A água é um recurso natural imprescindível para a sobrevivência. Sua preservação está atrelada à atividade cotidiana do homem. Sensibilizar os estudantes sobre a necessidade da sua preservação através do uso consciente é uma alternativa para garantir água potável para as gerações futuras. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar, implementar e analisar uma sequência didática sobre o tema “Água”, contemplando diferentes estratégias no ensino de Ciências para o 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, estabelecendo um processo avaliativo contínuo, que rompesse as relações de poder construídas no cotidiano da sala de aula e tornasse professores e estudantes parceiros na avaliação e aprendizagem. Foram utilizadas diferentes estratégias didáticas para desenvolver as atividades, tais como experimentos, problematização, observação, trabalhos em grupo, vídeos, construção de sínteses, entre outras, na tentativa de se atender às individualidades de cada estudante. A sequência didática foi construída ao longo de 2015 com uma “turma ideal”, mas necessitou de ajustes para funcionar com a turma de testagem em 2016, uma vez que esta ultima era bastante heterogênea e mais difícil de trabalhar do que a primeira. Como resultados, observou-se que os estudantes manifestaram grande interesse em participar das atividades propostas, tanto na turma piloto, quanto na turma de testagem. Além disso, em ambas verificou-se que houve construção de conhecimentos. Concluiu-se que ao propor diferentes estratégias para a construção de conhecimento sobre o tema possibilitou aos estudantes uma visão global dos conceitos fundamentais sobre água, favorecendo as relações entre o saber científico e o cotidiano, além de permitir uma ressignificação de valores visando o consumo consciente e a preservação deste recurso natural essencial à vida. O produto final deste estudo é um guia didático de Ciências para o Ensino Fundamental, que descreve procedimentos para uma abordagem diferenciada dos conteúdos referentes ao tema água. / Water is an indispensable natural resource for survival. Its preservation is linked to human daily activities. Making the students aware about the necessity of its preservation through conscious use is an alternative to guarantee drinking water for the future generations. In this context, this research had as objective to elaborate, implement and analyze a didactic sequence on the theme "Water", contemplating different strategies in the teaching of Sciences for the sixth year of Elementary School, establishing a continuous evaluation process that would break the relations of power built in the everyday classroom and make teachers and students partners in evaluation and learning. There were used several didactic strategies to develop the activities, such as experiments, questioning, observation, group works, videos, synthesis construction, among others, in an attempt to meet the individualities of each student. The didactic sequence was constructed during 2015 with an "ideal class", but it needed adjustments to work with the test group in 2016, since the latter was quite heterogeneous and more difficult to work than the first. As a result, it was observed that the students showed great interest in participating in the proposed activities, both in the pilot group and in the test group. In addition, in both, it was verified that there was construction of knowledge. As a result, it was observed that the students showed great interest in participating in the proposed activities, both in the pilot group and in the test group. In addition, in both, it was verified that there was construction of knowledge. It was concluded that in proposing different strategies for the construction of knowledge on the subject, it was possible for the students to have a global view of the fundamental concepts on water, favoring the relations between scientific and everyday knowledge, as well as allowing a re-signification of values aiming at conscious consumption and the preservation of this natural resource essential for life. The final product of this study is a didactic guide of Sciences for the Elementary School, which describes procedures for a differentiated approach of the contents related to the theme water.

M.Ing. / Water demand prediction can be useful for future planning and has a significant economic effect on a city, town or suburb. There are numerous factors influencing water demand and therefore influencing the prediction thereof. The effect of each of these factors on the water demand is called the elasticity of that factor. The main aim of this study is to determine area and income elasticities of demand. This will enable the reader to predict water demand by taking stand size (area) and income into account. The stand value of each user was used as a surrogate for the income of that user. Another aim of this study is to compare average water demands for different cities and towns in Gauteng, South Africa with each other. Over 190 000 users' data were used for this study.

The production of food is the biggest water consumer and it is required to meet the growing demand of food from a growing population and changing diets. Water can be dislocated indirectly in its hidden virtual form in traded food products as the water that is needed to produce the product locally. East Africa is a generally water scarce region, often ignored in scientific literature and characterized by a currently fast-growing population and overall economy, resulting in ongoing dietary change of people with growing incomes. The aim of this thesis is to estimate the current amount of water demand as virtual water to produce food for the present and future global change scenarios facing higher temperatures and higher food demand with growing populations. By using the CLIMWAT-model and CROPWAT-database, the virtual water content of all national produced agricultural commodities is summarized as its water footprint and put into relation to the national water availability. The results of the ratio between water footprint and availability show that Somalia’s, Kenya’s and Djibouti‘s food production water demand has exceeded the water availability before 2014. Tanzania and Ethiopia are expected to join these countries between 2014 and 2030. The impact of virtual water trade and global warming balance each other out with 2.23 and 2.45% of change of the water footprint and availability ratio. Meat production consumes twice as much water than crop production with only 5% of the total food weight, making livestock the key driver of virtual water development.

In the theoretical part, I mentioned the project management of buildings and the construction of prices in construction. In the next section I have described the building site and its water supply requirements. Finally, I have dealt with the cost of water and its consumption. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the influence of water prices on the cost of construction. I transferred this analysis to the model building in the practical part of the thesis. I determined the water consumption during construction, and then I analyzed the impact of the change in water prices on the construction cost.

