No description available.

The water masses in the Taiwan Strait (TS) contain the Kuroshio Branch Water (KBW), the South China Sea Surface Water (SCSSW), and the China Coastal Water (CCW). The seasonality of their temporal and spatial variations is modified by the East Asia monsoon and the bottom topography. Hydrographic data acquired during 1985-2003 were studied using a cluster analysis for the classification of the water masses. In addition to the three water masses identified previously, the cluster analysis further classified the Subsurface Water (SBW) under 100 m depth in the Penghu Channel (PHC) and the Coastal Water (CW) along the China coast in summer. Results derived from the cluster analysis together with the T-S diagram suggest that the KBW and SBW dominates in the PHC, whereas CCW occupies in the north TS from January to April. After May, the SCSSW replaces the KBW in the TS through PHC. Meanwhile, the CW distributes along the northwest bank of the TS. After the onset of northeast monsoon in October, the CCW intrudes southward to the northern TS, yet the KBW is confined in the PHC. A zonal oceanic front is clearly seen between the two water masses over the Chang-Yuen Rise in winter. As for the NTMW, it presents below 30 m depth during May and September, and would distribute in depths 0-100 m in other months. The monthly hydrographic databank established in this study has a horizontal grid resolution of 10'x10'. The vertical levels are set at depths 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, and 200 m. The study also concludes that there is hardly a northward flow in the TS in winter connecting the South China Sea Warm Current to the so-called Taiwan Warm Current.

This document details the results of a study that employed a single element, spiral-wound, thinfilm composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane pilot to assess the treatment effectiveness for aerated and unaerated groundwater supplies. Phase 1 consisted of using raw, unaerated groundwater with standard cartridge filtration (CF) and scale inhibitor (SI) as pretreatment to NF. During the first phase, four water recoveries and crossflow velocities were evaluated to observe how operational conditions affected permeate water quality. Phase 2 involved the simulation of a 70-foot transmission pipeline and sand filter (SF) pilot in series with CF and SI addition pretreatment, prior to NF. Phase 3 employed tray aeration prior to the SF pilot. The pilot was operated for 1,483 run-hours over the three phases, whereupon operational and water quality monitoring ensued to assess NF efficiency. Biological activity tests and foulant analyses were performed to further characterize source water. It was determined statistically that changes in operational conditions in Phase 1 such as crossflow velocity did not significantly affect constituent mass transfer. Phase 2 demonstrated that NF removed total dissolved solids and total organic carbon content greater than 96 percent (%) and 86%, respectively. Phase 3, which exhibited operational difficulties and flux decline, suggested that additional pretreatment is required for NF operation using aerated groundwater. Dimensional analysis (DA) and diffusionbased mass transfer models were employed to predict permeate chloride content for each testing phase; it was determined that the DA overpredicted chloride concentrations by 10 magnitudes and diffusion models were predictive when compared to actual values. The transient response to feed water perturbations within the single-stage membrane process was determined to cause a log-logistic two-and-a-half-minute delay.

This study analyzed historical hydrographic data consist of 95 years of NODC data and 18 years of NCOR data. Variations of upper-layer current in Luzon Strait and its neighboring Northern South China Sea are investigated by the method of dynamical topography. On the other hand, higher salinity characteristic of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) is used to trace the water mass distribution and its seasonal variations in the studied area. The result shows that the maximum of x-component velocity (along 120.25˚E, relative to 400 m ) in the Luzon Strait occurs in the middle of the strait, the flow direction is westward and the speed increases toward the surface. At the north and south ends of the strait flows are eastward and the maximum speed core is at the depth of 0~50 m. Horizontal distribution of flow fields indicates that intrusion of the north Pacific waters into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait in the whole year. Westward bifurcation of the intrusion flows occurs at 20~21˚N. A cyclonic eddy exists in the South China Sea all year-round, and its core is located at about 18˚N, 118˚E. This eddy strengthens as the monsoon prevails with its speed reached in January and February. Annual mean upper-layer transport (0~ 400 m) of the Luzon Strait is estimated to be about 3.5 Sv (positive value means westward) with a maximum value of about 6.5 Sv in December and a minimum value of 1.1 Sv in June. The Upper-layer current of the SCS is dominated by the monsoon. When the northeast monsoon prevails, the currents are affected by the Ekman effect to form high sea surface height in the north and low sea surface height in the south to produce a westward current. On the other hand, strong two coexistent wind stress curls with reversing signs during the northeast monsoon produce a westward current along the line of zero curl in the middle of the strait. The distribution of the NPTW(£m£c=23.5¡ã25.5 kg/m3,S >34.5 psu) is mostly at a depth of 120¡ã130 m in the South China Sea. NPTW were traced at 125 m depth, and the result indicates that this water mass enters the South China Sea through the Luzon strait all year-round. The intrusion path is along the continental slope of south China. The extent of intrusion reaches the maximum between December and February, and the water mass can spread into the South China Sea basin.

