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Cocaine Production and the Provision of Household Services: Evidence from Colombian Coca FarmersJones, Maggie 30 April 2012 (has links)
This paper analyzes how coca cultivation affects the provision of basic household services in Colombia. In particular, I examine how different levels of government responded to an exogenous upsurge in coca cultivation in 1995. I use data from De- mographic Health Surveys to compare Colombian households’ access to electricity (overseen by the federal government) and water (overseen by municipal govern- ments) in coca growing areas relative to non-growing areas. I use both standard and generalized difference-in-differences models. My results indicate that after coca cultivation increased, electricity coverage increased by 7 percentage points more in coca growing departments than non-growing departments. In contrast, there were no differential trends in access to piped water between growing and non-growing departments.
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Clean water from clean energy : removal of dissolved contaminants from brackish groundwater using wind energy powered electrodialysisMalek, Payam January 2015 (has links)
Around 770 million people lack access to improved drinking water sources (WHO 2013), urgently necessitating implementation of contaminant removal by e.g. desalination systems on a large scale. To improve water quality and enable use of brackish water sources for human consumption in remote arid areas, a directly coupled wind – electrodialysis system (Wind-ED) was developed. Modularity, sustainability and above all suitability for the practical use in off-grid locations were the main motivations and design objectives. The direct coupling of wind energy with membranes reduces the system costs as well as technical drawbacks associated with using intermediate energy storage systems. During this research, systematic experiments were performed using the Wind-ED system in order to determine desalination performance and clean water production, specific energy consumption (SEC) and current efficiency (ηc) under relevant conditions, such as varying: i) wind speed, ii) wind turbulence intensity, iii) oscillation periods, iv) varying NaCl concentrations and v) flow rates. Moreover, the competitive removal of four commonly available inorganic contaminants in brackish groundwater sources, nitrate (NO3-), fluoride (F-), sulphate (SO42-) and chloride (Cl-), were investigated. Firstly, to establish a systematic understanding of how and to what extent energy fluctuations influence the transport of the salt (i.e. NaCl) ions across the membranes, experiments were conducted using pulsed electric field assisted electrodialysis (pulsed-ED) over a wide range of frequencies (0.001 – 10 Hz) and duty cycles (20 – 80). The results showed that pulsation applied in the sub-limiting regime resulted in reduced water production, explained by the delays caused by the off-periods during the pulsed desalination process. At higher current densities, pulsation led to considerable improvements in current (e.g. up to 95%, for a feed solution of 500 mg/L and a pulse regime of 1 Hz at 50 V peak voltage) and significant reduction in water dissociation, explained by a reduction of concentration polarisation. Importantly, the pulsation had no significant effect on energy consumption or current efficiency suggesting that ED could be suitable for direct coupling to fluctuating energy sources such as wind energy. ED was consequently coupled to a wind turbine system and a series of desalination tests were performed over a wide range of wind speeds (2-10 m/s), turbulence intensities (TI of 0-0.6) and oscillation periods (0-180 s). Results showed that water production and SEC increased with wind speed. However, both the water production and SEC stopped increasing as the power output from the turbine levelled off at wind speeds above the rated value (vrated: 7.9 – 8.4 m/s). The impact of wind speed fluctuations on the system performance were insignificant up to a TI of 0.4. The desalination performance declined under high turbulence intensity fluctuations (TIs ≥ 0.5) and long periods of oscillation (> 40 s), as the wind-ED system periodically cycled off in response to operation below the cut-in wind speed of the wind turbine (vcut-in: ~ 2 m/s). The off-cycling of the system caused significant delays in the desalination process, and thus resulted in reduced water production. Further reduction in the water production resulted as the wind-ED system operated under intermittent wind speed conditions with off-wind periods longer than 10 s. It was concluded that the main challenge in direct coupling of ED to a wind resource was not the magnitude of the fluctuations but the impact of the power cycling off during long periods of oscillation and lengthy periods of no wind. Interestingly, the SEC of the process remained relatively unaffected by the fluctuations and intermittencies in the wind resource. The effect of energy fluctuations on the competitive transport of F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- from artificial brackish water (TDS ~4350 mg/L) was investigated using different sets of real wind data. The ion removal, independent of the wind regime tested, followed the order: NO3- ≥ Cl- > F- > SO42-. The competitive removal of the ions was linked to differences in physicochemical properties (i.e. hydration energy, ionic mobility and valence). The specific selectivity (e.g. preferential transport of NO3- over SO42- ions) was found to increase with concentration polarisation being either minimised (by lowering the mean wind speed) or disrupted (by fluctuations in the wind resource). The results from flow rate and feed concentration experiments, showed that power production of