Abstract During the past half century several large lakes in Finland have experienced notable changes in their ecological condition, induced mainly by water level regulation, eutrophication and land use transformation. The objective of this thesis was the quantification of the spatiotemporal changes of aquatic macrophytes in Finland during the second half of the 1900s. Mapped aquatic macrophyte cover from historic (1947–1963) and present day (1996–2000) aerial photographs, additional macrophyte data and several environmental variables were used to identify the main determinants of aquatic macrophyte distribution, abundance and change. Furthermore, factors influencing the littoral paludification process were identified. The study was conducted in 24 boreal lakes (41–1116 km2) with multisource vegetation data. Selected environmental variables of water level regulation, eutrophication and geomorphology were collected and analyzed. More than 402 km of littoral shoreline in historic and present day aerial photographs was analyzed with stereoscopic visual interpretation. A total of 474 habitat level study sites were used to examine the determining environmental factors of occurrence, abundance and change of emergent vegetation. Finally, 289 vegetation transects were performed in order to study the occurrence, types and main determinants of littoral paludification. Water level regulation was found to be the primary factor behind aquatic macrophyte vegetation development at the whole lake level. The major vegetation changes were determined by the mean water level rise or reduction, decreased fluctuation range and reduced spring flood. The vegetation response was less pronounced in a lake with water level regulation similar to natural fluctuation. Eutrophication influenced aquatic macrophytes at the site level. Land use variables of tributary and agriculture, indicating nutrient increment, corresponded positively with vegetation occurrence and abundance. Geomorphology explained vegetation development at the habitat level. Clay and related deposits and the shore slope specified the vegetation occurrence and affected the abundance of vegetation. Water level regulation, eutrophication, clay and shallowness were found to influence paludification. Helophyte species, common reed (Phragmites australis) and water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile), dominated the emergent vegetation in the studied lakes. / Tiivistelmä Viimeisen puolen vuosisadan aikana suomalaisiin suurjärviin on kohdistunut lukuisia muutoksia, jotka ovat vaikuttaneet järvien ekologiseen tilaan. Muutoksia ovat aiheuttaneet pääasiallisesti vesistöjen säännöstely, rehevöityminen sekä maankäytön muuttuminen. Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena on analysoida noin viimeisten 50 vuoden aikana suomalaisissa suurjärvissä tapahtunutta ranta- ja vesikasvillisuuden pitkäaikaismuutosta. Historiallisilla (1947–1963) ja nykyisillä (1996–2000) ilmakuvilla, muilla kasvillisuusaineistoilla sekä useilla ympäristömuuttujilla tunnistettiin keskeisiä tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttivat kasvillisuuden esiintymiseen, runsauteen ja muutokseen. Tämän lisäksi tutkittiin rantojen pysyvän umpeenkasvun kehitysprosessia. Tutkimusta varten kasvillisuudesta kerättiin monilähdeaineistoa kaikilta Suomen päävaluma-alueilta yhteensä 24 eri järveltä, joiden koko vaihteli 41–1116 km2:n välillä. Tämän lisäksi useita vesistöjen säännöstelyn, rehevöitymisen ja geomorfologian ympäristömuuttujia kerättiin ja analysoitiin. Stereoskooppisella visuaalisella ilmakuvatulkinnalla tutkittiin yli 402 kilometriä rantaviivaa historiallisista ja nykyisistä ilmakuvista. Ilmaversoisen ranta- ja vesikasvillisuuden esiintymistä, runsautta ja historiallista muutosta analysoitiin 474 habitaattitason tutkimuspisteellä. Rantojen pysyvän umpeenkasvun esiintymistä, umpeenkasvun eri tyyppejä ja sitä määrittäviä tekijöitä tutkittiin 289 kasvilinjalla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena havaittiin, että järvitasolla vesistöjen säännöstely oli tärkein kasvillisuuden historialliseen kehitykseen vaikuttava tekijä. Huomattavimmat kasvillisuusmuutokset määräytyivät keskiveden noston, pienentyneen säännöstelyvälin, vähentyneen kevättulvan ja lasketun keskiveden tason seurauksena. Kasvillisuusmuutokset eivät olleet niin selviä, jos säännöstely muistutti luonnontilaista säännöstelyä. Rehevöityminen vaikutti ranta- ja vesikasvillisuuteen paikallisesti. Ravinteisuutta ilmentävät maankäytön muuttujat, ojat sekä maanviljelys, lisäsivät kasvillisuuden esiintymistä ja runsautta. Geomorfologiset tekijät selittivät kasvillisuuden kehitystä habitaattitasolla. Savinen maaperä sekä rannan mataluus lisäsivät vesi- ja rantakasvillisuuden esiintymistä sekä kasvillisuuden runsautta. Vesistöjen säännöstely, rehevöityminen, savinen maaperä sekä rannan mataluus lisäsivät rantojen pysyvää umpeenkasvua. Ilmaversoiset kasvilajit, järviruoko (Phragmites australis) ja järvikorte (Equisetum fluviatile), hallitsivat kasvillisuutta tutkituissa järvissä.

