No contexto da crescente problemática da água, soluções em diferentes níveis têm sido adotadas no Brasil e no mundo. Exemplo de atuação no nível dos sistemas prediais, o uso racional da água tem sido objeto de diversos estudos. Neste trabalho, são avaliados, segundo uma abordagem sistêmica, as atividades a serem contempladas na implementação de Programas Permanentes de Uso Racional da Água, especialmente em campi universitários, e seus potenciais resultados. Características dos campi como área, número de edificações, população e consumo de água elevados, além do desenvolvimento de múltiplas atividades, demonstram sua importância e justificam a atenção. São avaliadas, portanto, as atividades de planejamento, pré-implantação, implantação e pós-implantação, além das atividades de gestão da demanda de água, que devem permear todo o Programa. Como resultado desta implementação estruturada, propõe-se, como impactos - a redução do consumo de água, e como efeitos - alterações no sistema de suprimento de água fria, em rotinas administrativas e de manutenção predial, e em parâmetros de projeto; desenvolvimento tecnológico dos equipamentos; despertar para a conservação da água; e mudanças comportamentais dos usuários. A implementação e os resultados do Programa de Uso Racional da Água da Universidade de São Paulo (PURA-USP) completam o trabalho. Em desenvolvimento desde 1998, o PURA-USP obteve, como impactos até 2003, uma redução no consumo de água de 36% (de 137.881 para 88.366 m³/mês) e um benefício líquido acumulado de R$ 46,61 milhões. / In the context of the increasing water issues concerns, solutions at different levels have been adopted in Brazil and worldwide. As an example of actuation at the building systems level, water conservation has been the object of several studies. In this work, the activities to be fulfilled in the implementation of a Permanent Water Conservation Program, specially when applied to university campi, as well as the possible results are evaluated under a system approach. Campi characteristics such as area, number of buildings, population, and high water consumption, besides the development of multiple activities, show the importance of this issue and justify the concerns. The Program planning, pre-implantation, implantation and post-implantation activities, besides the water demand management activities - that must be carried out throughout the program - are evaluated then. As results of this structured implementation, it is proposed as impacts - the water consumption reduction, and as effects - the changes in the water supply systems, in administrative and building maintenance routines, in design parameters, in the technological development of fixtures, in the awakening for the alternatives water sources, and in the users behavior. The implementation and the results of the Water Conservation Program of the University of São Paulo (Programa de Uso Racional da Água da Universidade de São Paulo - PURA-USP) finish the work. The PURA-USP, in development since 1998, achieved as impacts, until 2003, 36% of water consumption reduction (from 137,881 to 88,366 m³/month) and gathered net benefit of US$ 16.13 millions (R$ 46,61 milhões).

No presente trabalho é estudada a utilização da medição setorizada como instrumento de gestão da demanda de água em sistemas prediais. Para tanto, a caracterização dos medidores e a análise das interações dos elementos de medição com o sistema de suprimento de água fria e de equipamento sanitário são realizados a partir de um enfoque sistêmico e de desempenho. Considerando a coleta de melhores informações, qualitativamente e quantitativamente acerca do consumo, essencial para a gestão da demanda de água, e especialmente em um contexto de ações de conservação, neste trabalho levantou-se os sistemas de telemedição. Apresentou-se uma proposta de planejamento de implantação da medição setorizada e quais elementos que devem ser observados para a gestão da demanda. Para subsidiar as avaliações, realizou-se o estudo de caso da medição setorizada na Universidade de São Paulo, no qual foi possível verificar a importância da sua aplicação e os resultados extremamente positivos que justificaram sua implantação. / In this work it is studied the use of submetering as an instrument of water demand management in building systems. In such way, the characterization of the meters and the analysis of the interactions of its elements with the building hydraulical system are carried on a systemic approach and performance analysis of the proposal. Considering the collection of better information of water consumption essential for the water demand management, especially in a conservation context, it was searched out the systems and the technologies of remote metering. A proposal for the planning of the submetering implantation was showed, as well as the elements that should be considered for the demand management. To make the evaluations, the case study of the submetering program in the University of São Paulo was accomplished, in which it was possible to verify the importance of its application and the extremely positive results that had justified its implantation.