No description available.

The circulation and gradual transformation in properties of oceanic water masses is a matter of great interest for short-term weather and biological forecasting, as well as long-term climate change. It is usually agreed that the Nordic Seas between Greenland and Norway are key to these transformations since they are an important producer of dense water, a process central to the theory of the global thermohaline circulation. In this study, one component of this deep water is examined – that formed in the Nordic Seas themselves from the inflowing North Atlantic Current. Using Lagrangian particle tracking applied to a 50-year global ocean hindcast simulation, it is concluded that only about 6% of the inflowing North Atlantic Current is thus transformed, and that most of these transformations occur in boundary currents. Furthermore, it is found that the densified North Atlantic water attains only medium depths instead of joining the deep overflows. The model’s poor representation of vertical mixing, however, limits the applicability of this study to deep water formation.

Stepped cascades are recognised for both aeration potential and energy dissipation, and have been employed in hydraulic structures for over 3,500 years. Yet little detailed information exists on their performance, especially pertaining to low-gradient cascades. This study presents a detailed investigation of both the macro and micro-scale flow properties on a low-gradient cascade (3.4º slope). Research is conducted on two large-size physical models: a 24m long multi-step cascade (10× 2.4m long steps), and a single-step model with identical step height and length. The large size of the model allows near full-scale data acquisition under controlled flow conditions, minimising potential scale effects. The study comprises three distinct components: 1. A global investigation of the general flow properties of nappe flow on a low-gradient, multi-step cascade. Unforeseen three-dimensional characteristics of the flow, including supercritical shockwaves and sidewall standing-waves downstream of nappe impact, are identified and examined by the study. Although comparable to similar phenomena at channel bends and expansions, these have not been previously described on stepped cascades. Energy dissipation on the cascade is investigated, and is found to be over twice that observed for a smooth chute of similar gradient. 2. A complete characterisation of the air-water structure of flow in a nappe regime. Significant outcomes of the analysis include: ⊕ Air-concentration Distribution: The air-concentration distribution at the lower nappe of the free-falling jet shows good agreement with an analytical solution of the diffusion equation. The experimental results from the study, and a reanalysis of existing data, indicate a distinct relationship between the turbulent diffusivity in the shear layer and distance from the step brink. This contradicts earlier investigations that assumed constant diffusivity. Strong aeration of the flow, with a large volume of spray, occurs downstream of the nappe impact. Depth-averaged air concentrations of 40% to 50% are observed within the spray region, decreasing towards the downstream end of the step. ⊕ Velocity Distribution: A theoretical analysis of the momentum transfer process imparts an improved understanding of the momentum transfer and velocity redistribution within the free-falling jet. An analytical solution based on twodimensional wake flow is developed, superseding existing solutions based upon a monophase free-mixing layer. ⊕ Bubble-frequency Distribution: A quasi-parabolic relationship between bubble frequency and time-average air concentration across a cross-section is observed. A theoretical explanation for the parabolic relationship is developed, and two correction factors are introduced to provide a better representation of the experimental data. ⊕ Air-bubble and Water-droplet Size Distributions: Chord-length distributions are compared with standard probability distributions, showing good agreement with standard Weibull, gamma and log-normal probability distributions within various regions of the flow on the step. A computer model is developed to model interaction between a bubbly transition from water to air and fluctuations of the free surface. 3. A parallel investigation of the oxygen aeration efficiency of a stepped cascade. Measured air-water property data is used to calculate the air-water interface area in bubbly flow, and to estimate the theoretical aeration efficiency of the stepped cascade based upon the integration of the mass transfer equation. The aeration performance of the stepped cascade model is also measured experimentally in terms of dissolved oxygen content. This analysis allows a unique, successful comparison of experimental dissolved oxygen measurements with the numerical integration of the mass transfer equation.

Entwickelt wurde eine Konzeption zur Erstellung und Pilotanwendung eines gekoppelten Modellsystems für Sicker- und Grundwasser (ReArMo), das die prognostische Abschätzung künftiger Entwicklungen des Grundwassers nach Menge und Beschaffenheit unter geänderten Randbedingungen (Klima, Landnutzung, Bewirtschaftung) zum Ziel hat. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Modellkopplung besteht in der Optimierung der Stickstoffdüngung bei relevanten landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben. Die zu betrachtenden Prozesse in der wechselfeuchten Bodenzone und im Grundwasser werden gemäß dem aktuellen Stand der Technik physikalisch fundiert erfasst.

A Plataforma Continental do Estado do Ceará (PCCE) foi dividida em: Plataforma Continental Externa (PCE), Plataforma Continental Média (PCM) e Plataforma Continental Interna (PCI). Os critérios físicos adotados levaram em consideração intrusões mais ou menos intensas de água tropical (AT) transportada pela Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB) em direção à costa; a intensificação dos gradientes de salinidade superficial; e a mistura entre diferentes massas de água. Durante a estação de chuva, observamos que na região da PCE a massa de Água Tropical (AT) ficou aprisionada em níveis verticais maiores que 60 m, enquanto que na PCI observamos a formação de uma pluma estuarina que ocupou os dois primeiros metros da coluna de água e provocou o rebaixamento do topo da massa de água costeira (AC), chegando a 6 km da linha de costa. A variação espaço-temporal das correntes na frequência submaregráfica mostram que a tensão de cisalhamento do vento (TCV) foi o principal agente na transferência de momentum para as águas da PCCE, gerando uma corrente de deriva polarizada para NW, paralela à direção das isóbatas, em resposta ao empilhamento de água na costa. Este comportamento, associado a espessura da camada de Ekman muito maior que a profundidade local, mostra que a dinâmica do primeiro modo de oscilação (barotópico) é dominante, gerando correntes na direção do vento forçante, como resposta à sua ação. O modo barotópico também foi dominante nas correntes de maré, com as componentes semi-diurnas (M2 e S2) caracterizando-se como as mais energéticas. A orientação normal das elipses de maré associada ao sentido horário de rotação, foram responsáveis pelas maiores velocidades de corrente na frequência maregráfica. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo numérico mostram a res\\-posta barotrópica das águas da PC a um vento estacionário com correntes para NW. Os maiores valores das corrente e elevação do nível do mar ocorreram na região mais próxima à costa. As correntes de maré e a orientação das elipses de maré obtidas com a modelagem corroboram o o comportamento dos dados observacionais. Para o estuário do Rio Jaguaribe (CE), o período de grandes descargas fluviais resultou em fluxos unidirecionais transportando volumes de 97 x 106 m3, advectando os processos de mistura para a região da PCI. Entretanto, na estação seca, a minimização dos fluxos fluviais resultou na maior atuação da maré na região, controlando a posição espacial da zona de máxima turbidez. Nesta época do ano o estuário foi classificado de acordo com parâmetros de estratificação e circulação como do tipo 2a, parcialmente misturado. / The Continental Shelf of Ceará State was divided in: External (ECS), Middle (MCS) and Inner (ICS) Continental Shelf. The physical criteria of classification considered intrusions of Tropical Water (TW) transported onshore by the North Brazil Current (NBC); intensification of surface saline gradient; and mixing of different water masses. During the rainy season, the TW was retained the ECS at levels higher than 60 m, while an estuarine plume formation was observed in the PCI, occupying the two first meters of the water column, sinking top of the coastal water mass (CW) to 6 km off coast. The space-time variation of the currents in the subtidal frequency shows that wind stress was the main agent in the momentum transfer to continental shelf waters, generating a current to NW, parallel to the direction of the isobaths, in response to the stacking of water on the coast. This behavior associated to the thickness of the Ekman layer much larger than local depth, shows the dominance of the barotropic dynamic, generating currents in the wind direction, as response to its action. The barotropic mode was also dominant in the tidal currents, with semi-diurnals components (M2 e S2) characterized as the most energetic. The normal orientation of tidal ellipses, associated to clockwise rotation, were responsible for the highest current velocities in tidal frequency in MCS. Numerical model results show a barotropic response of waters to a stationary wind, with currents to NW, and highest values of currents and sea level ocurring closer the coast. Tidal currents and tidal ellipses orientation obtained by numerical model support the observations. In relation to Jaguaribe River estuary, the period of great river input led to unidirectional flows, which transport volumes of 97 x 106 m3, advecting the mixing process to the ICS region. However, during the dry season, river input decrease resulted in a larger tide influence in the region, controlling the spatial position of the mixing zone. For this time, the estuary was classified according to the parameters of estratification and circulation as a 2a type, partially mix

