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Water is one of, if not the most, valued natural resource on the planet. Over the years, the quality of Earth's waters has deteriorated primarily due to pollution. All ecosystems are highly dependent on this resource, which makes it very important to protect water from unnecessary pollution. One ecosystem that has been greatly affected by pollution, mainly as a result from runoff of fertilizers used by farmers in the region, has been the Everglades located in south Florida. As a result, the protection and desire to restore this ecosystem has become the subject for litigation in recent years. The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians is the chief litigant for the pursuit for improved water quality due to their dependence on the water of the Everglades for survival. This thesis will examine the Everglades in its entirety by providing a history of the establishment of the Everglades as well as a description of the Everglades ecosystem and the water quality. The thesis will then introduce the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians and how they have become dependent on the Everglades ecosystem. Finally, the thesis will examine the involvement of the state and federal government in the issue of water quality through various agencies and pieces of legislation. The purpose of this thesis is to then analyze several cases in which the Miccosukee Tribe has been an interested party and sought to achieve improvements for the water quality of the Everglades. In addition to the original cases, the thesis will provide subsequent case history through its most current status. The thesis will explain whether the Miccosukee Tribe has been successful in its attempt to provide strict standards for water quality and hold those in violation of these standards responsible for their actions.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24953号 / 地環博第244号 / 新制||地環||48(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 西前 出, 准教授 淺野 悟史, 教授 小林 広英 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Stacy L. Hutchinson and Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin / Ecohydrology, a sub-discipline of hydrology, deals with the ecological impacts of and interactions with the hydrological cycle. Changes in hydrology of the Great Plains rivers, and their impacts on water quality, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, and fish species distributions have been documented. The major goal of this study was to develop and test methods to analyze watershed-level ecohydrological characteristics. The specific objectives were (a) to detect past temporal trends and spatial variability in hydrologic indices, (b) to evaluate the presence and/or extent of spatial and temporal relationships between climatic and ecohydrological variables and riverine historical data on fauna species density and distribution, and (c) to assess model calibration strategies for accurate ecohydrological indicator simulation. The Kansa River Basin (KRB), which has substantial land use, soil and climate variability, as well as variation in anthropogenic drivers (dams, diversions, reservoirs, etc.), was the focus of this study. Thirty eight hydrological indicators were generated using the indicators of hydrologic alterations software for 34 stations in the KRB using 50-year streamflow records and trend analysis using Mann-Kendall, Seasonal Kendall, and Sen’s slope estimator tests. Across the KRB a decreasing trend was evident for annual mean runoff, summer and autumn mean runoff, 30-day, 90-day minimum flows, and 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, 30-day and 90-day maximum flows. Most of the significant negative trends were observed in the High Plains ecoregion. Two hydrologic indicators, high-flow pulse count and mean summer streamflow, were significantly different in streams that lost two indicator fish species, indicating that changes in streamflow have altered the fish habitat of this region. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) biophysical model calibrated using a multi-objective framework (multi-site, multivariable and multi-criteria) was able to simulate most of the ecohydrological indicators at different hydrological conditions and scales. The SWAT model provided robust performance in simulating high-flow-rate ecohydrologic indicators. However ecohydrologic indicators performance was highly dependent on the level of calibration and parameterization. The effect of calibration and parameterization on ecohydrologic indicators performance varied between watersheds and among subwatersheds.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Natalie Mladenov / The Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains contains undeveloped, barren soils, yet in this environment there is strong evidence for a microbial role in increased nitrogen (N) export. Barren soils in alpine environments are severely carbon-limited, and organic carbon (OC) is the main energy source for heterotrophic microbial activity and sustenance of life. Atmospheric deposition can contain high amounts of OC. Atmospheric pollutants, dust events, and biological aerosols, such as bacteria, may be important contributors to the atmospheric OC load. In this stage of the research we evaluated seasonal trends and annual loadings in the chemical composition and optical spectroscopic (fluorescence and UV-vis absorbance) signatures of wet deposition and dry deposition in an alpine environment, at Niwot Ridge in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to better understand the sources and chemical characteristics of atmospheric deposition. Dry deposition was found to be an important source of OC to the alpine. Wet deposition contributed substantially greater amounts of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate. There were also positive relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and ammonium, nitrate and sulfate concentrations in wet deposition, which may be derived from such sources as dust and urban air pollution. We also observed the presence of seasonally-variable fluorescent components in atmospheric samples that are different from aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM). Finally, the quality of atmospheric organic compounds reflects photodegradation during transport through the atmosphere. These results are relevant because atmospheric inputs of carbon and other nutrients may influence nitrification in barren, alpine soils and, ultimately, the export of nitrate from alpine watersheds.

This dissertation identifies and explores the dilemma of regional governance, namely how to address political and economic challenges which occur at the meso-, as opposed to local, national, or international scale. Drawing on a large body of theoretical work on decentralization and federalism, this dissertation addresses the question, how do different institutional arrangements for political, fiscal, and administrative decentralization influence the capacity of political systems to capture regional-scale externalities? It does so by examining the responses of four different political systems, two federal and two unitary, to the problem of capturing economic externalities through River Basin Management (RBM), a quintessential regional issue. RBM outcomes are operationalized in terms of efficacy of capture of both water quality and quantity externalities which occur within inter-jurisdictional river basins. Through close historical analysis of six paired case studies across the four country cases, the dissertation argues that the capacity of political systems to capture regional-scale externalities depends on the ability of sub-national jurisdictions to pursue localized preferences, which is in this dissertation referred to as sub-national territorial politics. These politics are most prevalent in federal systems, which typically accord sub-national territorial jurisdictions with greater political power and fiscal resources. These political systems feature fewer and weaker regional governance institutions, and generally less effective regional-scale externality capture, than their counterparts. This dissertation contributes to a growing "sub-national turn" in comparative politics in two ways. First, it identifies the geographically-rooted interests which often shape sub-national actor preferences, particularly with respect to natural resource issues. Second, the dissertation discerns the lack of political incentives for central governments to resolve disputes between sub-national administrative jurisdictions, particularly in the federal systems in which these units are the basis for political representation at the national level.

This paper describes the processes, methods, backgrounds, and economic challenges, of Desalination and Water Recycling and provide current examples of both. To create a baseline with which to compare the two methods, I will also delve into the history of California water policy. This complicated past is the reason water importation into Southern California remains the main method of obtaining water. Yet, as the current drought continues and technology advances, the need for imported water will become obsolete as the methods for recycling and desalinating water become less expensive, more convenient and more equitable. In the conclusion, all the methods will be compared and I will give suggestions on potential solutions for solving San Diego’s water dependence.