o trabalho dos projetistas na escolha deste tipo de dispositivo de proteção de sistemas hidráulicos / Abstract: The evaluation of hydraulic transients is very important in the design of pipe networks. The determination of the maximum and minimum pressures is of great interest to the designer, so that he can size the pipes and/or design protection devices, with the objective of decrease head variations, that can decrease the instalation life. In this work, one of those devices was chosen for study, the air vessel, that protects the instalation against overpressures and underpressures, avoiding the interruption of the flow when the pumping system is turned off or when a valve closes too fast. The present work has the main objective of making charts and graphs of application for pre-sizing of air vessels to the mitigation of Waterhammer in pressure pipes by facilitating, in this way, the work of designers in choosing this type of protection of hydraulic systems / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil