A simulation model analyzes cost effectiveness of remote facility monitoring for risk reduction in rural water supply systems by performing a break-even analysis that compares operating costs with manual and remote monitoring. Water system operating cost includes the value of water loss (i.e., realized risk) resulting from operating excursions which are inversely related to mechanical reliability. Reliability is controlled by facility monitoring that identifies excursions enabling operators to implement mitigating measures. Cost effectiveness refers to the cost relationship among operating alternatives that reveals changed economic conditions at different operating rates inherent in the inverse relationship between fixed and variable costs. Break-even analysis describes cost effectiveness by identifying the operating rate above which the more capital intensive alternative will result in lower operating cost. Evidence indicates that increased monitoring frequency associated with remote monitoring can reduce water system operating cost by improving reliability, but whether remote monitoring is cost effective depends upon system-specific factors. The lack of a documented tool for evaluating this type of cost effectiveness led to the project objective of developing a model that performs break-even analysis by simulating water system operating costs as functions of system size (delivery rate). When the spreadsheet-based static deterministic parametric simulation model is run for the Tazewell County, Virginia water system based upon 1998 data, break even is predicted at approximately fifty-five percent of annual capacity (116,338,000 gallons) with operating cost of $1,043,400. Maximum annual operating cost reduction from a $317,600 investment provides payback in nine years. / Master of Science

In this study, a model is developed to assess risk to a municipal water supply system under the influence of population growth and climate change. To incorporate the uncertainly in water use, a model which combines time series Monte Carlo simulations and a deterministic artificial neural network (ANN) is developed to simulate the daily water demand under climate variability. The model is then expanded in two directions. One direction is to estimate the effects of demand management programs and system expansion on the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability of the water supply system. Another direction is to capture the possible impacts of climate change on the risk of a water supply system. Twenty-six scenarios generated from different combinations of demand management programs, system expansions and Global Climate Model (GCM) scenarios were set to illustrate the risk indices: reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. To illustrate the effects of a change of precipitation frequency and a higher population growth, twenty-five additional scenarios were evaluated.

In this study, a model is developed to assess risk to a municipal water supply system under the influence of population growth and climate change. To incorporate the uncertainly in water use, a model which combines time series Monte Carlo simulations and a deterministic artificial neural network (ANN) is developed to simulate the daily water demand under climate variability. The model is then expanded in two directions. One direction is to estimate the effects of demand management programs and system expansion on the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability of the water supply system. Another direction is to capture the possible impacts of climate change on the risk of a water supply system. Twenty-six scenarios generated from different combinations of demand management programs, system expansions and Global Climate Model (GCM) scenarios were set to illustrate the risk indices: reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. To illustrate the effects of a change of precipitation frequency and a higher population growth, twenty-five additional scenarios were evaluated.

Hospital-acquired Legionnaires¡¦ Disease (LD) is a bacterial pneumonia caused by the genus of Legionella. It is an opportunistic pathogen with the characteristic of widespread distribution in the environment. Its source of infection associates with potable water systems. Proactively culturing hospital water supply for Legionella as a strategy for prevention of nosocomial LD has been widely adopted in other countries. Nosocomial LDs has been hardly reported in Taiwan. In addition, environmental cultures of Legionella in potable water systems in hospitals have not been systematically implemented. Thus, the purpose of the research is to confirm if LD presents in the hospital in Taiwan, and developing risk management strategy in hospital-acquired LD. To practice one-year prospective surveillance program for LD, we choose a military hospital in Southern Taiwan, collecting the specimens from the nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia patients for legionella investigations. In the meanwhile, we collect water samples for hospital epidemiological investigation every 3 months. Isolated Legionella pneumophila is serotyped and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. From Nov 1, 2006 to Oct 30, 2007, within 54 cases of nosocomial and 300 cases of community-acquired pneumonia, only one case of nosocomial LD was found. Environmental investigations detected L. pneumophila in 17(20.7%) of the 84 water samples, of which 82.4% (14/17) belonged to serogroup 1. The result demonstrated the infection source of the only positive case of nosocominal pneumonia is the potable water supply system of another hospital. In conclusion: 1. The infection source of nosocomial LD is the potable water supply system of the hospital. 2. The positive rate of distal outlets for L. pneumophila is a reasonable and reliable indicator in risk management for nosocomial LD. 3. Uncovered cases of nosocomial LD will be found in prospective clinical surveillance for LD. Suggestions: 1. Routine water-quality monitoring should be added in environmental water culture for L. pneumophila in the institution, such as hospital, nursing home, hotel, restaurant, SPA, swimming pool, hot spring, school, army, etc. 2. We advise that government health department carries out national surveillance for hospital water environment in determining the risk of hospital-acquired LD. 3. Education and training program need to be provided for medical staffs in the diagnostic skills of nosocomial LD to avoid misdiagnosing and delaying the treatment.

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_NeusaAparecidaSales_M.pdf: 3550514 bytes, checksum: 2963e1b4e84aea2fc6b498b7ef92c3dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A gestão de uma empresa de abastecimento de água fundamenta-se em um conjunto de dados gerais, sobre os quais se geram informações (dados tratados) através das quais são tomadas decisões de ações efetivas. As informações se traduzem normalmente em indicativos puros, tais como número de consumidores, extensão da rede, volume produzido, volume consumido, etc. As devidas relações destes indicativos ¿puros¿ podem fornecer valiosas informações de diagnostico do sistema. Tais relações são chamadas de ¿guias¿ ou indicadores de gestão. O presente trabalho coletou da literatura (de organizações de reconhecida credibilidade) um conjunto de 254 indicadores de gestão para empresas de abastecimento. Estes indicadores foram submetidos à análise, por meio de questionário apropriado, pelos diversos setores de um grupo de empresas selecionadas. O resultado das análises, fornece indícios do baixo emprego e conhecimento de indicadores de gestão por parte das empresas de abastecimento (a menos dos exigidos por parte de órgãos de financiamento). Também a falta de uma cultura de manutenção de um banco de dados atualizados, a falta de um rigor no trato destas informações, põem em duvida os valores obtidos para os indicadores utilizados como contribuição deste trabalho. Aproveitando o resultado dos questionários o trabalho estabelece um conjunto de 61 indicadores que parece atender em conjunto a todos os entrevistados sendo portanto tomados como o elenco básico de indicadores de gestão / Abstract: The management of a water suply company is based on general data. One conceive information about this data, and with these information one can take decisions of effective actions. The information are translated in pure indicators, such as number of consumers, the net length, produced and cosumed volume, etc. The proper relations between these pure indicators may supply worth information for the diagnosis of the system. Such relations are called ¿Guides¿ or management indicators. This paper has collected from the literature from the organizations that have recognized credibility a set of 254 management indicators for water supply companies. These indicators were analised, by means of proper questionnaire, by several sections from some chosen companies. The result of this analisis, shows that the water supply companies has a low use and knowledge of these management indicators except those that are required by the finance companies. Also the lack of a culture of maintenance of updated data, the lack of a rigor in treat these information, make the values got to the indicators used as a contribuition for this paper doubtful. Using the questionnaires result this paper establish a set of 61 indicators that seems to serve all the interwied people and so they are used as the basic management indicadores / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Water scarcity has caused severe impact on the entire ecosphere while the climate change is resulting in high frequency of extreme weather conditions, especially extended period of drought. Due to the even increasing world’s population and the continued societal modernization, water scarcity is now one of the leading global challenges towards the development of human society. On the other hand, atmospheric water, accounting for 6 times the water in all rivers on Earth, is emerging as an alternative water resource. This dissertation thoroughly investigated the fully solar energy driven atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) process in a broad scientific and application context. The light-to-heat conversion process of solar photothermal materials was investigated first with a rationally designed droplet-laser system, which in combination with the calculation of heat of absorption of water vapor for various application scenarios, formed a theoretical basis of this dissertation research. As a result, a series of commonly used hydrated salts and their anhydrous counterparts were judiciously selected and successfully proven to be low-cost AWH materials to generate clean fresh water for arid regions. A hydrogel-deliquescent salt composite was further developed as AWH material with a significantly enhanced fresh water production capacity. A new design of nano-capsule encapsulated deliquescent salt was further put forward to enhance water vapor sorption/desorption kinetics, which enabled, for the first time, multiple sorption/desorption cycles within one day and thus multiplied water production capacity. The first-ever continuous AWH device, as opposed to batch-type one, was rationally designed, fabricated, and successfully tested in field conditions outdoors. At last, the dissertation pioneered a novel concept of atmospheric water sorption and desorption cycle for photovoltaic (PV) panel cooling. This dissertation shines significant light on sorption based atmospheric water harvesting and inspires more research efforts on this important research topic.

