Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-269). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2008. / Release of full electronic text in OhioLINK has been delayed until November 30, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 339-381)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. Release of full electronic text in OhioLINK has been delayed until November 30, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 339-381)

Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Peter C. Chu. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: Water; Adsorption; Molecular simulation; Nanoporous materials. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-119).

No description available.

The diploma thesis is based on long-term monitoring of small watersheds in the Šumava region, differences and trends in the water chemistry in the years 1998 - 2015 and the differences in water balance and erosion of solutes in the years 2008 2015 are evaluated. Comparing average rainfall-runoff relationship on the catchments revealed little difference between the basins of the Horský (wetland) stream (runs off 37 %) and Bukový (forest) stream (32 %), while the basin of Mlýnský (drained pasture) creek runs off 60 % of incident precipitation. Basin of drained pastures Mlýnský - showed worsening of the parameters, which are expressed in lower proportion of water retained in the basin and also a higher proportion of dissolved solids in the effluent water. This corresponds to the overall erosion of substances from the basin, which is evident from the results, both forest and wetland basin matters detained while the drained basin is losing them for a long time. Only in the case of nitrate, ammonia, Ca2+ and Mg2+ loads from the forest and wetland basin are three times lower than the load from the drained pastures. For PO43- it is about one third less and in the case of SO42-, Cl-, K+ and Na+ it is about one half less.

Autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an exotic species that was introduced in the U. S. in the 1800's and widely promoted as an ideal plant for erosion control, wildlife habitat and soil remediation. N-fixation by autumn-olive through a symbiotic relationship with actinomycete Frankia, can alter nitrogen cycling and potentially impair water quality through nitrate leaching. Furthermore, legacy effects of accumulated N following vegetative management and restoration efforts are unknown in areas invaded by autumn-olive. The first objective of this research was to determine if there was a relationship between autumn-olive cover and stream nitrate-N (NO3--N) concentration in twelve forested headwater watersheds in southern Illinois. Secondly, changes in autumn-olive cover and stream nitrogen concentrations were assessed by comparing current results to data collected 6 years prior. Nine of the study watersheds had significantly greater autumn-olive percent cover in 2012 compared to 2006 and mean stream NO3--N concentration significantly increased from 2006 to 2012 in all watersheds. Also, a significant exponential relationship was found between stream NO3--N concentration and autumn-olive percent cover. The long term effects of autumn-olive management on N cycling were also investigated by implementing three different vegetation treatments on invaded areas: cutting of autumn-olive trees (CU), cutting and stump herbicide application (CH) and a no treatment application or control (CO). Treated plots showed that soil NO3--N increased temporarily due to the disturbance. However, after the initial post treatment period of one year, soil water NO3--N concentrations on treated plots shifted, so that CH plots had significantly lower levels of NO3--N than in CO plots. Soil water NO3--N in CU plots also decreased, but it was not significantly different from CH plots. Subsequently, soil water NO3--N declined on CH plots, reaching the lowest levels in the third and fourth year after treatment. Reduction in soil water NO3--N in CH plots was not accompanied by differences among treatments in soil N mineralization rates or soil C:N ratios indicating persistent high nitrification rates contributing to mineralization under treated and control plots. These results demonstrate that encroachment of autumn-olive can transform N cycles in natural areas and affect water quality by saturating the soil with mobile forms of N that are leached out of the system. Significant rates of soil N cycling can persist for years after removal of autumn-olive due to the cycling of legacy N in soils and litter. Nevertheless, the cut and stump herbicide application treatment produced positive vegetation management results by halting N-fixation, controlling autumn-olive re-sprouting and by gradually decreasing N availability and NO3--N flushing in treated areas. Treatment of autumn-olive should have an impact on stream water quality in headwater watersheds, given the significant observed relationship between autumn-olive cover and stream nitrogen levels.

Orientador: Eduardo Alves de Almeida / Banca: Luis Octavio Regasini / Banca: Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira / Resumo: Dentre os efeitos negativos da exposição a poluentes nos animais aquáticos podemos destacar o estresse oxidativo, uma produção exacerbada de espécies reativas de oxigênio, consequentemente, uma cascata de eventos bioquímicos denominados peroxidação lipídica (PL) ocorrem tendo como principal produto o malondialdeído (MDA). Assim, ainda que o aumento dos níveis de MDA esteja relacionado a intoxicação por poluentes, alguns trabalhos têm mostrado uma diminuição do MDA frente a essa exposição, mesmo com alterações em enzimas antioxidantes. Deste modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar se possíveis decréscimos nos níveis de MDA em peixes Astyanax altiparanae expostos a contaminantes ambientais pode ter relação com aumentos na atividade de defesas antioxidantes, aumentos na atividade da ALDH ou excreção do MDA na água. Assim, os lambaris foram expostos a misturas de metais (cádmio e cobre) nas concentrações 40 e 100 μg/L e a biodiesel B5 nas concentrações de 0,001, 0,01 e 0,1 mL/L para verificar a relação entre MDA e as enzimas antioxidantes, em amostras de brânquia e fígado. Um segundo experimento, injetando MDA nos espécimes foi realizado, nestes organismos, foram injetados intraperitonealmente doses de 10 mg/kg e 100 mg/kg de MDA com coleta do material biológico após 5 dias para avaliar o efeito do MDA no fígado e na brânquia do lambari. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar a metabolização do MDA em brânquia e fígado e sangue com coleta de material biológico e água nos tempos zero (logo após receber a dose), 1 e 12 horas. Nestes experimentos a metabolização do MDA foi observada pela atividade da enzima aldeído desidrogenase (ALDH) e as enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glicose - 6- fosfatodesidrogenase (G6PDH) e a de biotransformação glutationa S-transferase (GST), peróxidos... / Abstract: Among the adverse effects of exposure to pollutants in aquatic animals, we can highlight oxidative stress, which can be caused due to an exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species along with a cascade of biochemical events. During this cascade, one of oxidative consequences we can observe is called lipid peroxidation (LPO) with its main product malondialdehyde (MDA). Thus, although the increase in MDA levels is related to intoxication by pollutants, some studies have shown a decrease in MDA levels in aquatic organisms exposed to pollutants, even with significant improvment in antioxidant enzymes. Thus, this study aimed to assess the relationship among the reduced MDA levels in Astyanax altiparanae fish exposed to environmental contaminants, and increased antioxidant defenses and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, or excretion of MDA in the water. In this way, the fishes were exposed to mixtures of metals (cadmium or copper) at concentrations of 40 g/L and 100 g/L and to B5 biodiesel in concentrations of 0.001 mL/L, 0.01 mL/L and 0.1 mL/L in order to verify the relation between MDA and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, and gill samples. We performed a second experiment by injecting MDA in the fish specimens. We intraperitoneally injected doses of 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of MDA. After 5 days, we collected the liver and gill in order to evaluate the effect of MDA in the fishes. A third experiment was conducted to investigate MDA metabolization in blood, gill and liver samples, through collection of biological material and water at zero time (shortly after receiving the same intraperitoneal injections as in the second experiment), 1 and 12 hours after the injections. In these experiments, the MDA metabolization was monitored by the activity of ALDH and by the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ... / Mestre