the wind turbine depended on not only the available wind energy but also the resistance of the load (i.e. the ED stack). Thus, increasing the feed concentration and the flow rate resulted in reduced resistance in the ED stack (Rstack), which inversely influenced the current induction counter torque force applied on the shaft of the wind turbine and caused the rotor to spin at a lower angular velocity. This led to increased sensitivity of the wind-ED system to wind speed fluctuations (e.g. system cycled off due to extreme fluctuations and intermittencies with low TDS feed concentration of 2400 mg/L) and hence a reduction of desalination performance. Impact of flow rate on the SEC was found to be negligible; this was attributed to the automatic voltage to current adjustments done by the wind turbine, in order to minimise the impacts of Rstack on the power production by the turbine at a given wind speed. Increased flow rate and resulting shrinkage of the boundary layer’s thickness, caused the concentration profiles at the solution-membrane interface to become steeper. This favoured the transport of ions with the highest diffusion coefficients in the mixture (i.e. Cl- and NO3-). Decreased flow rate favoured the transport of ions with larger valence numbers and higher electric mobility inside the electrolyte (i.e. SO42-); as the former property governed the faster migration of SO42- ions through the thick boundary layer and the latter property assisted with the improved affinity of the ion-exchange membrane to SO42- ions compared to the monovalent anions in the mixture. Increasing the feed concentration of Cl- from 500 to 2,550 mg/L led to reduced transport numbers for the other anions in the mixture and significantly reducing their removal rate. The results obtained from both the pulsed-ED and wind-ED experiments showed that, despite direct coupling to the fluctuating energy source the SEC of the process remained relatively unaffected by the energy fluctuations. Although the desalination process might require more time to be completed when operating under extreme wind speed fluctuations and intermittencies, the quality of the drinking water produced was always within the WHO standards. In conclusion, the findings from this research prove the wind-ED system to be an energetically robust and a reliable off-grid desalination technique suitable for the treatment of brackish groundwater in water stressed remote regions.
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Evaluation of labour-intensive construction projects in Madibeng municipality, North-West Province, South Africa.Ngebulana, Matladi Refilwe 11 April 2008 (has links)
The launch of the Expanded Public Works Programme has
led to preferential use of labour-intensive
construction methods over conventional methods in
construction and maintenance of public infrastructure
assets. This report evaluated five bulk water
infrastructure projects in Madibeng Municipality where
labour-intensive construction methods were used.
The research found that factors which adversely
affected construction progress included: inability to
transfer experience and lessons learnt from one project
to the next, skills and experience shortcomings,
administrative and management realities, negative
interventions from stakeholders and failure of the
Municipality to set specific objectives and monitor
project achievements with respect to intended
objectives. Appropriate training and support from
local communities were found to enhance success during
construction.
It was concluded that labour-intensive construction
methods are feasible for bulk water provision projects
and can generate productive significant employment
provided certain basic requirements were in place.
Ultimately the findings led to the compilation of
lessons learnt from the projects.
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An evaluation of the relationship between water infrastructure financing and water provision in South AfricaBapela, Lerato Caroline January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D. (Administration Development Planning and Management)) -- University of LImpopo, 2017 / Whilst previous research has largely blamed inadequate finance as the cause of insufficient water provision and concomitant development implications such as poverty and food production; this thesis, took a slightly different turn and engaged on a critical deconstruction of the relationship between water infrastructure financing and water provision in South Africa.
Archival data on South Africa between 1994 and 2014 were collected on water provision, water-asset finance, governance effectiveness, corruption, violence, accountancy and voice. Data were analysed using the OLS regression fixed effect. Findings from the analysis showed that against popular belief, there was lack of significant relationship between water asset finance and water provision.
However, nonfinancial variables namely corruption, social violence, accountability and voice of citizens in development decisions showed a significant relationship with water provision. In addition, the analysis showed that water provision is significantly related to cereal production and incidence of poverty. Therefore, the thesis emphasized that rural development could be enhanced through an improved effort on water provision, which would increase cereal production and reduce the incidence of poverty. It stressed however, that provision of water asset finance without attention and control of nonfinancial variables might have the tendency to derail water provision initiatives in South Africa.
The thesis made an original contribution by proposing a conceptual framework for employing and researching the catalyst for water provision in South Africa. It also developed three novel research models for future research.
