論文(碩士)--香港中文大學, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (l. [79-85). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang zhong wen da xue.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1993. / Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1994. 21 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 577-592).

Facing drought and water shortages, many regions of the United States and the world have been forced to improve water resources management. In water-stressed areas of the US, water conservation has become the most economically viable water supply option available. As such, water conservation efforts are an increasingly popular method of demand management and have proven effective at various scales throughout the country. Many states in the arid southwest, including Texas, have incorporated water conservation strategies into their state water plans to reduce demand during drought conditions. At the 2013 Summit for the Texas Regional Alliance for Campus Sustainability (TRACS), water conservation was identified as a critical issue for higher education institutes (HEI) across the state. HEIs are analogous to small cities in terms of their resource use, and can also serve as test labs for sustainability concepts and resource management strategies. In response to concerns about water scarcity, TRACS launched an evaluation of water conservation strategies across Texas’ HEI campuses. The project collected data focused on the use of water conservation methods and their perceived effectiveness in irrigation and landscaping, building use, and utilities. Additionally, water conservation educational efforts, and the goals and policies of HEIs were considered. The objectives of the project were to collaborate with Texas HEIs, compile a database of best practices, and identify regional preferences in a state with varying climates and water resources. The results of the survey determined that native and adaptive plants were the most-widely used water conservation method for irrigation and landscaping as well the most effective strategy. In buildings, low-flow plumbing was reported to be the most widely-used and also most effective water conservation method. A variety of water conservation measures were used in utilities; metering, maintenance, and recycling water were viewed as most effective. While many HEIs reported offering opportunities for students to learn or participate in research about water conservation, only half reported offering workshops or courses for managerial staff and faculty. Education for staff and faculty is a particularly important area for improvement, as many staff members are closely involved in managing water use across campuses. Many of the HEIs reported having water conservation policies in place or pending and some participating HEIs reported having target reduction plans and involvement with agencies related to water conservation. It is important for the administration of educational institutions to put policies and plans in place to guide the everyday operations of a campus. HEIs in the state are making great strides in water conservation, but establishing a network to share best practices and improvements could significantly enhance campus water conservation initiatives. / text

13 pp. / The Make a Splash with Project WET Arizona Water Festival program is in its ninth year and served 12 communities in the 2008-2009 school year. The program trained 622 volunteers to deliver engaging water education to 6,924 fourth graders and their 313 teachers. With the support of the Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Project WET has conducted a summative evaluation, and is able to use that information to further increase the effectiveness of the program while simultaneously documenting successes in student learning and community engagement in water education.

Water security is becoming an increasing concern for communities in the southwestern United States. Projected decreases in water availability due to climate change combined with increased demands from a rapidly growing population have many concerned about the sustainability of the water supply in coming years. As water availability becomes an increasing concern, greater efficiencies must be made to increase the resilience of the water supply system. This dissertation analyzes the efforts of Tucson, Arizona households to conserve water during the hottest and driest decade in the city's recorded history, between 2000 and 2009. This study utilizes survey data to statistically examine the motivations for household adoption of five conservation methods: rainwater harvesting systems, graywater systems, xeriscaping, high-efficiency devices and volunteerism for public water conservation projects. Following the statistical analysis, interviews were conducted with participants to provide further context for analyzing the results. This mixed method approach reveals that drought alone did little to directly encourage household water conservation over the decade. However, public water conservation initiatives that were launched during the decade made a significant contribution to increasing household water conservation. Households consistently cited a desire for more information about the implications of the current drought status as well as additional information about their individual household's water use.

No description available.

Municipal water distribution systems are operated and maintained by utilities whose first priority is the safe and reliable provision of drinking water to consumers. The cost to move and treat water through distribution networks is significant and can account for up to 80% of a utility’s energy costs. As these networks age, operating and maintenance costs continue to increase due to higher incidences of leaks and breaks and increased pipe friction leading to higher energy use. Many utilities are considering water conservation as a strategy to reducing their energy consumption by reducing the amount of water being pumped and treated in their jurisdictions. This work studies the pumping energy response of a distribution system when water conservation strategies are implemented in small geographic areas in the network. A water conservation plan is tailored to each defined area by specifying which conservation measures are feasible to implement, desired by the customer, and are attractive to the utility based on a potential return on investment in the form of reduced electricity bills to pump and treat water. Energy intensity and energy elasticity indicators are developed to assess the mechanical energy used in a network to distribute water to end-users. A case study for the City of Kingston water distribution system is presented. The distribution system studied indicated that when water conservation strategies produced marginal water savings, the energy response was inelastic to changes in water demand. The amount of energy required to move one cubic metre of water through the network increased with higher water savings because the percent savings of water was higher than the percent savings of pumping energy. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-31 14:20:18.363

Residential irrigation efficiency is a long-term concern for any community that faces water supply stress. When ability to raise water prices is constrained, public education and conservation programs can produce reduced water usage. Understanding the factors behind residential irrigation efficiency allows the design of more effective conservation campaigns. Combining site-specific water budgets with usage data for four hundred homes in North Texas enables quantifying efficient irrigation behavior. A survey of homeowners tests for the presence of conservation-positive attitudes and the knowledge required to implement those attitudes. The influence of neighbors’ watering habits is investigated using spatial clustering tools. Findings are analyzed in the context of an attitude, knowledge, and habit model of conservation behavior. The presence of automatic irrigation systems, small irrigated areas, and having knowledge of the amount that one waters one’s lawn are found to contribute to more intensive irrigation. Mixed evidence for small-scale clustering in irrigation intensity is presented.

This study examines whether water conservation is actually being incorporated into municipal water management practices. The development of a conservation policy from a general goal declaration to specific programmatic practices is reviewed for a Texas state water agency, the Texas Water Development Board. From January 1986 through September 1989, 102 political units in Texas applied to the Board for water-related loan funds and thus were required to implement municipal water conservation plans. Two aspects of this conversation policy are assessed: one, the Board's procedural arrangements for the development and review of water conservation plans, and two, the conservation plans of each political unit. It is concluded that Texas state water managers, and local manager also, have yet to incorporate conservation as a significant planning tool for the achievement of water management goals.

This thesis describes an automatic Rinse Tank Control System used in detection and removal of contaminating agents from industrial plating rinse tanks. It automatically monitors the purity of the rinse water in sixteen separate rinse tanks, and permits fresh water to enter the tanks only when the conductivity of the rinse water in each tank exceeds a predetermined level. Its use will result in large savings in consumption of fresh water and the subsequent reduction in discharge of effluent to the treatment plants.