Water supply system planning is concerned about the design of water supply infrastructure for distributing water from sources to users. Population growth, economic development and diminishing freshwater supplies are posing growing challenges for water supply system planning in many urban areas. Besides the need to exploit alternative water sources to the conventional surface and groundwater supplies, such as reclaimed water, a systematic point of view has to be taken for the efficient management of all potential water resources, so that issues of water supply, storage, treatment and reuse are not considered separately, but rather in the context of their interactions. The focus of this dissertation is to develop mathematical models and optimization algorithms for water supply system planning, where the interaction of different system components is explicitly considered. A deterministic nonlinear programming model is proposed at first to decide pipe and pump sizes in a regional water supply system for satisfying given potable and non-potable user demands over a certain planning horizon. A branch-and-bound algorithm based on the reformulation-linearization technique is then developed for solving the model to global optimality. To handle uncertainty in the planning process, a stochastic programming (SP) model and a robust optimization (RO) model are successively proposed to deal with random water supply and demand and the risk of facility failure, respectively. Both models attempt to make the decision of building some additional treatment and recharge facilities for recycling wastewater on-the-site. While the objective of the SP model is to minimize the total system design and expected operation cost, the RO model tries to achieve a favorable trade-off between system cost and system robustness, where the system robustness is defined in terms of meeting given user demands against the worst-case failure mode. The Benders decomposition method is then applied for solving both models by exploiting their special structure.

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is a system where cyber and physical components work in a complex co-ordination to provide better performance. By exploiting the communication infrastructure among the sensors, actuators, and control systems, attackers may compromise the security of a CPS. In this dissertation, security measures for different types of attacks/ faults in two CPSs, water supply system (WSS) and smart grid system, are presented. In this context, I also present my study on energy management in Smart Grid. The techniques for detecting attacks/faults in both WSS and Smart grid system adopt Kalman Filter (KF) and χ2 detector. The χ2 -detector can detect myriad of system fault- s/attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) attack, short term and long term random attacks. However, the study shows that the χ2 -detector is unable to detect the intelligent False Data Injection attack (FDI). To overcome this limitation, I present a Euclidean detector for smart grid which can effectively detect such injection attacks. Along with detecting attack/faults I also present the isolation of the attacked/faulty nodes for smart grid. For isolation the Gen- eralized Observer Scheme (GOS) implementing Kalman Filter is used. As GOS is effective in isolating attacks/faults on a single sensor, it is unable to isolate simultaneous attacks/faults on multiple sensors. To address this issue, an Iterative Observer Scheme (IOS) is presented which is able to detect attack on multiple sensors. Since network is an integral part of the future CPSs, I also present a scheme for pre- serving privacy in the future Internet architecture, namely MobilityFirst architecture. The proposed scheme, called Anonymity in MobilityFirst (AMF), utilizes the three-tiered ap- proach to effectively exploit the inherent properties of MF Network such as Globally Unique Flat Identifier (GUID) and Global Name Resolution Service (GNRS) to provide anonymity to the users. While employing new proposed schemes in exchanging of keys between different tiers of routers to alleviate trust issues, the proposed scheme uses multiple routers in each tier to avoid collaboration amongst the routers in the three tiers to expose the end users.

Watersheds are fundamental systems for supporting the needs of society, yet the availability of water within natural watersheds often does not align with the growing demands of human activities. This disparity frequently compels cities and agricultural hubs to depend on water sources well beyond their local watersheds, facilitating water transfers that support the production of food, energy, and essential water supplies. However, the lack of detailed data on these extended water supply chains obscures the dependencies on distant watersheds, leaving many hydrological vulnerabilities unaddressed and threatening the sustainability of these water resources. This dissertation seeks to bridge this gap by identifying connections between water users and the watersheds that sustain them, while also examining the environmental impacts associated with these connections, particularly in terms of water and carbon footprints. Central to this research is the examination of how U.S. water supply systems rely on a network of watersheds, both local and distant, connected through infrastructure. A key component of this dissertation involves creating a comprehensive inventory of interbasin water transfers (IBTs), which reveals the collective contributions of multiple watersheds to societal water supply. Our comprehensive IBT datasets represent all known transfers of untreated water that cross subregions, characterizing a total of 617 IBT projects. The infrastructure-level data made available by these data products can be used to close water budgets, connect water supplies to water use, and better represent human impacts within hydrologic and ecosystem models. Additionally, the findings raise concerns about potential future water conflicts, particularly in water-stressed regions, underscoring the importance of this infrastructure-level data for improving the representation of human impacts in water management strategies and hydrologic modeling. The linkage between water sources and users also entails certain resource uses behind the scenes to ensure the supply of water at a desired quality and quantity. Water supply systems involve energy-intensive processes, while energy production, particularly in thermoelectric power plants, relies heavily on water and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This interdependency poses challenges in arid regions and population centers, where high water demands strain energy systems and droughts impact power production. Such challenges highlight the need for integrated water and energy management approaches. The water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions linked to electricity generation should be attributed to end users as indirect water usage and emissions. This dissertation introduces a modeling framework to estimate geographical and temporal variations in indirect water and greenhouse gas intensities associated with electricity consumption. It aligns with the U.S. Department of Energy's energyshed framework, which emphasizes linking local energy production with regional consumption to enhance resilience and reduce environmental impacts. Additionally, it highlights how the energy mix influences these intensity metrics across different regions and timeframes. By integrating the flows of virtual water embedded in electricity use with physical water flows through water supply system, this dissertation explores the role of infrastructure in supplying water to end users located in local and distant basins. These infrastructures enable the movement of both physical and virtual water, often sourced from distant watersheds, revealing the extensive dependencies of water consumers, particularly in urban areas, on remote water resources. Although virtual water transfers across basin boundaries were not classified as IBTs here due to the absence of physical infrastructure transporting the water, understanding these dependencies can aid in reducing risks in domestic water supply chains. Additionally, sustaining this water supply system results in direct and indirect emissions, which are attributed to water end users. This dissertation also maps the geographic locations of these emissions, emphasizing the environmental impact of water use through the water supply system. Looking forward, the dissertation acknowledges that future policies and climate conditions could impact water supply systems and their environmental footprints. As a case study, this dissertation examines the hydrological implications associated with the retirement of fossil fuel-fired power plants within the context of U.S. decarbonization policies. As the nation transitions to a lower-carbon energy system, water use for fossil fuel-fired electricity generation is expected to decline significantly. This reduction in water demand will likely result in increased streamflow and water availability in many U.S. rivers, providing new opportunities to reallocate water resources for the benefit of local ecosystems and water users. This comprehensive examination of the water-energy nexus provides valuable insights that are critical for policymakers, infrastructure planners, and stakeholders. Key findings from this dissertation include the identification of IBTs and their role in supporting urban and agricultural water demands, as well as highlighting potential future conflicts in water-stressed regions. The research also reveals the significant indirect water use and greenhouse gas emissions linked to electricity consumption, providing an understanding of how the energy mix affects these metrics. By utilizing the developed data products and modeling frameworks, this dissertation serves as a tool for comprehensive assessments of sectoral water and carbon footprints while linking these footprints to their supply sources. Additionally, the study shows how retiring fossil fuel power plants under decarbonization policies can lead to increased water availability, presenting new opportunities for water reallocation to support ecosystems and local water needs. By connecting water users with their sources and mapping the environmental footprints of water supply systems, the dissertation offers critical data-driven recommendations for reducing water resource and infrastructure risks. These findings are essential for ensuring sustainable and resilient water and energy management in the face of increasing demand and climate change pressures. / Doctor of Philosophy / Watersheds play a vital role in providing the water we use daily, but there's often a gap between available water and the growing demand from homes, farms, and businesses. This gap can lead to hidden challenges and complicate sustainable water management. This dissertation aims to better connect water users with their sources and highlight the environmental impacts of water use, including carbon footprints. One key focus is the link between water and energy. Ensuring water availability at a desired quality and quantity requires energy, and power plants need water for cooling. In dry areas, this creates challenges, as dependency on distant water sources puts extra strain on energy systems, while power plants are vulnerable to water shortages. Managing both water and energy together is crucial in these regions. The dissertation develops detailed datasets and modeling frameworks to explore water and energy interactions across the U.S., sectoral dependency on interbasin water transfers (IBTs), and the associated environmental consequences. These water transfers significantly affect water availability, raising concerns about future water conflicts in stressed areas. The study also investigates the "virtual water" use and greenhouse gas emission in electricity production and how it connects to the end users of electricity. Looking ahead, the study considers how efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the U.S. may impact water and energy management. A shift toward cleaner energy could also decrease water use in power plants, potentially freeing up water for other local needs. The findings provide essential insights for policymakers aiming to manage water and energy resources more sustainably amidst rising demand and climate change.

Energy efficiency is currently a hot topic on all regional, national, and global stages. Accurate measurements on how energy is being used over a period of time can improve performance of the drinking water utility substantially and reduce energy consumption. Nevertheless, the drinking water industry does not have a specific benchmarking practice to evaluate its energy performance of the system. Therefore, there are no standards to compare energy use between water utilities that have a variety of system characteristics. The goal of this research is to develop quantitative approach to select energy benchmarking parameters of the water system, so the drinking water utilities can use those parameters to improve their energy efficiency. In addition to a typical benchmarking of drinking water utilities, the energy benchmarking can specifically compare energy efficiency of a utility with other utilities nationwide. The research developed a regression model based on the statistical representation of the energy use and descriptive characteristics of the drinking water utilities data throughout the U.S. Methodologies to eliminate singularity and multicollinearity from collinear survey dataset are discussed. The all possible regressions were chosen as parameters selection methodology to identify a subset of most significant parameters, i.e. system characteristics, that can mathematically correspond to energy use across different utilities. As a result, the energy benchmarking would be able to calculate the predicted total energy use of the system from given system characteristics. / Master of Science