Key words: Infrastructure financing, water infrastructure, water provision, water and development, governance, accountability, poverty reduction
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O impacto de cisternas rurais sobre a saúde infantil: uma avaliação do Programa 1 milhão de cisternas, 2000-2010SILVA, Lucas Emanuel da 02 March 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / CNPQ / Uma parte considerável da população rural nos países em desenvolvimento vive em um ambientedeescassezdeágua,responsávelporaltastaxasdemortalidadeinfantildevidoàsdoenças
relacionadasàáguacontaminada. Aliteraturaexistenteteminvestigadooimpactodemelhorias
nosistemadeágua(englobandooefeitodaexpansãodarededeabastecimentodeágua,qualidadedaáguaetratamentodeesgoto)sobreasaúdeinfantileoimpactodechoquesdechuvaem
áreas secas. O presente estudo contribui para este debate por inferir o efeito causal isolado de
expansãodaofertadeáguasobreamortalidadeinfantilpordoençasdiarreicas,particularmente
para as zonas semiáridas, explorando um programa que distribui cisternas entre os municípios
situadosnosemiáridomaisdensamentepovoadodomundo. Aoexploraravariaçãoexógenana
intervençãodoprogramanosmunicípios,juntamentecomotempodetaldecisão,verificou-se
queoprogramateveumimpactosignificativosobreataxademortalidadeinfantilpordoenças
diarreicasparaafaixaetáriade0a4anos. / Aconsiderablepartofruralpopulationindevelopingcountrieslivesinawaterscarceenvironment,responsibleforhighratesofchildmortalityduetounsafewaterrelateddiseases.
Previous
literaturehasinvestigatedtheimpactoninfanthealthofwatersystemimprovements(confoundingtheeffectofwatersupplynetworkexpansion,waterqualityandsewagetreatment)andthe
impactofrainfallshocksindryareas. Thepresentstudycontributestothisdebatebyinferring
theisolatedcausaleffectofwatersupplyexpansiononinfantmortalityfromdiarrhealdiseases,
particularly for semiarid zones, as it exploits a program that distributes cisterns among municipalities
placed on the most densely populated semiarid zone in the world. By exploring
exogenousvariationinmunicipalitiesprogramintervention,alongwiththetimingofsuchdecision,ithasbeenobservedthattheprogramhadasignificantimpactontheinfantmortalityrate
fromdiarrhealdiseasesinthegroupof0to4yearso
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Temporalities of water vending : Identifying agencies in the everyday governance of water provision in Mathare, Kenya.Dufour, Tara Virgile January 2024 (has links)
Mathare as an informal settlement of the Global South which suffers from an inconsistent water supply and periods of scarcity, relies for its provision on water vendors. This dissertation strives to advance scholarly debates on understanding the production and governance of the ‘actual water supply’ beyond and in relation to the centralised piped water network, and to thinking the conditions for possible change to modes of water supply. An empirical investigation was conducted on certain temporalities of change and continuity in the relational practices of governance actors of the water provision, the water vendors, situated in the informal settlement of Mathare in Nairobi, Kenya. As such, experiences of water scarcity among the water vendors are suggested to contribute to shape Mathare’s water provision by motivating practices circulation, especially regarding water storage. The water vendors might also crucially sustain and re-configure rules, interact with, and be affected by artefacts involved in the water infrastructure through practices of maintenance, repair, but also decay through temporary events of water infrastructure disruption. In turn, looking at relations shaping the water governance, stable relations are suggested to be re-produced through ‘twilight’ actors and temporal modalities in the water infrastructure.
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An evaluation of the impact of state water provision on rural development: the case of the Vukuzenzele projectMaphosa, Beatrice 06 1900 (has links)
Inadequate resources have always been suspected to be the main cause of persistent poverty and underdevelopment in many developing countries. Water is one such resource that is not readily available to many in South Africa. South Africa is a water-scarce country; access to adequate water provisions requires expensive infrastructure which can only be provided by the Government for most of the population. It is not certain whether there is a direct link between access to water and development or poverty alleviation. This study evaluated the impact that state water provision has on development especially in rural communities. The study concluded that there is indeed potential for community development where there is improved access to water. Findings further revealed the nature of several other variables that have significant roles in the relationship between access to government provided water and development. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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An evaluation of the impact of state water provision on rural development: the case of the Vukuzenzele projectMaphosa, Beatrice 06 1900 (has links)
Inadequate resources have always been suspected to be the main cause of persistent poverty and underdevelopment in many developing countries. Water is one such resource that is not readily available to many in South Africa. South Africa is a water-scarce country; access to adequate water provisions requires expensive infrastructure which can only be provided by the Government for most of the population. It is not certain whether there is a direct link between access to water and development or poverty alleviation. This study evaluated the impact that state water provision has on development especially in rural communities. The study concluded that there is indeed potential for community development where there is improved access to water. Findings further revealed the nature of several other variables that have significant roles in the relationship between access to government provided water and development. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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WATER PROVISION FOR SMALL, ARID ISLANDS: FINDING SOLUTIONS FOR THE ISLANDS OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN SEAVAMVAKIDOU, MARIA 01 July 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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A geographical interpretation of the interplay between urban development, conservation, and sense of place of urban greenspace in Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Tshwane, South AfricaDe Jager, Anna Elizabeth 11 1900 (has links)
Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / In an increasingly changing world, the attributes of human and physical
environments are critical in assessing human quality of life (HQoL). The research
sources consulted for this thesis point to specific relationships between urban
change, ecosystem services and the HQoL. A variety of models have been
developed in the global North to assist urban planners to manage the benefits and
stressors related to urban shrinkage, ecosystems and HQoL. In the global South
the trend is urban growth rather than shrinkage and few models are available for
this context.
Based on a mixed-method case-study approach, the Rietvlei Nature Reserve,
located in the rapidly-growing urban peripheral zone between the Tshwane and
Ekurhuleni metropolitan areas in the Gauteng province of South Africa, was
selected to assess the benefits and stressors of localised urban development,
conservation and sense of place. The purpose of the assessment was to develop
a Greenspace Stress Model of Urban Impact (GSMUI) that would be of value to
local authorities in managing the interplay of the varied functions of a nature
reserve as a greenspace in the global South. Land-use changes were analysed
using remote-sensing images. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with
purposively-selected key informants to evaluate the functions of the Reserve and
the objectives of the Ecological Management Plan for the Reserve. The benefits
and risks to the Reserve, as well as the sense-of-place aspects, were identified
through semi-structured interviews with 18 purposively-selected key informants,
181 on-site face-to-face semi-structured interviews with visitors to the Reserve,
group discussions with interest groups and electronic surveys involving 365
respondents. Data were also collected through the researcher’s own observations
and her participation in activities at the Reserve. The empirical results of the
research were verified by 14 purposively-selected key specialist informants, who
evaluated and ranked the identified benefits and stressors. Benefits and stressors
were not ranked the same from different perspectives.
Using the results of the empirical research, the researcher was able to merge and
adapt a number of models developed for the management of greenspaces in the
global North in order to develop the GSMUI specifically for the Rietvlei Reserve.
Guidelines were also developed for the application of the GSMUI in geographically
similar greenspaces in the global South. / In ‘n toenemend veranderende wêreld, is die eienskappe van menslike en fisiese
omgewings krities vir die evaluering van menslike lewenskwaliteit (HQoL). Die
navorsing wat geraadpleeg is, het spesifieke verwantskappe tussen stedelike
verandering, ekosisteemdienste en HQoL aangedui ‘n Verskeidenheid modelle is
in die globale Noorde ontwikkel om stedelike beplanners te help om die voordele
en stressors verwant aan ontwikkeling (stedelike inkrimping), ekosisteme en
menslike lewenskwaliteit, te bestuur. Onvoldoende modelle is nog ontwikkel vir die
om die teenoorgestelde neigings in die globale Suide te bestuur.
’n Gemengdemetodes-gevallestudie-benadering is gevolg om die voordele en
stressors van stedelike ontwikkeling, bewaring en sin vir plek in die Rietvlei
Natuurreservaat (geleë in die snelgroeiende stedelike randgebiedsone tussen die
Tshwane en Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse gebiede in die Gauteng Provinsie van
Suid-Afrika) te ondersoek. Verandering in grondgebruik is deur
afstandwaarnemingsbeelde ontleed. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met
doelbewus-geselekteerde sleutelinformante gevoer om die funksies van die
Reservaat, sowel as die doelwitte van die Reservaat se ekologiese bestuursplan,
te evalueer. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met 18 doelbewus-geselekteerde
sleutelinformante, 181 semi-gestruktureerde persoonlike onderhoude met
besoekers aan die Reservaat en groepbesprekings is met ereveldwagters en
belangegroepe gevoer, en 365 elektroniese vraelyste is ontleed ten einde die
voordele en risiko’s vir die Reservaat en ook die pleksin te identifiseer. Data is ook
deur middel van waarneming en deelname aan aktiwiteite in die Reservaat
ingesamel. Die empiriese resultate van die navorsing is geverifieer deur 14
doelbewus-geselekteerde sleutelinformante wat die geïdentifiseerde voordele en
stressors geëvalueer en geklassifiseer het. Voordele en stressors is verskillend
evalueer uit verskillende oogpunte.