This thesis is a part of the water development project conducted by Svenskt Vatten, which is the Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (SWWA) as well as Tyréns, a consultancy company with offices based in Stockholm, Sweden. Prior to this thesis work, a quality assessment was conducted for some of the locations provided by municipalities in Sweden. This thesis builds upon the revised water consumption data, and also continues to work with validating and modifying the water measurement data in order to proceed with the next step of the water development project, which is to identify any trends in the temporal variation of water consumption. The main objective of this thesis work is to investigate the influence of climatic, time-related and categorical factors on water consumption data collected for different regions in Sweden, and includes a number of different sectors such as residential, industrial and agricultural water user sectors. For the analysis of data, spectral analysis and sinusoidal modelling will be applied in order to find the periodicity of the data, and then simulate the fitted sinusoidal equation to the observed water consumption data for the hourly interval period. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to assess what independent variables such as climate, time-related and categorical variables can explain the variation in water consumption over hourly and daily periods of time.  Spectral analysis identifies high peaks in the spectral density of the data at 12 and 24 hour cycles, for the hourly water consumption data. For the total daily consumption of water, there is a peak at 7 days, which clarifies that there is a weekly pattern occurring throughout the year. The results from the simple linear regression analysis, where the linear relationship between temperature and water consumption was determined, reveals that the water consumption tends to increase within an increasing temperature, where in Lönashult, Alvesta municipality the water demand increased by 5.5% with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, at a threshold of 12 ºC. For Kalix municipality the three areas selected have around 1-2 % increase in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature for the period of May to December. In Gothenburg, areas that were mixed villa areas or areas with summer homes there was a rise of around 2-12 % in water demand, however areas that are situated in the inner city Gothenburg, or that have majority student housing, the water consumption tends to decrease by 2-7% in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, with a threshold of 12 ºC. In multiple regression analysis, the hourly water consumption results in adjusted R2 values were in the range from 0.58 to 0.87 (58-87%) for the best model approach and therefore has a significant relationship between water consumption and the explanatory variables chosen for this study. For the daily water consumption, the adjusted R2 values were in the range of 0.22-0.83 (22-83%).  The adjusted R2 values are lower for certain areas and can be explained by a number of factors, such as the different variables used for the daily water consumption analysis, as variables that explain more the periodicity of the data such as the sinusoidal fitted variable and hourly or night/day changes in consumption are not included. As well as this, not all independent variables such as the climate variables were available or complete for particular time periods, and also errors in the data can lead to a significantly lower R2 value.

Irrigation water supplies in the arid West have become limited, yet the area of irrigable land is still extensive. To realize the more efficient use of the available supply, or for planning new irrigation projects, studies are needed to determine how much water is consumptively used by farm crops and native vegetation.

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The tendencies of changes in water consumption are discussed in this final master’s studies research during different periods. The object of the research was chosen the biggest Lithuanian cities such as Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Panevezys and Siauliai, also the lower reaches of the Nemunas, the basins of the Venta-Lielupe and the Neris. The purpose of the research is to collect and to analyze the data about the water consumption and its tendencies of changes and to do the analysis of factors, which influence water consumption. This research paper analyses factors, which could influence the increase or decrease of water consumption. These factors might be the decrease of production amount, increasing water tariffs, the establishment of water-meters, low incomes of citizens, old water-supply systems, which influence bad water quality for consumers. Whereas designed water-supply do not match current standards of water consumption, water is held there for too long and this could influence connecting new water consumers. However at present land’s economy revives, the GDP is increasing and so the incomes of citizens increase too, which influence the increasing standards of water consumption, although they have not reached the level of the standards in 1989-1990. Analyzing statistical data about water consumption there was looked for a connection between the amount of consumed water and unemployment. Also analyzing the dependence on middle income and the level of water... [to full text]

M.A. / That South Africa is experiencing a water management crisis, is a fact that cannot be ignored. Although water supply departments and agencies are doing their best under the complex and demanding circumstances and have many examples of successful water projects to show for their efforts, inefficiency, unfairness and unsustainability still characterise much of the use and management of water and resources. This makes satisfying society's growing demand for reliable and legitimate water allocation extremely difficult. Groundwater is usually regarded by consumers as "private" water to be used as they please. Excessive use by such consumers of a borehole may lower the water table and reduce the amount of useable water for other consumers dependant on the same source. Some farms of land use, utilising a larger portion of available rainfall, for example commercial forestry in mountainous areas, reduce runoff into streams lower down, hampering the development potential of downstream areas. Other activities such as agriculture, mining and domestic uses, lower the quality of surface and underground water, making it unsuitable for use. Being such a scarce commodity, water should be used in the most efficient and beneficial way possible for every one in South Africa. In essence this means that all water used must be priced in accordance with its real economic value. The Water Act of 1998 is clearly based on an economic approach to bulk water tariffs. This means allocating water with the aid of water usage rights which are well defined, legitimate and non-discriminatory. The new water Act proposes a water licensing and pricing policy to achieve this goal. In striving for the economic goal, the ideal of sustainability of water management for future generations will become a reality. This study discusses the shortcomings of the previous water legislation as well as the replacement thereof with a more equitable and accessible water act. The study also contains comments on the possible shortcomings with the feasibility of some of the provisions of the new act, such as a conflict of interest that may develop, as well as possible preventive measures that should currently be undertaken to try and eliminate future problems.