No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-25).

No description available.

The influence of different concentrations of a film- forming antitranspirant (Wilt-Pruf ) on the transpiration rate of young apple trees (Ml06) was studied. One-year-old Mailing 106 trees were potted in 10.2 em (4 inch) metal pots. The plants were placed in a controlled environmental chamber during the study period. Sufficient reductions in water loss resulted with all concentrations of Wilt- Pruf with a 63 percent reduction at the highest concentration. Phytotoxicity was not observed though the higher concentrations imparted a sticky film to plants and they appeared to be lighter green at the end of the test. The effect of Wilt-Pruf on four-year old apple trees (Golden Delicious) was conducted in August 1977 at Utah State University Experimental Farm i n Farmington, Utah. The resistance to water vapor diffusion from the leaves was increased on both Wilt-Pruf treated irrigated and unirrigated trees, and water balance was improved, increasing leaf and stern water potential. The improved water balance of treated apple trees resulted in fruit size increase . The higher concentration of antitranspirant in both irrigated and unirrigated apple trees resulted in a higher leaf temperature than the irrigated control.

No description available.

Faculty of Engineering School of Civil and Enviromental Engineering 9308302w fredb@ananzi.co.za / The Renoster River is a minor left-bank tributary of the Vaal River located some 120 km south-west of Johannesburg in the Free State Province of South Africa. The river is dammed by the Koppies Dam, which divides the river into upper and lower basins. No water is released directly from the Koppies Dam into the Renoster River channel except as a protective measure during natural flooding events. Irrigation releases are made through a separate canal system. The lower Renoster River was modeled as a series of channels, crossing four quaternary catchments. Hydraulic routing was used to estimate potential flow losses for discrete flow events. Out-of-bank flow was found to occur when flow exceeded 300 m3/s. A Pitman monthly rainfall-runoff hydrologic model was used to model longer term historical streamflow data and associated losses. Flow losses for individual flood events along the lower Renoster River were found to vary between 3% and 17%. For a longer term constant flow regime, losses can be expected to range between 10% and 40%. Based on both the hydraulic and hydrologic models, the primary cause of flow loss was found to be evaporation, with insignificant transpiration and transmission losses. For eighty years flow in the lower Renoster River has been artificially controlled. Within that time period the river has adjusted itself to the imposed anthropogenic flow regime. Water losses associated with planned releases into the lower Renoster River can be minimized by using a high discharge rate, to a maximum of 300 m3/s, combined with larger volumetric flows. Evaporation losses can be significant, and release strategies will need to take this into consideration.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o efeito da redução de pressões nas redes de distribuição sob as perdas reais de água. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho foram recolhidos dados de campo que permitiram avaliar as condições dos sistemas de distribuição e montar modelos matemáticos para realização de simulações hidráulicas. A partir dos modelos, se desenvolveram os estudos de caso para o Setor de Abastecimento de Ermelino Matarazzo (no município de São Paulo) e para o Setor Fonte (em Araraquara). No caso do Setor Ermelino, efetivamente implantaram-se subsetores controlados por válvulas redutoras de pressão (VRPs), obtendo-se reduções significativas na vazão fornecida à distribuição. Para o Setor Fonte, foram realizados estudos para reformulação da setorização existente e subdivisão em Distritos de Medição e Controle (DMCs) levando-se em conta todas as obras para melhoria e adequação do sistema de distribuição. A subsetorização proposta para o Setor Fonte não foi efetivamente implantada, mas os modelos desenvolvidos mostraram que apenas com a subdivisão do setor já é possível a redução nas pressões de distribuição e conseqüentemente redução das perdas reais. Para o Setor Ermelino optou-se pela solução com resultados imediatos através da instalação das válvulas: as perdas reais foram reduzidas, embora tenha significado que 80% da extensão de rede da zona alta do setor tenha ficado protegida por VRPs, o que sugere um desperdício de energia. Já no Setor Fonte buscou-se uma solução mais abrangente para otimização do sistema de distribuição e equilíbrio hidráulico do plano piezométrico, que também apresenta resultados satisfatórios na redução das perdas reais de água. Finalmente, concluiu-se, através dos resultados obtidos em ambos os estudos que a redução das pressões na distribuição está intimamente ligada à redução das perdas reais de água. A diferença entre eles é a abrangência dos estudos. É desejável que o imediatismo dos resultados obtidos pela instalação das VRPs seja confrontado com ações de longo prazo e que a utilização de VRPs seja acessória ao sistema de distribuição e não usada indiscriminadamente. / The following study aims to present the effect of pressure reducing in the distribution networks over the water real loss. For development of the studies, were collected field data that allowed to evaluate the distribution systems conditions and build mathematical models for hydraulic simulations. From the hydraulics models, were developed cases for the Water Supply Ermelino Matarazzo District (in São Paulo) and the Fonte District (in Araraquara). In the Ermelino Districts case, in fact were deployed pressure reducing valves (PRVs) sub-districts, resulting in significant reductions in the supplied flow to the distribution system. For the Fonte District, studies were developed to reformulate the existing sectorization and the subdivision into District Meter Areas (DMAs) taking into account all the activities for improvement and adjustment of the distribution system. The proposal to subdivide the Fonte District had not been effectively implemented, but the models developed showed that only the sub-sector division is enough to reduce the pressure distribution and therefore reduce real losses. For Ermelino District was chosen the solution with immediate results through the installation of the valves: the actual losses have been reduced, meaning that although 80% of the network extension of the High Service Area has been protected by PRVs, which suggests an energy waste. In the Fonte District sought an embracing solution for the distribution system optimizing and gain the best hydraulic balance of the piezometric plan, that also provides satisfactory results in the reduction of real losses. Finally, it was concluded through the results obtained in both studies that, the pressure reduction in distribution system is closely linked to the real losses reduction. The difference between them is the scope of the studies. It is desirable that the immediate results achieved by the PRVs installation be compared with long-term actions and, the use of PRVs should be an accessory to the distribution system and not used indiscriminately.

Emergent epizootics are responsible for dramatic declines in wildlife populations over the past few years. An emerging fungal-borne epizootic, called white-nose syndrome (WNS), is responsible for a catastrophic decline of hibernating bats in North America The fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), is the causative agent of WNS, but to date, we have limited understanding of how an infection with Pd can lead to mortality in hibernating bats. Evidence suggests dehydration is an important part of the pathogenesis of WNS. Cryan et al. (2010) proposed four possible mechanisms by which infection could lead to dehydration. In this study, I tested one of these hypotheses - Pd infection could cause disruption to passive gas-exchange pathways across the wing membranes, thereby causing a compensatory increase in water-intensive pulmonary respiration. I hypothesized total evaporative water loss would be greater when passive gas-exchange was inhibited, especially at low ambient temperatures. I found that bats did not lose more water when passive gas-exchange was retarded (at least within the resolution of my equipment). This study provides evidence against the proposed proximal mechanism that disruption to passive gas-exchange causes dehydration and ultimately death to WNS-infected bats.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o efeito da redução de pressões nas redes de distribuição sob as perdas reais de água. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho foram recolhidos dados de campo que permitiram avaliar as condições dos sistemas de distribuição e montar modelos matemáticos para realização de simulações hidráulicas. A partir dos modelos, se desenvolveram os estudos de caso para o Setor de Abastecimento de Ermelino Matarazzo (no município de São Paulo) e para o Setor Fonte (em Araraquara). No caso do Setor Ermelino, efetivamente implantaram-se subsetores controlados por válvulas redutoras de pressão (VRPs), obtendo-se reduções significativas na vazão fornecida à distribuição. Para o Setor Fonte, foram realizados estudos para reformulação da setorização existente e subdivisão em Distritos de Medição e Controle (DMCs) levando-se em conta todas as obras para melhoria e adequação do sistema de distribuição. A subsetorização proposta para o Setor Fonte não foi efetivamente implantada, mas os modelos desenvolvidos mostraram que apenas com a subdivisão do setor já é possível a redução nas pressões de distribuição e conseqüentemente redução das perdas reais. Para o Setor Ermelino optou-se pela solução com resultados imediatos através da instalação das válvulas: as perdas reais foram reduzidas, embora tenha significado que 80% da extensão de rede da zona alta do setor tenha ficado protegida por VRPs, o que sugere um desperdício de energia. Já no Setor Fonte buscou-se uma solução mais abrangente para otimização do sistema de distribuição e equilíbrio hidráulico do plano piezométrico, que também apresenta resultados satisfatórios na redução das perdas reais de água. Finalmente, concluiu-se, através dos resultados obtidos em ambos os estudos que a redução das pressões na distribuição está intimamente ligada à redução das perdas reais de água. A diferença entre eles é a abrangência dos estudos. É desejável que o imediatismo dos resultados obtidos pela instalação das VRPs seja confrontado com ações de longo prazo e que a utilização de VRPs seja acessória ao sistema de distribuição e não usada indiscriminadamente. / The following study aims to present the effect of pressure reducing in the distribution networks over the water real loss. For development of the studies, were collected field data that allowed to evaluate the distribution systems conditions and build mathematical models for hydraulic simulations. From the hydraulics models, were developed cases for the Water Supply Ermelino Matarazzo District (in São Paulo) and the Fonte District (in Araraquara). In the Ermelino Districts case, in fact were deployed pressure reducing valves (PRVs) sub-districts, resulting in significant reductions in the supplied flow to the distribution system. For the Fonte District, studies were developed to reformulate the existing sectorization and the subdivision into District Meter Areas (DMAs) taking into account all the activities for improvement and adjustment of the distribution system. The proposal to subdivide the Fonte District had not been effectively implemented, but the models developed showed that only the sub-sector division is enough to reduce the pressure distribution and therefore reduce real losses. For Ermelino District was chosen the solution with immediate results through the installation of the valves: the actual losses have been reduced, meaning that although 80% of the network extension of the High Service Area has been protected by PRVs, which suggests an energy waste. In the Fonte District sought an embracing solution for the distribution system optimizing and gain the best hydraulic balance of the piezometric plan, that also provides satisfactory results in the reduction of real losses. Finally, it was concluded through the results obtained in both studies that, the pressure reduction in distribution system is closely linked to the real losses reduction. The difference between them is the scope of the studies. It is desirable that the immediate results achieved by the PRVs installation be compared with long-term actions and, the use of PRVs should be an accessory to the distribution system and not used indiscriminately.