Die gebruik van die empiriese navorsing het die navorser in staat gestel om ’n
aantal modelle aan te pas wat vir die bestuur van groenruimtes in die globale
Noorde ontwikkel is en te integreer ten einde die GSMUI te skep. Die CSMUI is
spesifiek op die bestuur van die Rietvlei Natuurreservaat gemik. Die navorsing bied
ook ‘n generiese GSMUI met implementeringsriglyne vir geografies-gelyksoortige
groenruimtes in die globale Suide. / Kumhlaba oguquka njalo, isimo sabantu nesemvelo kubalulekile ekuhloleni iqophelo
lempilo yabantu i-Human quality of life (HQoL). Ucwaningo oluhloliwe lukhombise ukuthi
kukhona ubudlelwane obuthile phakathi kokuncipha/ukwanda, inkonzo yobudlelwane
babantu nemvelo kanye ne HqoL. Lokhu kuxhumana kwehlukile kancane ezindaweni
zaseNyakatho nomhlaba (ukungcipha kwedolobha) nezindawo zaseNingizimu nomhlaba
lapho ukwanda kwamadolobha kugqame khona. Kwakhiwe amamodeli ahlukahlukile
khona eNyakatho nomhlaba ukusiza abahleli bamadolobha ukuphatha izinzuzo
nokuhluphayo okuhambisana nentuthuko (ukuncipha kwedolobha), kanye nesimo
sendawo kanye neHQol. Awekho amamodeli awenziweyo ukusiza ukuphatha isimo
esehlukile eNingizimi yomhlaba.
Ngokusebenzisa inqubo exubile, inqubo ye-case study, iRietvlei Nature Reserve
(etholakala lapho kwanda khona ngokushesha amadolobha phakathi kweTshwane neEKurhuleni kwiprovinsi laseGauteng eNingizima Afrika), yakhethwa ukuhlola izinzuzo
nezingcindezi zokuthuthuka kwamadolobha, nokugcina isimo semvelo kanye nobunjalo
obuthile bendawo. Injongo yalolu hlolo bekuwukwenza indawo ebizwa iGreenspace Stress
Model of Urban Impact (GSMUI) ezosiza iziphathimandla zendawo ukuphatha
ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwezinhloso ezihlukahlukene zeReserve njengendawo
eluhlaza kwiNingizimu neAfrika yomhlaba. Kwahlaziywa indlela eguqukayo
yokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso ebheka ikude etholakala kuma
mepi akhombisa indikimba (thematic map). Kwenziwa ama-semi-structured interviews
nababambiqhaza bolwazi ababalulekile ukuhlola ukusebenza kweReserve kanye
nezinhloso zohlelo olubizwa i-Ecological Management Plan for the Reserve. Izinzuzo
nezingcindezi zale-Reserve, kanye nobunjalo obuthile bendawo, kwaphawulwa,
ngokwenza ama-semi-structured interview nabathile ababalulekile abakhethwa abayi 18
ukuxoxa nabo, futhi kwenziwa nama-semi-structured interview ngokubhekana ubuso
nobuso nezivakashi ze-Reserve ezingama 181, kanye nezingxoxo nabaqaphi abathile
besiqiwi (rangers) kanye namanye amaqembu athintekayo. Ulwazi lwaqokelelwa futhi
ngokuthi abacwaningi babheke lokho okwenzekayo kanye nokubamba iqhaza
kwimisebenzi ye-Reserve. Imiphumela yobufakazi bocwaningo yaqinisekiswa ngosolwazi
ababalulekile bobuchwepheshe abangu 14 ababekhethelwe le nhloso, abahlola babuya
babeka ngamazinga izinzuzo nezingcindezi ukwenzela ukuthi abacwaningi babuye
baphinde bakwazi ukwenza enye i-GSMUI.
Ngokusebenzisa imiphumela yobufakazi bocwaningo, umcwaningi wakwazi ukuhlela
kabusha amamodeli amaningana athile enziwe ukuphatha izindawo eziluhlaza eNyakatho
lomhlaba, ukuze enze GSMUI eqondene nokuphatha iReserve laseRietvlei. Ucwaningo
lubuye lwahlinzeka futhi i-GSMUI enabile engasetshenziswa njengemikhombandlela
yezinye izindawo eziluhlaza ezifana nalezi khona eNingizimu yomhlaba. / Geography / Ph.D. (Geography)
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