Thesis (M.L. Arch. - Landscape Resources)--University of Arizona, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-170).

Professional paper (M.S.)--University of Montana, 1984. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-97).

No description available.

Magister Artium - MA / The strain brought to bear on fiscal resources of municipalities in South Africa has had a negative effect on the ability by these municipalities to fulfil their obligations; that of delivering quality services to residents, especially the poorest of the poor. Inability to collect adequate revenue; the general hardships related to the global economic recession; competition over resources, all these form an interplay of factors that have a bearing on the City of Tshwane' ability to manage and deliver water resources. Successful efforts to maintain good quality water resources have not been balanced with the ability to increase access to poorer sections of the municipality. The lack of an integrated approach to the management of water resources, which should be guided by the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework has led to a top-down and bureaucratic approach to the management of the resources, leading to both the exclusion of communities and other stakeholders. This thesis acknowledges the municipality's ability to manage quality issues. It however raises critical questions about ability to deliver services to the poor, and their exclusion from managing of water resources.

<p> Global climate change may result in rising temperatures. As a result, ecological health and the human use of rivers may be impacted. The hydrologic cycle, watershed hydrology, and in-stream hydraulics are dynamic systems, influenced by human activities, natural events, and climate. Although known drivers like precipitation and stream velocity govern sediment processes, the effect of water temperature on sediment transport remains unclear. In-stream sediment movement could lead to blocked harbors, flooding, and degradation of vulnerable fish habitat. To better understand how fluctuations in water temperature affect sediment dynamics, six transport models were analyzed on the Niobrara River, with water temperatures ranging 1&deg; to 40&deg; C. The results indicate that as water warms sediment transport decreases, according to an inverse, non-linear law, with the highest reduction at colder water temperatures. The results given here can help predict changes in sediment transport for rivers with similar characteristics at various water temperatures. </p>

This dissertation describes and explains how water related regulatory agencies function in Arizona. The study's major focus is the policy process of water agencies. It is a comparison of the legal powers of agencies and their actual behavior in regard to those powers. A major conclusion of the study is that administrative laws and procedures (policies) in Arizona are basically the result of a variety of interest group activity which is directed primarily toward the state administrative bureauracy. The interest groups which are the most active and those that have established clientele relationships with water related regulatory agencies are associations which are concerned with water issues. Although farm-ranch and conservation oriented associations have historically had the greatest impact on water management and control by state agencies, their monopoly has been challenged in the sixties by commercial and municipal interests which (as domestic, commercial and industrial water consumption increases) are becoming more concerned about the supply, quality and cost of water. As population increases in the two metropolitan areas of the state, and as that concentration of population is reflected in the reapportionment of the state legislature, it is likely the status quo will eventually change in favor of those interest groups existing in the metropolitan areas. An incremental approach to the formulation of water law and to the establishment of regulatory functions for state agencies has resulted in a decentralized and fragmented administrative structure for regulating the management and use of water. There are fourteen agencies which have been given varying degrees of power to regulate the use of water. Although there are overlapping areas of jurisdiction between the fourteen agencies, most of the agencies' areas of jurisdiction are narrowly defined. The agencies with the broadest area of jurisdiction are the State Land Department and the Arizona Corporation Commission. The study of activities of Arizona water related regulatory agencies shows that the proliferation of water associations has placed such demands on the state government that it must assume a more vigorous role in water resource management. There are two major problem areas which only the state alone can solve-1-a revision of water law in Arizona and administrative reform. The most logical method of accomplishing these two tasks is through the establishment of a state administrative agency which is given sufficient power to investigate, plan and coordinate the management of water usage in the state of Arizona. The commission form of administrative agency which has been used in Arizona would be readily adaptable to such an agency. A commission form would present the opportunity for a broad representation of water interests in the state. In the last decade the political feasibility of such a solution (establishment of a central water agency) has substantially increased. The political status quo has been affected by such events as the reapportionment of the legislature, the passage by Congress of the Central Arizona Project, an increase in the domestic consumption of water and the ever increasing variance in the pumping and natural recharging of ground water. Also within the last decade, there have been state governmental changes which have had an impact on administrative regulatory agencies. Examples of these changes include the lengthening of executive terms of office and legislation establishing a more centralized budget and a state personnel system. It is too soon to assess the magnitude of the impact of the changes discussed above. It is clear, however, that the political environment in Arizona is becoming more favorable for the state's regulation of the use of water.

A regional range development project has been established in southern and southeastern Ethiopia, and the planning area has been jointly studied by the Imperial Ethiopian Government and the United States Agency for International Development (JSAID). I have been associated with both the feasibility studies and the actual implementation of the program from 1965 to 1969, and this experience with the project provided data for this dissertation. The area is inhabited by different ethnic groups who are almost all nomadic and have a subsistence life based on production of various classes of livestock. They have great variability in customs, religions, social and cultural beliefs, and languages. Excellent beef cattle are indigenous to the region, but there are many current cattle production and management problems in southern and southeastern Ethiopia. Among the most critical problems are diseases, poor nutrition, and lack of organized marketing. Lack of water is also a limiting factor; it causes shortage of roughage, lack of proper nutrition, retarded reproduction, high mortality, especially among young individuals, lack of surplus animals for market, and no contribution to national revenue. To solve some of the existing problems, the Imperial Ethiopian Government initiated a water development program in the early 1960Is, but because of the type of planning, there was very little economic benefit from the investment for range water development. There were no real defined objectives other than the provision of water to cattle with no management and maintenance once the initial construction was done. Water development in combination with veterinary service to solve the water shortage and disease problems was analyzed in this dissertation. Objectives were: to describe the existing physical, social, and cultural conditions in southern and southeastern Ethiopia; to analyze the economics of veterinary services and water development with and without management; and to discuss management and social changes necessary to insure that water development accomplishes desirable economic and social changes. Three development alternatives were considered and analyzed. The three alternatives were: mobile veterinary service, mobile veterinary service plus water development, and mobile veterinary service plus water development and management. A rate-of-return analysis was used in evaluating the economics of the development alternatives. Each alternative was analyzed for four different grazing capacities and six different percentage increases in sales each 5 years in addition to the basic 37 annual sale that now exists. Thus, 72 different sets of rates of return data were obtained. Under no circumstance should the planning rangeland be exploited and mismanaged through overgrazing and other improper management practices. With capital resources in short supply and long planning periods, exploitation of available range resources was not considered as an appropriate alternative. Rates of return greater than the 47 to meet the Government's return on investment would indicate the presence of net income to achieve social, cultural, and economic changes among producers in the planning area. At 4%, the Government will recover the money invested for development, but the producers may not gain from the investment. Based on an economic analysis of each of the three development alternatives, the best alternative satisfying the objectives as outlined in this dissertation would be the development with management alternative. With 2560 animal units per year per management unit grazing capacity, and with a 47 increase in animal sales each 5 years, desired objectives would be met. Based on the economic analyses made in this dissertation and if specific livestock sale goals are met in the early years of a project, a suitable annual payment scheme to recover development and maintenance costs while still providing economic incentives to producers could be formulated.

Justification for the construction of water resource projects in developing countries has been traditionally based on benefit-cost analysis. This dissertation focuses on the standardized cost-effectiveness analysis for the planning, design and operation of water resource projects in developing countries and in particular southeastern Mexico. The "best" system is determined in terms of goals which reflect the physical, economic and social conditions of the region. The planning process starts by identifying goals which the water resource system or systems are desired to meet. These goals are then mapped into specifications in which the project needs are represented. Next, criteria or measures of effectiveness relating specifications to system capabilities are defined. These criteria are quantitative and qualitative. District alternative systems to meet the goals are defined and then their capabilities in terms of the measures of effectiveness are determined. The alternatives are then compared using both quantitative and qualitative measures of effectiveness. Then, using either a fixed-cost or fixed-effectiveness approach, the alternative system which most nearly satisfies the desired goals is selected. This study uses a real water resource system from which real decisions will be made. The methodology suggests improved ways of defining goals and criteria in developing countries and sets forth a concise framework upon which developing countries may base future water resource planning, design and operation.

This study is an application of the simulation-dynamic programming approach for the evolution of a water regulation policy for the Pantabangan reservoir of the Upper Pampanga River Project, in conjunction with two tributary reservoir systems: the Aurora Transbasin Diversion Project and the proposed Casecnan River Project. The study may be decomposed into three sequential phases: 1) a reservoir operations simulation study of the existing two-reservoir system and the three-reservoir configurations for three alternative Casecnan dam locations. The operations simulation was centered at the Pantabangan reservoir and was performed under parametric conditions of invariant service area cropping pattern, power generation, flood control release schedules, and average system microclimate. The principal variables were the reservoir system and service area runoffs which were inputted as synthetic streamflow traces. The results of the simulation study, in the form of Pantabangan irrigation and power releases, were inputted for optimization in 2) a dynamic programming model which is of the explicit stochastic type. The probabilistic property of the model is ascribed to the use of lag-one monthly transition probability matrices and relative frequency matrices to respectively characterize the behavior of the unregulated Pantabangan reservoir inflows and the transbasin diversions. Due to the rough discretization procedure conducted on the optimization variables, the determined operations policy was tested in 3) a feasibility simulation model which features essentially the same parameters and variables of the operations model. Two sets of policies were tested under the two- and three-reservoir arrangements. The first is a constrained policy based on a minimum Pantabangan reservoir storage greater than the physical minimum. The unconstrained policy was based on dead storage as the minimum.

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