O presente trabalho apresenta, em primeiro lugar, um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a conceituação de “reuso de água" em todas as suas modalidades. A seguir, uma análise da situação atual desta prática na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentando estudos em andamento na Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo – Sabesp e os aspectos relativos à elaboração de legislação específica sobre o assunto no país. Dando ênfase à reutilização das águas para lavagem de veículos, apresenta o que já existe nesta área no Brasil. Descreve alguns sistemas de tratamento que propiciam a recirculação do efluente proveniente da lavagem de veículos, citando suas etapas, processos utilizados, vantagens e desvantagens. São apresentados dados técnicos relativos à implantação, funcionamento e manutenção de sistemas de reuso, observados em visitas técnicas a uma empresa de transporte de passageiros e a alguns postos de lavagem de automóveis, localizados na cidade de São Paulo. Por fim recomendam-se dois tipos de sistemas para recirculação de água proveniente da lavagem de veículos. Um desenvolvido com recursos próprios, baseado em processos de floculação e sedimentação e outro adquirido de empresa especializada que utiliza o processo de flotação. Chegando-se a conclusão de ser possível a reciclagem e o reúso de águas em empresas deste ramo de atividade, ou similares, conforme a necessidade de aplicação, reduzindo-se de 70 a 80% os custos com a água de lavagem dos veículos, adequando processos e contribuindo para a preservação do meio ambiente. / The present work presents, in the first place, a bibliographical survey on the conceptualization of "water reuse" in all its modalities. To follow, an analysis of the current situation of this practice in the São Paulo´s Metropolitan Region, presenting studies in progress in the Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo - Sabesp and the relative aspects in the Legislation on the subject in the country. It describes some of the treatment systems that make possible the recirculation of the effluent deriving from car wash, citing its stages, used processes, advantages and disadvantages. There are some technical information about the implamentation, functioning and maintenance of systems of reuse, observed in technical inspections to a company of transport of passengers and to some ranks of car wash stations, located in the city of Sao Paulo. In conclusion, there is the possibility of recycling and reusing the waters in companies in this line of activity, or similar, as the necessity of application, reducing costs (70 – 80%), adjusting processes and contributing to the preservation of the environment. Finally, two types of systems are recommended for water recirculation deriving from car wash.

O presente trabalho apresenta, em primeiro lugar, um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a conceituação de “reuso de água” em todas as suas modalidades. A seguir, uma análise da situação atual desta prática na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentando estudos em andamento na Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo – Sabesp e os aspectos relativos à elaboração de legislação específica sobre o assunto no país. Dando ênfase à reutilização das águas para lavagem de veículos, apresenta o que já existe nesta área no Brasil. Descreve alguns sistemas de tratamento que propiciam a recirculação do efluente proveniente da lavagem de veículos, citando suas etapas, processos utilizados, vantagens e desvantagens. São apresentados dados técnicos relativos à implantação, funcionamento e manutenção de sistemas de reuso, observados em visitas técnicas a uma empresa de transporte de passageiros e a alguns postos de lavagem de automóveis, localizados na cidade de São Paulo. Por fim recomendam-se dois tipos de sistemas para recirculação de água proveniente da lavagem de veículos. Um desenvolvido com recursos próprios, baseado em processos de floculação e sedimentação e outro adquirido de empresa especializada que utiliza o processo de flotação. Chegando-se a conclusão de ser possível a reciclagem e o reúso de águas em empresas deste ramo de atividade, ou similares, conforme a necessidade de aplicação, reduzindo-se de 70 a 80% os custos com a água de lavagem dos veículos, adequando processos e contribuindo para a preservação do meio ambiente. / The present work presents, in the first place, a bibliographical survey on the conceptualization of "water reuse" in all its modalities. To follow, an analysis of the current situation of this practice in the São Paulo´s Metropolitan Region, presenting studies in progress in the Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo - Sabesp and the relative aspects in the Legislation on the subject in the country. It describes some of the treatment systems that make possible the recirculation of the effluent deriving from car wash, citing its stages, used processes, advantages and disadvantages. There are some technical information about the implamentation, functioning and maintenance of systems of reuse, observed in technical inspections to a company of transport of passengers and to some ranks of car wash stations, located in the city of Sao Paulo. In conclusion, there is the possibility of recycling and reusing the waters in companies in this line of activity, or similar, as the necessity of application, reducing costs (70 – 80%), adjusting processes and contributing to the preservation of the environment. Finally, two types of systems are recommended for water recirculation deriving from car wash.

Actualmente la ciudad de Lima lidera la lista de países en Sudamérica con mayor consumo por persona de agua (SUNASS, 2019). Según el informe de SUNASS, los principales distritos con mayor consumo de agua son, San Isidro, Miraflores, La Molina, entre otros distritos que triplican el consumo recomendado por persona. Por otro lado, la llegada del COVID-19 ha generado que la sociedad profundice el hábito del cuidado relacionado a la bioseguridad reflejado en el consumo de productos para limpieza y desinfección para cuidar su entorno. Considerando estas variables, nace la idea de ejecutar un proyecto de lavado y desinfección de carros con en la modalidad delivery haciendo uso de productos eco amigables los cuales permitirán hacer uso mínimo de agua comparado al lavado tradicional ofrecido en los establecimientos de lavado mejor conocidos como Car Wash. De esta manera, se busca que el consumidor tome conciencia de la importancia que implica el uso óptimo y necesario del agua. Por lo que, se realizó una investigación cualitativa para identificar la frecuencia y aceptación de este modelo de negocio en las zonas 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana, también se realizó un análisis financiero obteniendo indicadores de rentabilidad positivos los cuales respaldan la viabilidad y rentabilidad de implementar EcoGreenWash, proyecto que brindará la posibilidad de ahorrar agua a través limpiar, desinfectar su vehículo utilizando productos idóneos, máquinas con tecnología alemana. / Currently, the city of Lima leads the list of countries in South America with the highest consumption per person of water (SUNASS, 2019). According to the SUNASS report, the main districts with the highest water consumption are San Isidro, Miraflores, La Molina, among other districts that triple the recommended consumption per person. On the other hand, the arrival of COVID-19 has caused society to deepen the habit of care related to biosecurity reflected in the consumption of cleaning and disinfection products to take care of its environment. Considering these variables, the idea was born of executing a project of washing and disinfection of cars with delivery mode using eco-friendly products, which will allow minimal use of water compared to the traditional washing offered in washing establishments better known as Car Wash. In this way, the aim is to make the consumer aware of the importance of the optimal and necessary use of water. Therefore, a qualitative research was carried out to identify the frequency and acceptance of this business model in zones 6 and 7 of Metropolitan Lima, a financial analysis was also carried out obtaining positive profitability indicators which support the viability and profitability of implementing EcoGreenWash, a project that will offer the possibility of saving water by cleaning and disinfecting your vehicle using suitable products, machines with German technology. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>Filtermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns.</p> / <p>Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.</p>

Filtermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns. / Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.

Car washing consumes large quantities of water and results in large amounts of wastewater effluent being generated, but has received little attention as a potential source of water pollution globally. The study investigated the water use, wastewater effluent quality and toxicity of selected carwashes in City of Tshwane. Ten carwashes in the City of Tshwane were purposively selected and analysis done on a variety of water quality aspects including microbiological, toxicity, BOD,COD, oil and grease, anionic surfactants, sulphates, phosphates and heavy metals. The results obtained show that oil and grease exceeded the WHO and National Water Act standards of 2.5mg/L in all sites except CW2 and Diesel range organics were significantly high in some sites (CW4, 7 & 8) at 60.5, 40 and 48.8mg/L. COD and BOD of the waste water exceeded the WHO standards of 30mg/L and 60mg/L in all sites except CW2. Bacteria contamination was very high in all wastewater samples and all samples exhibited (mild to high) toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and high toxicity to Daphnia pulex except CW2. These results suggest that wastewater from carwashes is high in some pollutants that may interfere with the receiving environment and municipal treatment systems and there is a need for responsible authorities to regulate the quality of effluent discharged into the environment / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Science)