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Rainwater harvesting :a sustainable practice for low-income housing in South AfricaEnninful, Josephine Peace 04 February 2014 (has links)
This report gives an overview on issues surrounding sustainable water management practices, specifically, rainwater harvesting (RWH), for low income households in South Africa. The agenda for sustainable development in South Africa has over time, downplayed the importance of Rainwater Harvesting. However, the South African Region is already a water scarce area, experiencing environmental and other threats to its limited water resources such as rapidly increasing demand for water from a growing population and economic sectors.
A purely qualitative research method was used to conduct this Research Report which demonstrated that Rainwater Harvesting across the world can bring immense socio-economic and environmental benefits such as increased food security, improved sanitation and quality of the natural environment. A key question of this Research Report was to establish whether Rainwater Harvesting could be feasible for use in Low-income households in South Africa. This research revealed that the DoH and DWAF can constitute projects for Rainwater Harvesting for Low-income households in their programmes.
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Socio-economic factors determining in-field rainwater harvesting technology adoption for cropland productivity in Lambani Village : a case study of Thulamela Local Municipality of the Vhembe District in Limpopo ProvinceBadisa, Khumo Terezan January 2011 (has links)
Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011 / In-field rainwater harvesting technology is the technique that combines the
advantages of water harvesting, no till, basin tillage and mulching on high drought
risk clay soils. It reduces total runoff to zero, and also considerably reduce surface
evaporation. The scarcity of agricultural water is increasing at a faster rate than for
other sectors in Limpopo Province. Sufficient, clean drinking water is essential to life,
but millions of people throughout the world including South Africa continue to have
no access to this basic necessity.
This study aimed at investigating the extent and nature of adoption of in-field
rainwater harvesting technology by households in Lambani village of Limpopo
Province. The main objectives of this study were to identify factors determining the
in-field rainwater adoption technology for cropland productivity in Lambani village
and to determine the extent to which in-field rainwater harvesting adoption influences
cropland productivity in Lambani village. Simple random sampling technique was
used to select 70 farmers in Lambani village of Limpopo Province. Data was
collected using a structured questionnaire.
Descriptive statistics, logistic regression model and linear regression model were
used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the
characteristics of households and the nature of Lambani village, and logistic
regression model was used to investigate factors that determine the adoption of infield
rainwater harvesting technology, while linear regression model was used to
determine the extent to which in-field rainwater harvesting influence the cropland
productivity in Lambani village.
The results from the logistic regression model indicate that 5 variables out of 10
variables are significant in explaining farmers’ adoption decision. Land size, access
to financial service, access to information and contact with extension officer are
some of the variables that have significantly positive effects on the adoption of infield
rainwater harvesting technology, while hired labour has significantly negative
correlation with adoption. Variables such as household size, level of education, age
of the household, level of income and the main water source do not significantly
influence adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting. This information will help prioritize
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Investigation of local institutions for the application of the in-field rain water harvesting technology in rural areas: the case of Guquka and Khayaletu in Nkonkobe Municipality in central Eastern CapeMfaca, Malibongwe January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting technololgy for enhancing household food security by small holder farmers in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape ProvinceShange, Nomfundo Sinethemba Queen January 2015 (has links)
Infield rainwater harvesting (IRWH) technology has been used in arid and semi-arid parts of the world and promising results have been achieved in terms of increasing yield. The main aim of this study was to identify socio-economic factors determining the adoption of IRWH technology for enhancing household food security by smallholder farmers. The specific objectives were to assess the level of adoption of IRWH technology using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentages). To determine socio-economic factors influencing adoption of IRWH technology, the binary logistic regression mode l was used. To determine whether adopters of IRWH technology are more food secure than non-adopters, the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was used as a measure for household food security. For the same objective, to determine socio-economic factors that influence household food security, the binary logistic regression model was also used and adoption of IRWH technology became an independent variable. The study was conducted in Khayalethu, Guquka and Krwakrwa villages in Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province (EC). The unit of analysis was the individual smallholder farmers practicing agriculture. The availability (accidental) and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 34, 23, 63 respondents from Khayalethu, Guquka and Krwakrwa villages respectively. Since they are non-random, these sampling methods are problematic because of sampling errors. Overall, a sample size of 120 smallholder farmers was targeted for the interviews. Primary and secondary data collected was coded and analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results were presented using graphs, pie charts and tables (including cross-tables). The descriptive results showed that adoption status of IRWH technology was low in these areas, with 79% not adopting the technology. Food insecurity was high amongst the non-adopters with 86%. On the basis of descriptive analysis it can be concluded that any change in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of adopting IRWH technology and household food security. The results from the logistic regression model for the incidence of adoption revealed that 6 out of 16 variables were significant, three at 1% (access to extension services, access to information and farmers’ perception towards the IRWH technology); one at 5% (access to market) and two at 10% (access to hired labour and farm income). For the incidence of household food security, out of 17 variables, 6 were significant, three at 1% (adoption of the IRWH technology, access to extension services and farmers’ perception towards the IRWH technology); two at 5% (access to hired labour and household income) and one at 10% (household size). The empirical findings of this study indicate that there are socio-economic factors influencing adoption of IRWH technology and household food security amongst smallholder farmers. This study recommends that the government should provide extension officers and research stations with the capacity, support and physical means to expose smallholder farmers to the IRWH technology through demonstrations and trainings. The government can also introduce agricultural finance institutions in rural areas to assist the rural smallholder farmers to increase their access to credit. Further, it is recommended that smallholder farmers can expand to the communal croplands in order to gain more land size and work as a co-operative or as an association to ease labour constraints.
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Impact of in-field rainwater harvesting technology on household food security: a case of Guquka and Khayalethu villages in Central Eastern Cape ProvinceHlanganise, Yoliswa Happiness January 2010 (has links)
The aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of the In-Field Rainwater Harvesting technology on household food security in the study area. The study was conducted in Nkonkobe Local Municipality of the Amathole District Municipality in central Eastern Cape Province. The areas under investigation are Guquka and Khayaletu villages of the Thyume Valley, which is located about 30 kilometres north of Alice. The method used to assess the impact of the IRWH on household food security was a pair wise comparison method. During September 2009, there were 60 (34 in Guquka and 26 in Khayaletu) households who adopted the technology in home gardens. In order to get a clear picture of the impact of the technology on food security, a decision was taken to assess both the project members and non-project members, hence the pairwise comparison method. The non-project members (also 60 households) were selected randomly from those who were interviewed during the situation analysis in 2004. Five indicators were used to assess household food security. These were household income, expenditure on food, diet diversity, energy-protein intakes, and micro-nutrient intakes (Vitamin A, C and Iron). The income and expenditure data were collected from the 120 households. However, the detailed food data were collected from selected cases from both groups at different times (seasons) of the year. A case study approach was employed in data collection. A total of 12 cases (six households per village) were selected for this investigation. These were selected mainly according to the degree of poverty. The total of six households from each village comprised three project members and three non-members i.e. one from each poverty class (non- poor, poor and ultra-poor) in both categories. The data on the kinds of food products consumed by households was gathered using the food account method (FAM). The food consumed was then analysed for nutrient adequacy. The main findings of this investigation show the IRWH technology to have a positive impact on food security and nutrition of the project members. The technology made significant contributions to the amount of energy and vitamins A and C consumed by households especially during wet seasons. Substantial contributions of garden produce were noted among the project members. However, these contributions were not enough to ensure household food security. The results indicate that there are nutritional problems in the study area. Firstly, there is protein- v energy malnutrition mainly affecting the poor and the ultra-poor households. Secondly, there is hidden hunger affecting all poverty categories, even the non-poor households. This is mainly demonstrated by poor diet quality i.e. diet that lacks essential nutrients identified
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Developing community-informed technology for harvesting rainwater for domestic use in a semi-arid area of South AfricaNyamukondiwa, Pertina 16 May 2020 (has links)
PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Approximately, 780 million of people in the world lack access to safe water for domestic use. Out
of these, 37 % are found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the negative impact of climate
variability and change, scarcity of water is likely to continue worsening. Although semi-arid areas
experience water shortages, they receive limited amounts of rainfall. Rainwater might help
alleviate temporal water shortages. However, rainwater is rarely harvested for use when most
needed. The PhD in Rural Development thesis research was carried out in Mabayeni village,
which falls under Ward 35 of Collins Chabane Local Municipality in Limpopo Province of South
Africa. It was designed to develop a grassroots community-informed prototype for a technology
that could be used to harvest rainwater for domestic use. A series of interrelated studies with the
following specific objectives underpinned the research: (1) To determine the extent of water
scarcity; (2) To identify strategies households used to cope with inadequate availability of water
for domestic use; (3) To document the rainwater harvesting techniques rural households used;
(4) To compare the features of rainwater harvesting technology that people of different age groups
preferred; (5) To develop community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology with
the best potential to increase access to water for domestic use; and (6) To evaluate the
community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology.
Partly, the study was conducted as a follow-up to a Master’s research study on climate change
carried out in 2014 in Mabayeni village. In the 2014 study, it was revealed that water scarcity was
a major result of climate change in the area. In addition, Mabayeni was perceived as the driest
compared to other villages in the ward. The Cresswell (2013) explanatory sequential mixed
method design guided the study. Multi-stage sampling was followed to select respondents. This
entailed categorizing respondents first dividing them by age and gender. Respondents were
placed in the following clusters: children (boys and girls), youth (male and female), adult (men
and women), and the elderly. This was done in order to ensure that there was triangulation of
data sources. Various participatory research techniques were used to collect qualitative data for
the same reason. For objective 1, data collection techniques such as photo voice, key informant
interviews, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, transect walks, storytelling and
seasonal diagramming were used. Data were analysed through card sorting, Atlas.ti version
7.5.7-mediated thematic content analysis, map ranking, matrix scoring and conversation analysis.
Data collection techniques employed for objective 2 were similar to those used in objective 1 with
the exception of participatory mapping. Thematic content analysis in Atlas.ti, map ranking and
matrix ranking were used to analyse data for this objective.
Only focus group discussions, key informant interviews and transect walks were used to collect
data for objective 3. Data analysis techniques used were similar to those used in the previous
objective with the exception of map ranking. For objective 4, data were collected through focus
group discussions and analysed using matrix ranking and Atlas.ti-aided thematic content analysis.
In objective 5, development of artefacts was guided by prototyping and sketch modelling
techniques. Techniques such as verbal protocol analysis, mathematical calculations and
presentation and analysis were used to analyse data. A questionnaire with open and closed
ended questions was also used to collect data for the last objective. Open-ended questions were
analysed using thematic content analysis. In addition, the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 25
determined first, the two prototypes (one for zinc and another for thatch roof) that were regarded
as the best; and second, if prototype component ratings significantly differed (p <0.05) across
prototypes. As a post hoc test, the Dunn’s test in R Statistical Software version 3.3.0 was used
for pairwise comparisons. Data saturation determined the sample size. A total of 17 community
engagement sessions were held to collect, analyse and validate findings with the grassroots
community members in Mabayeni village.
Water scarcity in Mabayeni village was reconfirmed to be seasonal. The dry season in each year
was five months long. During this time, residents adopted random, risky and unhygienic coping
strategies. Although rainwater was collected from rooftops, there was no formal technology used
to gather and store large quantities for later use. This was attributed to lack of resources and
knowledge on how to develop such technologies. The most commonly preferred features of
rainwater harvesting technology across interest groups related to water quality, construction
materials and security. All interest groups preferred a technology that harvested clean/potable
water. Moreover, the elderly wanted a technology that would help them access the stored water
easily.
In total, 14 prototypes were developed. When all the interest groups evaluated the prototypes,
the ones that boys and men developed were selected as the best for zinc and thatched roofbased
technologies, respectively. Selection of a prototype that children produced as the best
underlined that children were an important resource that communities should never marginalise.
Nor should their ability to contribute useful ideas be underestimated when seeking solutions to
local challenges. Active involvement of grassroots community members in the entire design
process helped tailor specifications of the technology to user needs, thereby highlighting the
importance of inclusive decision making in development practice. This was also important
because it created ownership and increased chances of adopting the technology. Lastly, the
current study reaffirmed the view that postgraduate degree research can be harnessed to
coproduce solutions to community-identified challenges. / NRF
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Water security in rural Limpopo in a changing climate: A study of the Greater-Giyani Local Municipality, South AfricaMmbadi, Elelwani January 2019 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Many rural communities of South Africa are living without adequate water supplies mainly due to
historical lack of infrastructure and effective water reticulation systems. Day to day challenges of
accessing water from distant boreholes and rivers are a reality particularly for women and children
in rural Limpopo. This study investigates the nature and extent of water supply problems and how
communities are living without adequate water in three rural communities of Greater-Giyani Local
Municipality in South Africa. The study area lies in a semi-arid region which regularly experiences
climate extremes such as droughts and floods which can reduce the ability of the municipality to
supply water. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews and
field observations while population, climate and hydrological data are also analyzed. A mixed
methods research design was employed using qualitative methods such as content analysis
whilst quantitative methods were dominated by time series analysis techniques and online
interactive climate platforms such as the Climate Engine. It was found that households, schools
and clinics in the study area rely mainly on boreholes for water supply but sometimes rivers supply
those living nearby. An incomplete and poor water reticulation system coupled with erratic and
shortening summer rainfall seasons are some of the major causes of water shortages in the study
area. In order to cope with inadequate water, community members and public institutions in the
study area have drilled boreholes and the sustainability of groundwater in the area is not well
established. During summer, most households and institutions practise rainwater harvesting while
a few resort to purchasing water from vendors. Despite these challenges which are not well
documented, it was concluded that most of the rural poor households and institutions in the study
area are well adapted to cope with water scarcity in the short term, while being vulnerable in the
long term due to population growth and climate change. The study recommends the need for
government and municipalities to invest in water reticulation systems in the long term whilst
providing water to affected rural communities through water tankers, drilling more boreholes and
maintenance of existing ones. Lessons learnt from this study may be useful to other municipalities
across South Africa that are grappling with challenges of water access and supply. / NRF
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The feasibility of rainwater and stormwater harvesting within a winter rainfall climate context: a commercial building focusViljoen, Nina Susara 18 November 2014 (has links)
Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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The feasibility of rainwater and stormwater harvesting within a winter rainfall climate context: a commercial building focusViljoen, Nina Susara 18 November 2014 (has links)
Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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