A main concern in fisheries science has been to identify an accurate index of fish abundance. An underlying paradigm in the science has been that the amount of effort (calculated in hours and standardized for boat size) spent fishing was the best variable to be used to account for the variation in catches. The use of the ratio, catch per unit of effort (cpue), assumes that variations in fish abundance are due to human-controlled processes above the ocean's surface. It does not account for variation due to oceanographic processes that affect fish behaviour and movement patterns below the ocean's surface. This study investigated the possibility that oceanographic factors such as temperature, salinity and depth could have effects on the variations observed in the apparent abundance of a demersal rockfish, Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus. Gilbert). Simultaneous monitoring of physical variables and fish abundance estimation was achieved by attaching oceanographic equipment to the fishing gear of commercial vessels, monitoring the acoustic equipment and sampling the fish catch. It was found that Perch prefer a temperature range from 6.7 °C, down to at least 4.8 °C and that their movement patterns are linked to the movement of these temperatures by coastal wind patterns. Perch prefer areas with steep bathymetry, characterized by frontal activity due to interactions between the local bathymetry and tidal currents. Concerns that sampling only from highly successful commercial vessels may have biased abundance estimates, prompted the analysis of historical records of fish catch and government research surveys. Analyses between different boat sizes, different areas and different seasons from the original historical data base and a corrected subset revealed that it was mainly differences between areas that was responsible for the biasing of estimates. Deeper areas predictably produced more fish for all sizes of boats, but were fished more often by the larger boats used in the study. Therefore the field abundance estimates are likely to be biased towards areas of larger perch concentrations. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This work presents hardware and software design for River wireless monitor Rabbit Core module RCM5400W. It describes possible solutions for measurement of river characteristics, in particular water level height. Pressure method measuring and selection of important electric parts are described in more detail. The software for Rabbit Core module RCM5400W and also web sites are described here.