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study examined the impact of the City’s water management strategies, specifically the water management devices, on selected households in Saxonsea. The impact of cost recovery policies on poor households was interrogated in the light of government’s distributional and procedural equity in service delivery. The main issues arising from the study were lack of consultation, inadequate information, and perception of powerlessness. The study concludes that although water management devices have contributed to significant improvements in water saving, poor households are burdened with the responsibility of saving water. If the idea is to save water across the board, this regimen should be extended to all water users and not targeted at poor households only

Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))- -University of Stellenbosch, 2011 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The limited water supply and an increasing water demand means that the effective management of water resources becomes much more important than in the past. The implementation of water demand management / water conservation (WDM/WC) projects are usually used as a crisis management tool to reduce immediate water shortage and to allow time for the planning and construction of infrastructure to increase water supply. It is however possible to incorporate WDM/WC into integrated water resource management and to use WDM/WC as an economic viable option for the upgrade of infrastructure to balance supply and demand. Existing economic evaluation methods to compare different options with each other were used to evaluate WDM/WC measures. Literature showed that to perform an economic evaluation of WDM/WC measures, the costs associated with the implementation of the WDM/WC measures, as well as the expected water saving from the implementation of the WDM/WC measure, must be known. Models were developed to estimate the expected water savings from different WDM/WC measures. The economic impacts of specific WDM/WC measures were investigated by using these models. Different economic models were developed to perform an economic evaluation of WDM/WC measures. WDM/WC measures were evaluated in terms of its economic feasibility. Economical evaluations of WDM/WC measures were also done as an alternative to the upgrading of infrastructure. In the last evaluation, the financing of WDM/WC measures through the deferral of capital cost, was investigated. Case studies from literature, where costs as well as water savings were available, were used to evaluate these WDM/WC measures by using the developed economic models. Cost estimates for the upgrading of infrastructure, to supply an equal amount of water as the water saving achieved in each case study, were done. These estimates were used to compare WDM/WC measure with the upgrading of infrastructure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word al hoe meer druk op bestaande hulpbronne geplaas om voldoende water te lewer. Die fokus skuif na effektiewe bestuur van hierdie hulpbronne. Wateraanvraagbestuur/ Waterbewaring (WAB/WB) projekte word geïmplementeer om krisisse van water tekorte aan te spreek en tyd te wen om nuwe hulpbronne te ontwikkel. Dit is wel moontlik om WAB/WB in geïntegreerde waterbron bestuur in te sluit en WAB/WB as ʼn ekonomiese alternatief tot kapitale investering aan te wend. Om die ekonomiese aspekte van WAB/WB te ondersoek, is daar op bestaande ekonomiese evaluerings metodes gefokus om verskillende opsies met mekaar te vergelyk. Uit die literatuur is gevind dat die belangrikste aspekte vir die ontleding van WAB/WB alternatiewe i.t.v. hul ekonomiese waarde, die koste van implementering van die WAB/WB alternatief is en die waterbesparing wat deur die implementering van die WAB/WB alternatief verkry word. WAB/WB modelle is ontwikkel om die verwagte water besparing van bepaalde WAB/WB alternatiewe te beraam. Die moontlike ekonomiese impak van bepaalde WAB/WB alternatiewe is deur die gebruik van hierdie modelle ondersoek. Ekonomiese evaluerings modelle is opgestel om WAB/WB alternatiewe te ontleed. WAB/WB alternatiewe kan as ʼn ekonomiese haalbare projek geïmplementeer word waar die kostes van die waterbesparings meer as die kapitale koste van die projek is. WAB/WB alternatiewe kan ook meer ekonomies as die ontwikkeling van nuwe bronne of opgradering van ʼn bestaande netwerk wees. Laastens is die moontlikheid om WAB/WB as ʼn alternatief te finansier deur die besparing wat bereik kan word deur ʼn kapitale projek uit te stel, ondersoek. Gevalle studies uit die literatuur, waar die kostes en waterbesparings bekend is, is ontleed deur van hierdie ekonomiese evaluerings modelle gebruik te maak. Vir elk van die gevalle studies is ʼn koste vir die opgradering van die infrastruktuur beraam om die ekwivalente hoeveelheid water te voorsien as wat deur die WAB/WB alternatief bespaar is.

A water distribution system (WDS) design deals with achieving the desired network performance. WDS design can involve new and / or existing network redesigns in order to keep up with the required service performance. Very often, WDS design is expensive, which encourages cost effectiveness in the required investments. Moreover, WDS design is associated with adverse environmental implications such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy consumption. GHGs are associated with global warming and climate change. Climate change is generally understood to cause reduction in water available at the sources and increase water demand. Urbanization that takes into account factors such as demographics (population ageing, household occupancy rates, etc.) and other activities are associated with water demand changes. In addition to the aforementioned issues, the challenge of meeting the required hydraulic performance of WDSs is worsened by the uncertainties that are associated with WDS parameters (e.g., future water demand). With all the factors mentioned here, mitigation and adaptive measures are considered essential to improve WDS performance in the long-term planning horizon. In this thesis, different formulations of a WDS design methodologies aimed at mitigating or adapting the systems to the effects of future changes such as those of climate change and urbanization are explored. Cost effective WDS designs that mitigate climate change by reducing GHG emissions have been investigated. Also, water demand management (DM) intervention measures, i.e., domestic rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems and water saving appliance schemes (WSASs) have been incorporated in the design of WDSs in an attempt to mitigate, adapt to or counteract the likely effects of future climate change and urbanization. Furthermore, flexibility has been introduced in the long-term WDS design under future uncertainty. The flexible methodology is adaptable to uncertain WDS parameters (i.e., future water demand in this thesis) thereby improving the WDS economic cost and hydraulic performance (resilience). The methodology is also complimented by strategically incorporating DM measures to further enhance the WDS performance under water demand uncertainty. The new methodologies presented in this thesis were successfully tested on case studies. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for possible further research work are made. There are potential benefits (e.g., cost savings, additional resilience, and lower GHG emissions) of incorporating an environmental objective and DM interventions in WDS design. Flexibility and DM interventions add value in the design of WDSs under uncertainty.

Cette thèse étudie les liens entre développement et changement climatique dans les pays méditerranéens afin de mieux comprendre les processus et les interactions spécifiquement en jeux dans cette région, en particuliers dans les pays du Maghreb et du Mashrek. Dans le chapitre 1, nous étudions l’état des connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique au niveau global et au niveau méditerranéen. Cela nous permet d’aborder le problème des projections climatiques et d’analyser les résultats pour le bassin méditerranéen. Sur cette base, dans le chapitre 2, en rapprochant les projections de changement climatique et le contexte local du développement, nous mettons en évidence une vulnérabilité relativement plus élevée des pays méditerranéens en développement. Nous analysons dans le chapitre 3, les méthodes et outils permettant d’appréhender le coût du changement climatique et en déduisons des enseignements pour les pays méditerranéens. Afin d’aller plus loin dans la caractérisation et la compréhension des mécanismes en jeux au niveau méditerranéen, nous proposons, dans le chapitre 4, des approches économétriques en longue période sur données de panel de l’impact des variables climatiques sur d’une part le niveau de PIB par tête et d’autre part les rendements céréaliers. Les résultats mettent en évidence que même les économies des pays riches du bassin méditerranéen sont sensibles aux tendances climatiques, au moins sur la période 1950-2000, bien qu’ils le soient beaucoup moins que les pays en développement de la rive Sud et Est. Par ailleurs, nous confirmons que l’agriculture est un canal de diffusion majeur des effets du changement climatique dans l’économie, en particulier dans les pays en développement. La question de l’eau apparait centrale dans le traitement de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Ainsi, dans le chapitre 5, nous analysons l’état de la ressource en eau, les modes de gouvernance actuels et les options d’adaptation qui s’offrent aux pays arides. Nous présentons un exercice de simulation des demandes futures par secteur dans les pays d’Afrique du Nord, ce qui nous permet d’obtenir des ordres de grandeur sur les bénéfices à attendre des différentes options de politique qui pourront être suivies par les pouvoirs publics. Nous montrons que la gestion de la demande en eau est un des leviers déterminants de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les pays méditerranéens et que sa mise en œuvre repose avant tout sur des réformes de gouvernance. / This thesis studies the links between development and climate change in Mediterranean countries to better understand the processes and interactions in specific games in the region, particularly in the Maghreb and the Mashreq. In Chapter 1, we review the state of scientific knowledge on climate change at global level and at Mediterranean level. This allows us to address the problem of climate projections and analyze the results for the Mediterranean. On this basis, in Chapter 2, by comparing the projections of climate change and the local context of development, we highlight a relatively higher vulnerability of the developing Mediterranean countries. We discuss in Chapter 3, methods and tools to estimate the economic cost of climate change and deduce lessons for the Mediterranean countries. To go further in the characterization and understanding of the mechanisms at play in the Mediterranean, we propose, in Chapter 4, econometric approaches using long term panel data. We test the impact of climate variables on, first, the level of GDP per capita and, second, on cereal yields. The results show that even rich Mediterranean countries are sensitive to climate change - at least over the period 1950-2000 - although much less than Southern and Eastern developing countries of the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, we confirm that agriculture is a major channel of climate change impact in the economy, particularly in developing countries. The issue of water appears in a key parameter in adaptation to climate change. Thus, in Chapter 5, we analyze the state of water resources, the existing modes of governance and adaptation options available to Mediterranean arid countries. We present a simulation of future demands by sector in North Africa, enabling us to obtain orders of magnitude of the expected benefits of different policy options that can be followed by the government. We show that water demand management is one of the key tools to adapt to climate change in Mediterranean countries and that its implementation depends primarily on governance reforms.

No / his book explores a new framework of Adaptive Water Management (AWM) for evaluating existing approaches in urban water management. It highlights the need to adopt multidisciplinary strategies in water management while providing an in-depth understanding of institutional interactions amongst different water related sectors. The key characteristics of AWM i.e. polycentric governance, organisational flexibility and public participation are investigated and described through a critical review of the relevant literature. The book presents an empirical case study undertaken in a selected developing-country city to investigate the potential gaps between the current water management approaches and possible implementation of AWM. Feasibility of AWM operations is examined in an environment surrounded by established water management structure with centralised governance and an institutional process based on technical flexibility. The key elements of AWM performance are (re)structured and transformed into decision support systems. Multi criteria decision models are developed to facilitate quantification and visualization of the elements derived from the case study, which is involved with water companies and water consumers. The book describes how the concept of AWM, along with structuring suitable decision support systems, can be developed and applied to developing-country cities. The book highlights the barriers for applying the AWM strategies that include established centralised decision making, bureaucratic interactions with external organisations, lack of organisational flexibility within the institutions, and lack of recognition of public role in water management. The findings outline that despite the lack of adaptability in the current water management in the case study, as an example of developing countries, there are positive attitudes among water professionals and the public towards adaptability through public-institutional participation.

Water is a symbol of life. It affects all organisms on earth and its importance is emphasised in times of drought. The human population growth places more demands on our natural resources. As pressures on the available water increases, more measures are required to utilise water sustainably. South Africa is classified as a water stressed country with less than 1700 cubic meters of water available per person per year. Rand Water supplies water to approximately 11 million people in Gauteng. During times of drought, restrictions imposed are aimed mainly at the broader Green Industry. This research investigated international strategies, existing restrictions in Gauteng, and undertook a survey within the Green Industry to determine the most appropriate response. This research proposes a new water supply shortage response plan for Rand Water in Gauteng with a total of four levels of restrictions implemented at different stages of water stress in the system. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Water is a symbol of life. It affects all organisms on earth and its importance is emphasised in times of drought. The human population growth places more demands on our natural resources. As pressures on the available water increases, more measures are required to utilise water sustainably. South Africa is classified as a water stressed country with less than 1700 cubic meters of water available per person per year. Rand Water supplies water to approximately 11 million people in Gauteng. During times of drought, restrictions imposed are aimed mainly at the broader Green Industry. This research investigated international strategies, existing restrictions in Gauteng, and undertook a survey within the Green Industry to determine the most appropriate response. This research proposes a new water supply shortage response plan for Rand Water in Gauteng with a total of four levels of restrictions implemented at different stages of water stress in the system. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T15:24:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTONIO LEOMAR FERREIRA SOARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2012..pdf: 13208663 bytes, checksum: b3c6e6dddf91e5d0adb7fe7815cd422b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T15:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTONIO LEOMAR FERREIRA SOARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2012..pdf: 13208663 bytes, checksum: b3c6e6dddf91e5d0adb7fe7815cd422b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02 / A água, um bem indispensável à vida, está se tornando a cada dia mais escasso, principalmente nas regiões semiáridas, como o Nordeste brasileiro, caracterizadas por secas sucessivas. Uma forma de solução sustentável é a gestão da demanda de água (GDA) - baseada no uso eficiente, garantindo a água no futuro, a partir do uso consciente no presente. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa partiu desses conceitos para estudar o caso da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), por ser um ambiente público, grande consumidor e sujeito a grandes desperdícios de água. Na análise foram diagnosticados o local e o sistema de abastecimento interno, o comportamento e percepção dos usuários para práticas de uso eficiente da água através de entrevistas e, por fim, simulações de medidas de GDA. Constatou-se através dos dados levantados que a demanda de água da UFCG apresentou crescimento absoluto de 118% de 2004 até 2010, ocasionado seja pelo crescimento da população, da área construída, dos vazamentos do sistema de abastecimento e maus hábitos dos usuários. Em relação aos usuários percebeu-se reprovação com seus hábitos de conservação de água, pois 75% afirmaram desperdiçar muita água na utilização dos aparelhos, sendo atribuída por eles próprios (76%) nota abaixo de 6,0 para suas condutas. Esta mesma avaliação sobre os usuários repercutiu na visão dos gestores da Instituição, que ainda consideraram importante a implantação de programas de redução de água devido às suspeitas de muita perda de água por vazamentos. Com as simulações verificaram-se índices de redução de consumo de água de até 50% com a substituição das bacias sanitárias pelo sistema bi-comando (3/6 litros) e um retorno do investimento em menos de 12 meses. Quando considerada a construção de cisternas para captação da água de chuva e aproveitamento no abastecimento das bacias sanitárias, verificou-se que para edificações com 8, 6 e 4 bacias sanitárias, a capacidade ótima do reservatório é de 20 m3, 25 m3 e 40 m3, com um índice de aproveitamento do sistema em 11%, 18% e 32%, respectivamente, demonstrando serem as medidas viáveis tanto ambientalmente quanto financeiramente. / Water, which is essential for sustaining life, is increasingly scarce, especially in semiarid regions such as northeastern Brazil, characterized by successive droughts. The management of water demand (MWD) is a sustainable solution - based on efficiency, ensuring water availability in the future, through the conscious use in the present. In this context, this research was based on these concepts in order to promote a reduction in water consumption. The case of the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) was studied, since it is a public setting, a large consumer of water and subjected to large water losses. In the analysis, the site and the supply system of UFCG were diagnosed, as well as the behavior and perception of users related to efficient water use, through interviews, and, finally, simulations of strategies of MWD were performed. It was found that the water demand at UFCG presented an absolute growth of 118% from 2004 to 2010, which was caused by growth of population, construction area, supply system leaks and bad habits of users. Regarding users, it was perceived disapproval of their own water conservation habits. This same assessment about users is shared by the managers of the institution, who considered to implement programs of water use reduction. The simulations showed reduced rates of water consumption up to 50% with the replacement of toilets at bicommand (3/6 liters) flush and a return of investment in less than 12 months. When considering construction of cisterns to capture rainwater and use in the supply of toilets, it was found that for buildings with 8, 6 and 4 toilets, the optimum capacity of the reservoirs are 20 m\ 25 m3 and 40 m3 with a utilization rate of the system in 11%, 18% and 32%, respectively, showing that the strategies are both environmentally and fmancially viable.