A Plataforma Continental do Estado do Ceará (PCCE) foi dividida em: Plataforma Continental Externa (PCE), Plataforma Continental Média (PCM) e Plataforma Continental Interna (PCI). Os critérios físicos adotados levaram em consideração intrusões mais ou menos intensas de água tropical (AT) transportada pela Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB) em direção à costa; a intensificação dos gradientes de salinidade superficial; e a mistura entre diferentes massas de água. Durante a estação de chuva, observamos que na região da PCE a massa de Água Tropical (AT) ficou aprisionada em níveis verticais maiores que 60 m, enquanto que na PCI observamos a formação de uma pluma estuarina que ocupou os dois primeiros metros da coluna de água e provocou o rebaixamento do topo da massa de água costeira (AC), chegando a 6 km da linha de costa. A variação espaço-temporal das correntes na frequência submaregráfica mostram que a tensão de cisalhamento do vento (TCV) foi o principal agente na transferência de momentum para as águas da PCCE, gerando uma corrente de deriva polarizada para NW, paralela à direção das isóbatas, em resposta ao empilhamento de água na costa. Este comportamento, associado a espessura da camada de Ekman muito maior que a profundidade local, mostra que a dinâmica do primeiro modo de oscilação (barotópico) é dominante, gerando correntes na direção do vento forçante, como resposta à sua ação. O modo barotópico também foi dominante nas correntes de maré, com as componentes semi-diurnas (M2 e S2) caracterizando-se como as mais energéticas. A orientação normal das elipses de maré associada ao sentido horário de rotação, foram responsáveis pelas maiores velocidades de corrente na frequência maregráfica. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo numérico mostram a res\\-posta barotrópica das águas da PC a um vento estacionário com correntes para NW. Os maiores valores das corrente e elevação do nível do mar ocorreram na região mais próxima à costa. As correntes de maré e a orientação das elipses de maré obtidas com a modelagem corroboram o o comportamento dos dados observacionais. Para o estuário do Rio Jaguaribe (CE), o período de grandes descargas fluviais resultou em fluxos unidirecionais transportando volumes de 97 x 106 m3, advectando os processos de mistura para a região da PCI. Entretanto, na estação seca, a minimização dos fluxos fluviais resultou na maior atuação da maré na região, controlando a posição espacial da zona de máxima turbidez. Nesta época do ano o estuário foi classificado de acordo com parâmetros de estratificação e circulação como do tipo 2a, parcialmente misturado. / The Continental Shelf of Ceará State was divided in: External (ECS), Middle (MCS) and Inner (ICS) Continental Shelf. The physical criteria of classification considered intrusions of Tropical Water (TW) transported onshore by the North Brazil Current (NBC); intensification of surface saline gradient; and mixing of different water masses. During the rainy season, the TW was retained the ECS at levels higher than 60 m, while an estuarine plume formation was observed in the PCI, occupying the two first meters of the water column, sinking top of the coastal water mass (CW) to 6 km off coast. The space-time variation of the currents in the subtidal frequency shows that wind stress was the main agent in the momentum transfer to continental shelf waters, generating a current to NW, parallel to the direction of the isobaths, in response to the stacking of water on the coast. This behavior associated to the thickness of the Ekman layer much larger than local depth, shows the dominance of the barotropic dynamic, generating currents in the wind direction, as response to its action. The barotropic mode was also dominant in the tidal currents, with semi-diurnals components (M2 e S2) characterized as the most energetic. The normal orientation of tidal ellipses, associated to clockwise rotation, were responsible for the highest current velocities in tidal frequency in MCS. Numerical model results show a barotropic response of waters to a stationary wind, with currents to NW, and highest values of currents and sea level ocurring closer the coast. Tidal currents and tidal ellipses orientation obtained by numerical model support the observations. In relation to Jaguaribe River estuary, the period of great river input led to unidirectional flows, which transport volumes of 97 x 106 m3, advecting the mixing process to the ICS region. However, during the dry season, river input decrease resulted in a larger tide influence in the region, controlling the spatial position of the mixing zone. For this time, the estuary was classified according to the parameters of estratification and circulation as a 2a type, partially mix