Die Grundwasserstände unterliegen in den Gebieten des Braunkohlenbergbaus permanenter, bergbaulich bedingter Veränderung. Im Einflussbereich der aktiven Braunkohlentagebaue überwiegen sinkende - im Bereich der ehemaligen Tagebaubereiche nach Einstellung der Wasserhaltungsmaßnahmen dagegen steigende Grundwasserstände. Der Grundwasserwiederanstieg im Verantwortungsbereich der LMBV mbH ist schon weit vorangeschritten aber noch nicht überall abgeschlossen. Im Zuge der Auswertung von regelmäßig durchgeführten Präzisionsnivellements wurden in den gewachsenen Randbereichen der in Flutung befindlichen Tagebauseen Hebungen festgestellt, die in ihrer räumlichen Ausdehnung und dem Betrag mit den Ergebnissen der Beobachtungen der Grundwasserstände korrelieren. Rückblickend werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen Grundwasserwiederanstieg und Hebungen des gewachsenen Bodens anhand von Beispielen von bereits gefluteten Tagebauseen aus dem Mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenrevier betrachtet. Die festgestellten Hebungen vollziehen sich längerfristig über mehrere Jahre. Die Hebungsbeträge erreichen maximale Werte von einigen Zentimetern - erreichen aber nicht die Beträge der früheren sümpfungsbedingten Senkungen. Schädliche Auswirkungen auf Bauwerke durch grundwasserwiederanstiegsbedingte Hebungen waren nicht zu erwarten und sind auch nicht eingetreten. / Water tables in lignite mining areas are characterized by a permanent mining-related variation. In the sphere of influence of the active lignite mines preponderates decreasing – in reach of the abandoned lignite mining areas in contrast increasing water tables. The groundwater resurgence within the areas of responsibility of LMBV mbH is widely pro-ceeded but yet not completed in all areas. In the course of the evaluation of regularly conducted precision levellings uplifts were detected in the natural boundary areas of post-mining lakes still in flooding progress. These uplifts correlate in their regional/areal dimension and magnitude with the results of the water tables. The coherence between groundwater resurgence and the uplifts will be examined retrospectively based on examples of flooded post-mining lakes from the mining area around the cities of Leipzig and Halle. The observed elevation take place over some years. The elevation amount reaches maximum values of a few centimeters, but doesn’t reach the amount of the former drainage caused subsidence. Adverse effects on buildings by groundwater resurgence caused elevation were not expected and didn’t occur so far.

This study aims to investigate short-to-medium forecasting and simulation of streamflow, water levels, and sediments in Canada using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) time series models. The methodology can account for linear trends in the time series that may result from climate and environmental changes. A Universal Canadian forecast Application using python web interface was developed to generate short-term forecasts using SARIMA. The Akaike information criteria was used as performance criteria for generating efficient SARIMA models. The developed models were validated by analyzing the residuals. Several stations from the Canadian Hydrometric Database (HYDAT) displaying a linear upward or downward trend were identified to validate the methodology. Trends were detected using the Man-Kendall test. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients (Nash ad Sutcliffe, 1970) of the developed models indicate that they are acceptable. The models can be used for short term (1 to 7 days) and medium-term (7 days to six months) forecasting of streamflow, water levels and sediments at all Canadian hydrometric stations. Such a forecast can be used for water resources management and help mitigate the effects of floods and droughts. The models can also be used to generate long time-series that can be used to test the performance of water resources systems. Finally, we have automated the process of analysis, model-building and forecasting streamflow, water levels, and sediments by building a python-based application easily extendable and user-friendly. Therefore, automating the SARIMA calibration and forecasting process for all Canadian stations for the HYDAT database will prove to be a very useful tool for decision-makers and other entities in the field of hydrological study.

<p>High density sampling (n=50) was conducted in Cootes Paradise, a shallow wetland on the western shoreline of Lake Ontario near the city of Hamilton. Cootes Paradise is an urban wetland that has been affected by pollutants and nutrients and invasive carp. Thecamoebian analyses paired with site specific environmental measurements (depth, sp. conductivity, temperature, DO and pH) and substrate characteristics (textural and organic content -LOI) show relationships (R² = 0.6) with depth (0-1m) and corresponding sp. conductivity (0.5 to 0.65 mS/cm) and temperature (26.5 to 30.5 °C). Q-mode cluster analysis recognized two biofacies. Biofacies 1 samples (n= 26) are found in the deeper areas (0.70 ± 0.27 m) and dominated by <em>C. tricuspis</em> 36 ± 8% (1 std), <em>L. vas</em> 18 ± 13% and <em>D. protaeiformis “claviformis”</em> 14 ± 6%. Mean water temperature is 28.0 ± 0.6 °C and conductivity at 0.56 ± 0.04 mS/cm. This assemblage has low species diversity (SDI=1.9 ± 0.3) which indicates a transitional environment. Biofacies 2 contains samples (n= 24) which are found in shallower areas (0.38 ± 0.15 m) and the assemblage is characterized by <em>C. constricta “aerophila”</em> 25 ± 8%, <em>C. tricuspis</em> 18 ± 5%, <em>Cyclopyxis sp.</em> 9 ± 6 % and <em>L. vas</em> 9 ± 4 %. The SDI for Biofacies 2 is 2.2 ± 0.2 and like Biofacies 1 shows a transitional environment. The average temperature is and 29.0 ± 1.0 °C with mean sp. conductivity also slightly higher than Biofacies 1 at 0.6 ± 0.04 mS/cm.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T14:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Roberta_Machado_Karsburg_Precipitação_e_velocidade_do_vento_na_oscilação_dos_níveis_dagua.pdf: 1951339 bytes, checksum: 21d939a36d26dac261dcd69cef73e42c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T14:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Roberta_Machado_Karsburg_Precipitação_e_velocidade_do_vento_na_oscilação_dos_níveis_dagua.pdf: 1951339 bytes, checksum: 21d939a36d26dac261dcd69cef73e42c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / O canal São Gonçalo se configura como um importante curso d’água, pertencente a bacia hidrográfica Mirim-São Gonçalo, que tem área de 25.000 km² e situa-se na região costeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Aliado a isso, ele une a laguna dos Patos, a qual mantém conexão direta com o oceano Atlântico, à lagoa Mirim, considerada como um grande reservatório de água doce no sul do Brasil. Está situado em uma região de planície, de baixas declividades e apresenta grande complexidade e sensibilidade às oscilações dos níveis d’água, tanto em função do regime e direção de ventos como do regime de chuvas. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do vento e da precipitação na oscilação do nível d`água à jusante da barragem eclusa do canal São Gonçalo-RS. A hipótese foi que a velocidade e direção do vento, juntamente com a precipitação, influenciam à oscilação dos níveis do canal São Gonçalo. Para alcançar os objetivos, foram empregados métodos de regressão linear múltipla e simples entre o nível d’água, precipitação e velocidades do vento à 2 e 7 m de altura e velocidade máxima. Para determinar a significância dos modelos de regressões lineares, foi utilizado o teste t de Student, para a verificação quais variáveis que são influenciadoras da oscilação do nível. Por fim, para indicar o grau de precisão dos modelos de regressões lineares avaliados, aplicou-se a metodologia do erro relativo médio quadrático. As direções de ventos que mostraram-se mais influenciadoras no processo de oscilação dos níveis d’água à jusante do canal São Gonçalo, foram as de sudeste (SE), sul (S) e oeste (O). A variável com maior influência no processo de oscilação dos níveis d’água à jusante da barragem eclusa do canal São Gonçalo, foi a velocidade máxima do vento (VMáx). / São Gonçalo is an important watercourse, belonging to the Mirim-São Gonçalo hydrographic basin, which has an area of 25,000 km² and is located in the coastal region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The Patos lagoon, which maintains a direct connection with the Atlantic Ocean, to Mirim lagoon, considered as a large reservoir of fresh water in southern Brazil. It’s situated in a lowland lowland region and presents great complexity and sensitivity to the fluctuations of water levels, both due to the regime and direction of the winds and the rainfall regime. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of wind and precipitation on the oscillation of the water level downstream of the São Gonçalo channel dam. The hypothesis was that the velocity and direction of the wind, along with the precipitation, influence the oscillation of the levels of the São Gonçalo channel. To achieve the objectives, multiple linear simple regression methods were used between water level, precipitation and wind velocities at 2 and 7 m in height and at maximum velocity. To determine the significance of the linear regression models, the Student's t test was used to verify which variables are influencing the level oscillation. Finally, to indicate the degree of precision of the linear regression models evaluated, the methodology of the relative mean square error was applied. The directions of the winds that were most influential in the process of oscillation of the water levels downstream of the São Gonçalo channel were those of the southeast (SE), south (S) and west (O). The variable with the greatest influence on the oscillation process of the water levels downstream of the São Gonçalo channel dam was the maximum wind speed.