Orientador: Bernardino Ribeiro de Figueiredo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:22:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stolfi_CarolinaMarques_M.pdf: 4433167 bytes, checksum: 5a41f046700c4a83b93f0bad92a31cc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A importância dos fragmentos de mata para o equilíbrio ecológico e regulação microclimática de regiões é amplamente reconhecida. Não obstante, os fragmentos de mata urbanos encontram-se sob forte pressão antrópica. A ARIE Santa Genebra está inserida nesse cenário. Abriga três nascentes que contribuem para os Ribeirões Quilombo e das Pedras, importantes na porção norte do município de Campinas. Estudos sobre os prováveis impactos na qualidade das águas da Reserva e do seu entorno são escassos. Este estudo contemplou a análise de amostras de água, coletadas em 15 estações, sendo três poços piezométricos, 3 nascentes da reserva e estações ao longo dos corpos hídricos do entorno, nos meses de fevereiro e setembro de 2008. Também foram analisadas 4 amostras de solo da reserva, nas profundidades 0-20 e 20-40 cm. Nas águas foram analisados parâmetros físicoquímicos e microbiológicos, utilizados na determinação do IQA. As concentrações de íons e elementos maiores e traço foram determinadas, respectivamente, utilizando-se a cromatografia de íons e ICP-MS. Os solos foram analisados por fluorescência de raios X. Esse estudo revelou que a qualidade das águas exteriores e pontos limítrofes da mata é muito inferior a das águas de nascentes e poços mais protegidos da reserva. Concentrações elevadas de Na (26,4 mg/L), NO3 -(12,4 mg/L), Ba (157,9 mg/L) e Mn (157,1 mg/L), foram encontradas nas amostras de água coletadas na ARIE, relacionadas ao saneamento inadequado e a agricultura. Nos corpos hídricos externos à mata foram observados índices elevados de NO2 - (14,6 mg/L), NH4 (16,6 mg/L) e SO4 2- (178,0 mg/L), associados a descargas de efluentes, além de concentrações expressivas de Al, Mn e Sr observadas em alguns pontos que recebem descargas de efluentes. De acordo com os valores de IQA, as águas da reserva apresentam qualidade boa e regular e as águas do entorno apresentam qualidade péssima nas áreas sob forte influência antrópica. A análise de agrupamento revelou que as águas coletadas em nascente e poços piezômetricos protegidos, formam um cluster de composição química similar e com maior grau de preservação. Os solos nesses pontos revelam concentrações de metais e outros elementos condizentes a solos naturais. É aqui sugerido considerar as composições químicas das amostras N05 e PP14 como indicativas do background geoquímico e como valores de referência natural para os estudos sobre qualidade das águas superficiais da ARIE de Santa Genebra e região. Os resultados desta pesquisa são os primeiros desta natureza obtidos na região da Mata Santa Genebra / Abstract: The importance of forest fragments for ecological and microclimate equilibrium in a region is widely acknowledged. However, the urban forests in industrialized areas often undergo enormous pressure from human activities. The Santa Genebra in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is not an exception. Three water springs in the protected area contribute to the important Ribeirão das Pedras and Ribeirão Quilombo catchments. Despite of scientific interests in the area, environmental assessment of local waters is still scarce. Natural water was sampled at 15 sites from springs and wells inside the reserve as well from the creeks in surrounding areas in February and September 2008. The water quality parameters were measured in situ and the chemical composition of water was determined by íon chromatography and ICP-MS. In addition, the chemical composition of 4 soil samples (depth 0-20 and 20-40 cm) from the reserve was determined by X-ray fluorescence. Additional data were obtained from physical-chemical and biologic essays and Water Quality Indices were then calculated for each water sampling station. As expected, water from outside creeks and from the borders of the forest yield WQI much lower than water from springs and wells more protected in the forest interior. Elevated concentrations of Na and NO3 - were noted in interior waters as well as of Ba and Mn probably in response to inadequate sanitary system and application of fertilizers. In the external water bodies excessive concentrations of NO2 -, NH3 and SO4 2- as well as of Al, Mn and Sr were also found indicating domestic sewage and industry effluent inputs. Application of WPGA cluster analysis yielded a group of water samples (N05, PP13 and PP14) with very similar chemical composition. At these sites, the metal and other elements concentrations in soil resemble those of non contaminated areas. These waters with least pollution interference are proposed here to represent the local geochemical background to be used in water quality assessment in the Santa Genebra forest and region. The results of the present study are the first of this kind produced for the Santa Genebra area / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências