Com a globalização do mercado, muitas empresas procuraram se modernizar objetivando tornarem-se mais competitivas, com o crescimento industrial os recursos naturais apresentam-se mais escassos levando ao desenvolvimento de leis ambientais cada vez mais rígidas. Os custos envolvidos com o uso dos recursos naturais, têm levado as indústrias a buscarem alternativas a curto e médio prazos para minimizarem estes custos, procurando reduzir os seus impactos ambientais. A busca para um menor consumo de água através de técnicas de reúso e reciclagem nos processos industriais passam a fazer parte do planejamento estratégico de várias empresas, inclusive das rolamenteiras. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de reúso da água da atividade de tamboreamento de rolos cônicos com espessura entre 5 a 8 mm e altura de 6 a 8 mm, sendo uma atividade de suma importância para garantir um padrão de qualidade satisfatório, de forma que as atividades subsequentes sejam efetuadas sem anomalias técnicas, conduzindo à obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Por não requerer uma água com padrões elevados de qualidade, neste trabalho foi demonstrado o potencial de reúso de efluentes na atividade de tamboreamento, viabilizando-se sobre maneira o objeto deste estudo, onde é possível avaliar os aspectos físicos e químicos antes e após o tratamento da água para futura implantação contínua. / With the globalization of the market, many companies had looked for to be modernized for becoming more competitive. With the industrial growth, natural resources scarcity, and environmental pollution result in the development of more stringent laws. The costs associated with the use of the natural resources are taking the industries to search alternatives of short and long terms to minimize these costs looking for the reduction of its environmental impacts. The searching for reduced water consumption through techniques of reuse and recycling in its processes start to be integrated in the strategic planning of some companies including the bearing industry. The present work has been developed with the objective of evaluating the potential of water reuse in the activity of tumbling conical coils with thickness in the range of 5 to 8 mm, and height of 6 to 8 mm, being an activity of utmost importance to guarantee a satisfactory quality standard, in order that the subsequent activities are effected without anomalies, leading to the attainment of an end product of quality. By not requiring water with high standards of quality, in this work the potential of effluent reuse was demonstrated in the activity of tumbling, making possible to achieve the objective of this study, where it was possible to evaluate water physical and chemical aspects before and after the treatment for future implantation in continue way.

The overall aim of this research was to contribute to the optimisation of aerobic wastewater treatment processes in sequencing batch reactors, by investigating the performance of the process with real and model wastewaters in order to achieve the highest possible reduction of influent COD with the minimum reactor volume and oxygen consumption. Six industrial wastewaters from the food and drink companies were treated in lab-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) inoculated with soil and monitored for COD and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. The results showed high COD removal efficiencies for all the wastewaters, in the range of 64-95 %. Extended aeration tests were carried out on the reactor effluents and the results indicated that the residual soluble COD was not further biodegradable. This indicates that the soluble BOD removal in the reactors was virtually 100 %. The biodegradation efficiency was investigated over two values of the solids retention time (SRT) and the performance of the reactors was essentially unaffected by the SRT (in the range of 7-18 days considered in this study). This means that very good COD removal can be achieved at relatively lower SRT, with potential savings in capital and operating costs. The removal of TSS for the wastewaters was not satisfactory, largely due to the low food to microorganism (F/M) ratios (0.13-0.29 kg COD/kg biomass.day) in the reactors. Three batch tests at different initial substrate to biomass (So/Xo) ratios were carried out on each of the two industrial wastewaters for kinetic characterisation of the wastewaters. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was measured during the tests and the OUR profiles were used for the estimation of the kinetic parameters using a mathematical model consisting of substrate hydrolysis, biomass growth and endogenous metabolism. The results showed large variations with regards to the values of the parameters for each wastewater due to day-to-day variability in the biomass's response to substrate utilisation. For the two industrial wastewaters, the hydrolysis rate constant (kh) and half saturation constant for slowly biodegradable substrate (KX) were found to be in the range of 2.21-14.8 kg COD/kg biomass.day and 0.006-0.45 kg COD/kg biomass respectively. The maximum growth rate (μmax) and the half saturation rate constant for readily biodegradable substrates (KS) ranged between 1.21-7.3 day-1 and 0.004-0.89 kg COD/m3 respectively. The biomass growth yield (YX/S) and the endogenous metabolism coefficient (b) were found to be 0.3-0.57 kg biomass/kg COD and 0.001-0.41 day -1 respectively. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) and SRT were optimised in order to minimise the SBR volume and maximise the organic loading rate (OLR) of the SBR process. Two model wastewaters, glucose and ethanol, were used in the study. An experiment of eleven different SBR runs (HRT in the range of 0.25-4 days and SRT of 1-65.3 days) was carried on the glucose wastewater. Nine different SBR runs were carried out on ethanol wastewater (HRT in the range of 0.5-4 days and SRT of 1-73.6 days). The minimum HRT and SRT values for the successful operation for glucose wastewater treatment were 0.25 days and 3.1 days respectively while the minimum HRT and SRT for ethanol were 0.5 days and 4.9 days respectively. The highest corresponding OLR values from the minimum HRT and SRT which gave satisfactory process performance were 4.28 g COD/l.day and 4.14 g COD/l.day for glucose and ethanol wastewaters respectively, which are among the highest OLRs reported in the literature for aerobic conventional dispersed-growth processes. The calculated oxygen consumption and biomass production were found to depend on the SRT as well as the OLR, where in general, oxygen consumption increased while biomass production decreased at higher OLR. Batch tests were also carried out on the two model wastewaters for kinetic characterisation. The kinetic parameters for glucose wastewater were: 1.07-4.79 day -1 for μmax, 0.24-0.45 kg COD/m3 for KS, 0.04-0.1 day-1 and 0.47-0.6 kg biomass/kg COD for b and YX/S respectively. For ethanol wastewater, the kinetic parameters were: 0.99-2.3 day -1 for μmax, 0.001-0.04 kg COD/m3 for KS, 0.05-0.2 day-1 and 0.38-0.51 kg biomass/kg COD for b and YX/S respectively. A new mathematical model and procedure to calculate the periodic steady state of the SBR using a kinetic model of the biological process and values of the kinetic parameters was developed. This new procedure allows the direct calculation of the steady state profiles of biomass and substrate in the SBR without calculating the dynamics of the system from start up to steady state. The numerical accuracy of the procedure was discussed and the model was applied to show the effect of the operating parameters (SRT, HRT, length of the phases and number of cycles) on the steady state performance in terms of biomass and substrate concentrations. It was also shown how the model can be used for various applications like: optimisation of operating parameters for a minimum reactor volume; simulation of the competition between filamentous and floc-forming bacteria for bulking control; and calculation of the minimum volumetric mass-transfer coefficient required to maintain a desired oxygen concentration. In the end, the periodic steady state of the SBR was simulated for the industrial and model wastewaters at various values of the operating conditions (e.g. HRT, SRT, number of cycles) using the developed SBR model with values of kinetic parameters obtained from the various batch tests. The predicted model performance in terms of effluent quality and biomass concentration was compared with experimental results achieved during the treatment of the wastewaters. The simulation gave very good prediction of the extent of substrate removal for all the wastewaters. However, the prediction was not very accurate for biomass concentration. The study indicated that a good model prediction in terms of biomass production is strongly dependent on the values of the kinetic parameters especially b and YX/S.

O presente trabalho apresenta, em primeiro lugar, um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a conceituação de “reuso de água” em todas as suas modalidades. A seguir, uma análise da situação atual desta prática na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentando estudos em andamento na Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo – Sabesp e os aspectos relativos à elaboração de legislação específica sobre o assunto no país. Dando ênfase à reutilização das águas para lavagem de veículos, apresenta o que já existe nesta área no Brasil. Descreve alguns sistemas de tratamento que propiciam a recirculação do efluente proveniente da lavagem de veículos, citando suas etapas, processos utilizados, vantagens e desvantagens. São apresentados dados técnicos relativos à implantação, funcionamento e manutenção de sistemas de reuso, observados em visitas técnicas a uma empresa de transporte de passageiros e a alguns postos de lavagem de automóveis, localizados na cidade de São Paulo. Por fim recomendam-se dois tipos de sistemas para recirculação de água proveniente da lavagem de veículos. Um desenvolvido com recursos próprios, baseado em processos de floculação e sedimentação e outro adquirido de empresa especializada que utiliza o processo de flotação. Chegando-se a conclusão de ser possível a reciclagem e o reúso de águas em empresas deste ramo de atividade, ou similares, conforme a necessidade de aplicação, reduzindo-se de 70 a 80% os custos com a água de lavagem dos veículos, adequando processos e contribuindo para a preservação do meio ambiente. / The present work presents, in the first place, a bibliographical survey on the conceptualization of "water reuse" in all its modalities. To follow, an analysis of the current situation of this practice in the São Paulo´s Metropolitan Region, presenting studies in progress in the Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo - Sabesp and the relative aspects in the Legislation on the subject in the country. It describes some of the treatment systems that make possible the recirculation of the effluent deriving from car wash, citing its stages, used processes, advantages and disadvantages. There are some technical information about the implamentation, functioning and maintenance of systems of reuse, observed in technical inspections to a company of transport of passengers and to some ranks of car wash stations, located in the city of Sao Paulo. In conclusion, there is the possibility of recycling and reusing the waters in companies in this line of activity, or similar, as the necessity of application, reducing costs (70 – 80%), adjusting processes and contributing to the preservation of the environment. Finally, two types of systems are recommended for water recirculation deriving from car wash.

Nesta tese, é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica de reuso potável indireto e reuso industrial. Examina-se na prática dois estudos de caso, um de reuso industrial e um de reuso potável com aplicação para a Baixada Santista. O de reuso industrial refere-se ao projeto de fornecidmento de água oriunda da represa Billings, que com pequeno tratamento é oferecida às indústrias de Cubatão para fins não nobres como por exemplo, refrigeração, aquecimento a vapor, rega de jardins, abatimento de material particulado. etc. Quanto ao de reuso potável a apresentação se faz através de experimentos de laboratórios, examinando-se trihalometanos (THM) e o poder desinfetante de alguns produtos químicos após passagem da água por carvão ativado granular e outros tratamentos, e suas consequências na rede de abastecimento de água. Concluiu-se que o melhor ponto de instalação da captação para o abastecimento de água industrial fica entre os canais de fuga da usina Henry Borden, em Cubatão, por seu melhor desempenho econômico e pela possibilidade de atendimento no futuro a outras indústrias. Ainda, se comprovou a eficiência do carvão ativado granular na remoção dos precursores de THM e o baixo poder desinfetante da cloramina. / There is in this thesis, a small literature revision about the matter, mainly about indirect potable reuse and industrial reuse. In the practical part they are examined in two cases, industrial reuse and potable reuse, both for the Santos Basin. In the Industrial Reuse, there is a project to distribute industrial water to Cubatão industries, using water from Billings after a small treatment. This water is to be used in refrigeration of steel or to boil water to obtain steam or put in solid material to avoid air pollution, etc. In Potable Reuse, there are many laboratory experiences about THM and desinfection by many chemical products and their consequences in distribuition of water. In conclusion, the best place for ínstalation of the collection of water is located between the Henry Borden Power Plant Channels, in Cubatão, for it\'s superior economic performance and for the possibility to support other industries in the future. It has already confirmed the efficiency of the granular activated carbon to remove THM precursors and its inability to desinfect ammonia chlorine.

Orientador: Luís Roberto Gabriel Almeida Filho / Resumo: O interesse em aplicar águas residuárias na agricultura tem sido crescente, pelo fato de representarem uma fonte alternativa de água e nutrientes para as culturas. Além disso, há a necessidade de buscar sistemas de produção que proporcionem o uso mais eficiente da água. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de cultivar o pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) e determinar o seu desenvolvimento vegetativo, fisiológico, estado nutricional e produção, em sistema hidropônico utilizando substrato fibra da casca de coco e água de reúso para preparar a solução nutritiva, além de realizar a reposição dessa solução nutritiva no substrato em diferentes percentuais da evapotranspiração da cultura (100, 75 e 50%), medida através de lisímetros de lençol freático constantes. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno, com volume de 15 litros, preenchidos com fibra de coco de granulometria fina, com distribuição da solução nutritiva através de um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. O delineamento experimental envolveu dois fatores, tipos de água (potável e reúso) e lâminas de reposição de solução nutritiva no substrato (100, 75 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura), distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso com dez repetições, totalizando 60 parcelas. O manejo da irrigação foi feito a partir de medições diretas da evapotranspiração da cultura em três lisímetros de lençol freático constante. Avaliou-se a altura e o diâmetro da base caulinar das plantas a cada 30 dias, ao l... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The interest in utilizing wastewater in agriculture has increased because it represents an alternative source of water and nutrients for crops. Furthermore, there is a need to seek production systems that can provide the most efficient usage of water. In this context, the object of the present research is to cultivate bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and determine its vegetative, physiological, nutritional status and production development in a hydroponic system using as a substrate coconut shell fiber and recycled water to prepare the nutrient solution, as well as replenishing such nutrient solution in the substrate in different percentages of crop evapotranspiration (100, 75 and 50%), measured by constant water table lysimeters. The plants were cultivated in 15 liter polyethylene pots, filled with coconut fiber resulted from granulometry of fine aggregates with distribution of the nutrient solution through a drip irrigation system. The experimental design involved two factors, water types (potable and recycled) and nutrient solution replacement leaf blades into the substrate (100, 75 and 50% of crop evapotranspiration), randomly distributed with ten replications, totaling 60 plots. Irrigation management was based on direct measurements of the crop evapotranspiration in three lysimeters of constant water table. The height and diameter of the plants stem base were evaluated every 30 days, during the experimental period. On the 115th day after transplantation, the physiologic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A água é um bem essencial à vida. Por meio de sua utilização, a humanidade ao longo dos séculos vem desenvolvendo suas atividades econômicas, sociais e culturais. Mais recentemente a água se torna importante também para manutenção de ecossistemas e da vida, independentemente de estar ligada ao homem. Contudo, a água vem sofrendo duros golpes em sua qualidade e quantidade. O crescimento populacional desorganizado, provocando demandas crescentes por água potável e a poluição hídrica, são fatores que têm contribuído para sua escassez e piora de sua qualidade. A racionalização da utilização dos recursos naturais, passou a ser uma componente aguda na gestão ambiental e, em especial, dos recursos hídricos. Práticas ligadas à reutilização de recursos, como reciclagem de resíduos e reúso de água, cada vez mais ganham a pauta ambiental. O reúso de água se apresenta, assim, como alternativa para minorar a quantidade de água captada e minimizar o descarte de esgotos e efluentes. O reúso pode ocorrer nos vários usos múltiplos de recursos hídricos: abastecimento público, lazer, geração de energia, navegação, afastamento de esgotos, recarga de lençol freático, atividades esportivas, usos urbanos, agricultura e processos industriais. Há riscos na utilização de água de reúso. Há necessidade de regramentos para balizar esses usos e evitar efeitos negativos, em especial à saúde pública. O Direito positivo, por meio do exercício da competência legislativa do Estado, tem contribuição a dar no estabelecimento de regras condicionadoras do reúso. Essas regras devem, antes, estar baseadas em princípios capazes de orientar todo um conjunto de normas, gerais ou específicas, que venham num futuro regular o tema de reúso de água. presente trabalho pretende apontar alguns desses princípios. / Water is an essential asset. The human kind, using it during the last centuries, has been developing many economical, social and cultural activities. Nowadays, water has also become important for the maintenance of life and the ecosystems. 7 Connected or not to mankind. Water is undergoing severe damage, though. The unorganized population growth creates a crescent need for drinking water. On the other hand, the hidrical pollution caused by this uncontrolled growth has also contributed for the lack of amount and quality of the water. The rationalization of the usage of the natural resources has become an important component regarding environmental administration, specially the rationalization of hydrae resources. Practices such as the reutilization, recycling and the reuse of water are being more and more considered. The reuse of water itself is the alternative to reduce the amount of captured water and to minimize the dumping of sewer. The reuse may occur through many different hydria resources public supply, leisure, energy generation, navigation, shoving off the sewer, reloading the ground water, sports activities, urban usage, agricultural and industrial processes. There are some risks in working with the reuse of water, though. There is a need to create rules to establish this use and to avoid the negative effects it may cause, especially regarding the public health. The law, under the competence of the legislative state has to contribute to establish rules to regulate the reuse of water. These rules shall, above all, be based on principles which are capable to guide the whole set of principles, either specific or general, that might regulate the theme of water reuse in the near future. This is the purpose of this work.

Orientador: Rogério Teixeira de Faria / Banca: Fernando Campos Mendonça / Banca: Antonio Sérgio Ferraudo / Banca: Gilmar Oliveira Santos / Banca: Abmael da Silva Cardoso / Resumo: Em manejo de pastejo intensivo de forragens tropicas dispendem-se níveis de trabalho e recursos elevados para se aumentar a produtividade por área e ou por animal. Dentre as estratégias de manejo, destaca-se a frequência de corte por altura do dossel, que estimula maior produção de folhas do que colmo e material morto para obtenção de maior produtividade e valor nutritivo da forragem. Outra estratégia é a adubação nitrogenada, que possibilita o crescimento vegetal mais rápido, além de forragem de melhor qualidade. As águas residuárias são promissoras para uso em pastagens, na forma de fertirrigação, pois pode suprir as necessidades hídrica e nutricional do cultivo em parte ou na sua totalidade. Devido às limitações climáticas ao longo do ano, a efetividade dessas estratégias pode ser comprometida, o que resulta a sazonalidade de produção. Há carência de estudos sobre a interação das estratégias de manejo de fertirrigação com água residuária e de colheita da forragem com diferentes alturas de corte para as forrageiras tropicais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foi determinar a produtividade e o valor nutritivo da forragem, e as características morfogênicas e estruturais de Urochloa brizantha, em função da fertirrigação com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), complementada com ureia (U), associada à colheita com duas alturas de plantas, durante os períodos seco (PS) e chuvoso (PC). O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP (Latitude 21º15'S, Longitude 48º18'W),... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In tropical forages under intensive grazing management, high labor and resources are used to increase productivity per area and / or animal units. Among the management strategies, the frequency of harvesting by canopy height is advantageous because it stimulates more leaf production than stalk and dead material to obtain high productivity and forage nutritive value. Another strategy is nitrogen fertilization, which enables faster plant growth, in addition to better forage quality. Wastewater is promising for use in pasture in the form of fertigation, since it can meet the water and nutritional needs of the crop in part or in its entirety. Due to climatic limitations throughout the year, the effectiveness of these strategies can be compromised, resulting in seasonality of production. There is a lack of studies on the interaction of fertigation management strategies with wastewater and forage harvesting with different cutting heights for tropical forages. The objectives of this work were to determine the productivity and nutritive value of forage, and the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Urochloa brizantha, as a function of fertigation with treated sewage (TSW), complemented with urea (U), associated with harvest at two plant heights during the dry (DP) and rainy (RP) periods. The experiment was conducted in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil (Latitude 21º15'S, Longitude 48º18'W), from february, 2015 to february, 2017. The management strategies for forage harvesting heights w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Urban water recycling has been promoted as one of several ways that water use efficiency could be improved in Australia???s cities, but few such schemes have been introduced. Many urban water-recycling schemes have been proposed, but often, these projects have been rejected because of community opposition. These difficulties suggest that recycling water is not just about having the right answer to any problem, but about the way in which the question is addressed. It is concerned with how practice is institutionalised; not just the rule making, but also the understandings and values that make the rule-making possible. In this thesis, the question of how the system of water governance could be strengthened to encourage sustainable water use through water recycling is examined. An analysis of experiences in three Australian case studies is conducted, in which recycled water was proposed for sustainability, to illuminate the way in which water use is institutionalised. Particular attention is given to the construction of meaning in relation to water use, by considering how water problems are framed and negotiated by different stakeholders and groups and the significance of the multiplicity of interpretive frameworks in use for the institutionalisation of practice. The analysis draws on institutional organisational theory and interpretive methods, which regard interpretation as one element (cognitive) in the stabilisation of social practice and closely linked to organisation (regulative) and values (normative). The study findings suggest meaning was a very important part of institutional change. Participants tended to construct policy issues as they became involved by drawing on different interpretive frameworks embodying different values and expectations. These interpretations reflected the organisational structuring of practice, such that the position/role in the organisational field reflected an actor???s interpretation of problems and/or solutions. Outcomes of the study suggest that institutionalising change in water management is problematic and depends on changes in the regulative, normative and cognitive dimensions of practice, as part of a continuous feedback loop between interpretation and practice. This view of change contrasts with existing research, which tends to see the problem in terms of influencing attitudes of specific groups and assumes preferences precede the action.

This thesis develops and applies a number of methods for systems analysis and assessment within the field of sustainable urban water. These focus on the evaluation of distributed strategies. In line with arguments made within the thesis, the methods developed assess urban water on a whole-system basis, with the system defined in terms of the services provided. Further, the thesis argues for sustainable urban water planning to take a pluralist stance; both in the conception of sustainable urban water and the strategies considered. The challenges of sustainability and sustainable development are fundamentally problems of complex systems. Planning and assessment of sustainable urban water therefore require a systems-approach. Systems-thinking is not, however, a unified body of knowledge and this thesis develops a unique perspective on systems-thinking which is used to critically review the fields of sustainable urban water and its assessment. Within these reviews, the thesis develops a framework for understanding sustainable urban water in terms of a number of varied approaches, and describes a feasible theoretical basis for assessing sustainable urban water. Many, so called, sustainable strategies are small-scale and distributed in nature. Distributed strategies include decentralised systems, embedded technologies, and local measures for conservation. Traditional systems analysis methods have failed to account for distributed strategies. To adequately include distributed strategies, this thesis argues that assessment methods will need to be based on whole-system modelling, utilise end-use models of service provision, and include - in the form of a demand forecast - a time dimension in relation to service provision. This thesis proposes new methods for microbial risk assessment on a whole-system basis and Least cost planning for (urban water) Sustainable Scenarios (LeSS). A novel evaluation framework for least cost planning for water supply, which provides an equivalent comparison of demand- and supply-side options, is also developed. These methods are illustrated through case studies. These case studies illustrate the potential of distributed strategies. When assessed on an equivalent basis, in various examples, distributed strategies are shown to be particularly cost effective. Decentralised wastewater reuse systems are also shown to impose a theoretically lower level of pathogen risk on the community than equivalent centralised reuse schemes. Despite the advances in assessment methodologies made within the thesis, further development of practical tools for assessing and planning sustainable urban water remains an urgent goal.

This study was undertaken to examine the feasibilty of a low-cost aerobic system to treat greywater for reuse.Its purpose was to provide a system that would be easy to maintain, flexible and be affordable for households and small communities in developing countries. This thesis outlines and evaluates the key biological and chemical hazards associated with greywater reuse. It discusses the performance of a variety of wastewater treatment options in use. It presents details of the components of the greywater system,namely, an aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter. Reference is made to the evaporation and treatment bed and ultraviolet disinfection components, but these are not examined. The incorporation of vermitechnology in the preliminary stages of the system for reduction of organics in greywater is reviewed. This study takes the traditional approach to water quality assessment with the measurement of physical, chemical and biological indicators. Assessment of the system involved examining the input characteristics of the greywater, monitoring the vermiculture system and sampling the liquid discharge from the aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter for analysis of the quality indicators. The results obtained under the framework of this study have provided recommendations for further use of the aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter, while propsing an approach for an appropriate long-term monitoring program. / Master of Engineering (Hons)