The scope of this thesis was to identify, describe and quantify important life-history traits for the pseudoannual aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua in different ecological settings, by comparing populations from geographically marginal vs. central habitats. Results from a four-year field study showed that abiotic factors (water-level fluctuations and associated processes) tended to have a greater influence in marginal populations, whereas biotic factors (competition, insect grazing and fungal infections) dominated in central populations. This was reflected in different depth distribution of ramet numbers and ramet sizes between the areas, and In different dynamic patterns, with a higher flux of ramets in marginal populations. In a reciprocal transplant experiment, marginal ramets produced more but smaller rhizomes, whereas central ramets produced Individually larger but fewer rhizomes, irrespective of transplant site. A possible selection for genotypes producing large rhizomes in the central habitat was supported by the fact that initially smaller ramets were more likely to be diseased by the fungal pathogen Peronospora gigantea and damaged by insect grazing. In the marginal population, where density-independent mortality factors tend to dominate, a high reproductive output, expressed in production of high numbers of rhizomes, was suggested to be a favoured life-history trait. In a glasshouse experiment, ramets from marginal and central populations were grown in low and high densities and under three contrasting nutrient levels. The allocation to sexual structures was generally very low, and did not incur any costs in terms of reduced rhizome production. Rhizome production showed strong positive allometrical relationships to mother ramet size. Increasing mother ramet size resulted in a larger increase in rhizome numbers for the marginal than for the central population, whereas the increase in mean rhizome mass was more pronounced for the centred population. Both populations showed similar reductions in rhizome production in response to increased density and lowered nutrient levels, which could not be explained by size-dependent effects adone. The dispersal, dynamics and distribution of R. lingua were studied in a marginal river population in northern Sweden, where the only means of dispersal is by vegetative diaspores, i.e. floating rhizome fragments. Stranding occurred mainly in river curves and at obstacles, and the distribution of established stands was also highly correlated with these features. Relative changes in ramet numbers were correlated with water-level fluctuations during the present and previous growing seasons, with winter low-water, and with duration of spring-flood. The predictability of change was high within but low between stands. It was concluded that the patterns and mechanisms of dispersal are fundamental for local distribution patterns as well as variation in regional abundance in R. lingua / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by BRUNO TAMBELLINI SCALVI null (btscalvi@gmail.com) on 2016-05-04T17:17:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Bruno Scalvicompleta.pdf: 4491142 bytes, checksum: 1ea0adf519153a342f43e57534c00817 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-06T18:56:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 scalvi_b_me_rcla.pdf: 4491142 bytes, checksum: 1ea0adf519153a342f43e57534c00817 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T18:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 scalvi_b_me_rcla.pdf: 4491142 bytes, checksum: 1ea0adf519153a342f43e57534c00817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPe UNESP) / O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) constitui uma das maiores unidades hidroestratigráficas do continente sul-americano e está entre os aquíferos mais explorados no estado de São Paulo. No município de Araraquara cumpre um importante papel no abastecimento de água, sendo responsável por mais de 65% de toda água distribuída à população. Nesse contexto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização do arcabouço hidroestratigráfico do SAG na cidade de Araraquara, bem como a avaliação do rebaixamento dos níveis d’água no aquífero, decorrente da extração atual, por meio do monitoramento automatizado e contínuo dos níveis d’água em poço tubular abandonado situado na região central da cidade. Na área de estudo foram reconhecidas três formações geológicas: Formação Pirambóia; Formação Botucatu e a Formação Serra Geral. Foram caracterizadas quatro hidrofácies: A, B e C, que representam a Formação Piramboia e D constituída pela Formação Botucatu. As unidades estão separadas por descontinuidades geológicas, reconhecidas nos perfis, e foram diferenciadas em função do conteúdo argiloso presente nos arenitos, que condicionam as propriedades hidráulicas do reservatório. Ao longo de 435 dias de monitoramento contínuo, foi observado um rebaixamento total de 4,5 m no poço monitorado, decorrentes do bombeamento realizado na cidade. A contribuição de cada um dos poços, para o rebaixamento total, foi estimada utilizando-se a equação de Cooper-Jacob. Utilizando as vazões médias históricas para cada poço de bombeamento o rebaixamento calculado foi de 4,2 metros. Observou-se que poços mais próximos ao poço de observação, em um raio de 3000 metros, apresentaram contribuições significativas no rebaixamento observado. Com esses dados é possível avaliar e, com base em projeções de demanda futura do recurso hídrico e de crescimento populacional projetado, indicar locais para a perfuração de novos poços e seu impacto nos níveis d’água. / The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) is one of the biggest hydrostatigraphic units of the sul-american continent and it is highly explored in the São Paulo State - Brazil. In the city of Araraquara the unit plays a very important role in water supply and it is responsible for over than 65% of all water distributed to the population. This current study aimed to characterize the hydrostatigraphic framework of GAS in the city of Araraquara, also to evaluate the lowering of water levels in the aquifer through the automated and continuous monitoring in an abandoned well located in the central region of the city. In the study area were recognized three geological formations : Pirambóia Formation, Botucatu Formation and Serra Geral Formation. Four Hydrofacies were characterized : A, B and C , representing the Piramboia Formation and D the Botucatu Formation. The units have been separated by the clay content in the sandstone and by the presence of discontinuities in the rock package, which determine hydraulic properties of the reservoir using geophysical wireline curves and tray sampling reports. Over 435 days, was observed a total drawdown of 4.5 m on the monitored well, resulting from the pumping to supply the city. The contribution of each well in the total observed drawdown was estimated using the Cooper-Jacob equation. When used the historical average flow rates for each pumping well, the calculated drawdown was 4.2 meters. It was observed that the wells at a distance of maximum 3000 meters had significant contributions in the observed drawdown. With this data is possible to evaluate future projections of water demand, based on the projected population growth, and to indicate potencial locals for drilling new wells and their impact on water levels. / PROPe: 006/2013

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research presents a engineering geological mapping of the north portion of the city of Goiânia in the area that was proposed as a new perimeter of the urban expansion of the city, in the new main plan of Goiânia. The work was developed in the scale 1:25.000 and the methology of engineering geological mapping elaborated by Zuquette(1987). The physical environment chacaracteristics were obtained as a final product and they were based in the Goiânia 1981 risk chart, laboratory tests and fild works. Some of them were analyzed together with the photo- interpretation works, characterization test reports of the area. Thus, six cartographic documents were elaborated: Documentation map, geological bedrock map, unconsolidated material map, freatic water level map, declivities map and geotecnical units were elaborated. / A pesquisa desenvolveu sobre Mapeamento Geotécnico, realizado no Setor Norte do Município de Goiânia-GO, o qual compreende uma região que está em estudo para novo perímetro de expansão urbana da cidade, dentro do novo Plano Diretor de Goiânia. O trabalho foi realizado a escala de 1:25.000, com base na proposta metodológica de mapeamento geotécnico elaborada por Zuquette (1987). Foram realizados levantamentos de dados em relação às características do meio físico, a partir da Carta de Ricos de Goiânia de 1981, Mapa geológico (DNPM/CPRM), Mapa Pedológico (Projeto Radam Brasil) e Mapa geofísico (Casseti) juntamente com trabalhos de foto- interpretação, relatórios de ensaios pré-existentes de caracterização dos solos, ensaios de laboratórios em Mecânica dos Solos e trabalhos em campo. Deste modo foram elaborados 5 documentos cartográficos básicos: Mapa de Documentação, Mapa de Substrato Rochoso, Mapa Pedológico, Mapa de Profundidade do Nível D água Freática e Carta de. Também foram analisados relatórios dos ensaios de caracterização obtidos e realizados em tempo e posteriormente foi elaborado uma Carta de unidades geotécnicas, que demonstra as características geotécnicas da região estudada. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil