The aim of this research was to minimize the damage of textile fibres (wool and cotton), in the wet processing, such as bleaching and dyeing, and also seek to reduce fresh water usage during these processes. Typically bleaching of textiles involves the application of oxidative and reductive whitening agents. However a detrimental side-effect is a reduction in their strength. Therefore the approach to developing robust processes is to optimize the chemical treatments and incorporate protective agents in to the treatment baths. This study has demonstrated the application of fibre protective agents were successful in maintaining fabric strength, as defined by flat abrasion, without affecting the improvement in fabric whiteness for both wool and cotton. While the protective mechanism for wool is probably based on restricting damage to the cell membrane proteins and minimizing internal lipid loss, the protective effect on cotton is less certain. Colouration of wool requires elevated temperatures through boiling of aqueous treatment baths or steaming after printing. In this study the effect of blank dyeing of wool fabrics was examined and the extent of hydrothermal damage and yellowing established. In addition the potential effect of fibre protective agents, such as protein hydrolysates and formaldehyde-based agents, were assessed and their benefits in terms of fabric tensile strength, colour, mechanical properties related to fabric handle, and abrasion resistance determined. It was demonstrated that both protective agents offer fibre protection as individual additives and co-applicants. Fresh water is a vital component in the processing of textiles. However water is a scarce commodity and the need for efficient use of it is important. Therefore in this study the use of simulated seawater as an alternative processing medium for bleaching and colouration was evaluated. It was found alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching of wool and cotton could be performed successfully in the seawater and benefits in terms of good whiteness and improved abrasion resistance achieved. Building on the previous fibre protection study the incorporation of Byco C into the salt water bleach bath was evaluated and flat abrasion strength benefits again demonstrated. In this research a modified paper-based filter was be used as the “clean” industrial textile water effluent. Initially the filter paper based on poultry feathers was evaluated. The keratinous byproduct/waste material offers a cheap potential source of fibre and was successfully converted into paper. The strength and dye adsorption properties of the papers filters were assessed and it was observed that the important wet strength was considerably improved by the application of a cationic reactive polymer. Novel C30-modified PVP based nanofibres were force spun and as evaluated as a dye absorbent for Direct and Disperse dyes. The nanofibre web offered significant potential for absorbing the comparable non-polar disperse dyes.

In our country farmers have to face many difficulties because of the poor irrigation system. During flood situation, excessive waters will be staged in paddy field producing great loss and pain to farmers. So, proper Irrigation mechanism is an essential component of paddy production. Poor irrigation methods and crop management are rapidly depleting the country’s water table. Most small hold farmers cannot afford new wells or lawns and they are looking for alternative methods to reduce their water consumption. So proper irrigation mechanism not only leads to high crop production but also pave a way for water saving techniques. Automation of irrigation system has the potential to provide maximum water usage efficiency by monitoring soil moistures. The control unit based on Artificial Neural Network is the pivotal block of entire irrigation system. Using this control unit certain factors like temperature, kind of the soil and crops, air humidity, radiation in the ground were estimated and this will help to control the flow of water to acquire optimized results. / Water is an essential resource in the earth. It is also essential for irrigation, so irrigation technique is essential for agriculture. To irrigate large area of lands is a tedious process. In our country farmers are not following proper irrigation techniques. Currently, most of the irrigation scheduling systems and their corresponding automated tools are in fixed rate. Variable rate irrigation is very essential not only for the improvement of irrigation system but also to save water resource for future purpose. Most of the irrigation controllers are ON/OFF Model. These controllers cannot give optimal results for varying time delays and system parameters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based intelligent control system is used for effective irrigation scheduling in paddy fields. The input parameters like air, temperature, soil moisture, radiations and humidity are modeled. Using appropriate method, ecological conditions, Evapotranspiration, various growing stages of crops are considered and based on that the amount of water required for irrigation is estimated. Using this existing ANN based intelligent control system, the water saving procedure in paddy field can be achieved. This model will lead to avoid flood in paddy field during the rainy seasons and save that water for future purposes.

<p>Chile and Santiago are struggling with heavy environmental problems as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation. In the Santiago region the air is seriously contaminated and most of the rivers are classified as heavily polluted.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to survey the industrial fluid waste situation in the Santiago region and to make suggestions on technological improvements or process changes. The purpose is also to study five different enterprises more closely and to give more detailed suggestions for improvement. Another purpose is to summarize relevant Chilean legislation.</p><p>Information, provided by the supervisory authority, about the release of industrial wastewater to rivers has been analysed. Deep interviews have been made with authorities and consultants. Five enterprises have been visited; a brewery, a dairy, a bakery, a producer of cooked meat and a surface treatment industry. The present treatment of the wastewater was studied at the plants and the information was completed with a questionnaire to the responsible at each company.</p><p>The contamination load released to the Chilean rivers is heavy. The rivers in southern Chile receive the biggest loads of BOD and SS and the rivers in central Chile were the most exposed to discharges of the metals Cr, Cu, Zn and CN as well as phenols.</p><p>The industrial discharge into the rivers of Santiago RM and Region VII is also to a large extent characterized by high concentrations of BOD and SS. Large releases of oils and greases, nitrogen and phosphorus are also fairly common, as are too high or too low pH levels. The food industry is the most contaminating sector, but also tanneries have great problems with effluents exceeding limits.</p><p>All five companies visited share the need to take measures towards more water saving technologies. The brewery, the producer of cooked meat and the surface treatment company also need end-of-pipe-treatment of their wastewater. In many cases, the recommended and most economic alternative is to separate the flows with the highest concentration of polluting substances for internal treatment, while releasing the rest of the wastewater to the outside sewage system. The costs of the suggested changes must be balanced against the present costs for treatment of wastewater and remaining solid waste as well as the costs for alternative treatments.</p><p>The economic incentives for Chilean companies to invest in wastewater treatment plants or to optimize the processes until today have been few. Cost reductions may be achieved by savings in water consumption and reuse of raw material. Another motive could be to keep “one step ahead” if the discharge limits in the future are tightened up leading to rising costs.</p> / <p>Chile och Santiago brottas med omfattande miljöproblem till följd av urbanisering och industrialisering. I santiagoregionen är luftföroreningarna svåra och de flesta floderna klassas som gravt förorenade av CONAMA, det chilenska naturvårdsverket.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet är att kartlägga situationen i santiagoregionen med avseende på industriell avloppsrening samt att ge förslag på förbättring av teknik eller förändring av processer. Dessutom är syftet att studera fem industrier närmare och att ge mer detaljerade förslag på åtgärder. Syftet är också att ge rekommendationer för fortsatt utveckling av relevant chilensk lagstiftning.</p><p>Uppgifter från tillsynsmyndigheten för utsläpp till ytvattendrag har studerats och djupintervjuer har gjorts med myndigheter och konsulter. Fem olika industrier besöktes; ett bryggeri, ett mejeri, ett bageri, ett charkuteri samt en ytbehandlingsindustri. Nuvarande hantering av processvattnet studerades på plats och med hjälp av ett frågeformulär kompletterades uppgifterna av ansvariga på företagen.</p><p>Föroreningsbelastningen på Chiles floder är stor. Floderna i södra delen av landet tar emot störst mängder organiskt material och suspenderat material medan centrala Chiles floder är värst drabbade av utsläpp av metallerna Cr, Cu, Zn och CN samt utsläpp av fenoler. Utsläppen från industrin till floderna i Region Metropolitana och Region VII kännetecknas också i stor utsträckning av höga halter BOD och suspenderat material. Relativt vanligt är också stora utsläpp av oljor och fetter, kväve, fosfor samt för höga eller låga för pH-värden. Det är främst flera olika typer av livsmedelsindustri, som har de största utsläppen till floderna, men även garverierna har stora problem med överskridande av gränsvärden.</p><p>Gemensamt för de fem besökta företagen är att vattenbesparande åtgärder bör vidtas för att minska volymen avloppsvatten som går till extern eller intern behandling. Bryggeriet, charkuterifabriken och ytbehandlaren behöver även end-of-pipe-rening. Det kan ofta vara lämpligt och mer ekonomiskt att avskilja de flöden som har högst halt av föroreningar till den interna reningsanläggningen. Resten av avloppet kan i vissa fall släppas ut på avloppsnätet. Kostnader för föreslagna åtgärder måste vägas mot aktuella kostnader för behandling av avlopp och restprodukter, samt kostnader för alternativa behandlingar.</p><p>Incitamenten, bl a de ekonomiska, för chilenska företag att skaffa eget reningsverk eller att resurseffektivisera produktionen har hittills varit små. Kostnadsminskningar kan uppnås genom sänkt vattenförbrukning samt återanvändning av råmaterial. Ytterligare en drivkraft kan vara att ”ligga steget före” om utsläppskraven i framtiden skärps och kostnaderna därmed ökar.</p>

A potable water distribution system (WDS) consists of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, control and supporting components. Traditionally, it has two basic functions. First, provides end users with potable water at sufficient pressures and good water quality. Second, provides sufficient pressure and flow for fire fighting. Currently, potable water is still the least expensive material for fire fighting. To accomplish these two goals, water utilities have to consider the integrity and security of the water network. As a result, this research selected three research topics that are closely related to the daily operation of water utilities and water quality simulation. The first study is on optimal sampling design for chlorine decay model calibration. Three questions are investigated: (1) What is the minimum number of chlorine sample locations a water network needs? (2) How many combinations of sampling locations are available? (3) What is the optimal location combination? To answer the first two questions, the mathematical expressions of the chlorine concentrations between any two sampling locations are developed and sampling point relationship matrices are generated, then a mixed integer programming (MIP) algorithm is developed. Once obtained, the solutions to the first two questions are used to calculate the chlorine decay wall reaction coefficients and sensitivity matrix of chlorine concentration wall reaction coefficients; then, sampling location combinations achieved in the second question are sorted using a D-optimality algorithm. The model frame is demonstrated in a case study. The advantage of this method, compared to the traditional iterative sensitivity matrix method, is that a prior knowledge or estimation of wall reaction coefficients is not necessary. The second study is on optimizing the operation scheduling of automatic flushing device (AFD) in water distribution system. Discharging stagnant water from the pipeline through AFD is a feasible method to maintain water quality. This study presents a simulation-based optimization method to minimize total AFD discharge volume during a 24-hour horizon. EPANET 2.0 is used as hydraulics and water quality simulator. This is formulated as a single objective optimization problem. The decision variables are the AFD operation patterns. The methodology has three phases. In the first phase, AFD discharge capacities are calculated, whether existing AFDs are able to maintain chlorine residuals in the water network is also evaluated. In the second phase, the decision variables are converted to AFD discharge rates. A reduced gradient algorithm is used to quickly explore and narrow down the solution space. At the end of this phase, decision variables are switched back to the AFD operation patterns. In the third phase, simulated annealing is used to search intensively to exploit the global minimum. The method is demonstrated on the water system located at the south end of Pinellas County, Florida where AFD optimal operation patterns are achieved. The third study is on simulating contaminant intrusion in water distribution system. When contaminant matrix is introduced into water distribution system, it reacts with chlorine in bulk water rapidly and causes fast disinfectant depletion. Due to the difficulties in identifying contaminant types and chemical and biological properties, it is a challenging task to use EPANET-MSX to simulate chlorine decay under contaminant attack. EPANET 2.0 is used in the study to accomplish this goal. However, EPANET 2.0 cannot directly simulate chlorine depletion in the event of contamination attack because it assigns one time-independent bulk reaction coefficient to one specific pipe during the simulation. While under contaminant intrusion, chlorine decay bulk coefficient is not a constant. Instead, it is a temporal and spatial variable. This study presents an innovative approach for simulating contaminant intrusion in water distribution systems using EPANET multiple times. The methodology has six general steps. First, test bulk reaction coefficients of contaminant matrix in chemical lab. The uniqueness of this study is that the contaminant matrix is studied as a whole. The investigations of chemical, biological properties of individual aqueous constituents are not needed. Second, assume the contaminants as nonreactive, using EPANET 2.0 to identify where, when and at what concentrations of the inert contaminants will pass by in the water network. Third, determine the number of chlorine residual simulations based on the results in step two. Fourth, use EPANET to simulate the chlorine residual in the water network without the occurrence of contamination. Fifth, assign contaminated bulk coefficients to contaminated pipes; use EPANET to simulate the chlorine residual in the pipe network. Lastly, the chlorine concentrations of the impacted moments of impacted junctions are replaced with the results calculated in step five. This methodology is demonstrated in the south Pinellas County water distribution system.

The proceedings included herein are the papers presented in the Seventh ICCAE Open Forum held in October 20th, 2006 at Nagoya University, Japan.

Chile and Santiago are struggling with heavy environmental problems as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation. In the Santiago region the air is seriously contaminated and most of the rivers are classified as heavily polluted. The aim of this thesis is to survey the industrial fluid waste situation in the Santiago region and to make suggestions on technological improvements or process changes. The purpose is also to study five different enterprises more closely and to give more detailed suggestions for improvement. Another purpose is to summarize relevant Chilean legislation. Information, provided by the supervisory authority, about the release of industrial wastewater to rivers has been analysed. Deep interviews have been made with authorities and consultants. Five enterprises have been visited; a brewery, a dairy, a bakery, a producer of cooked meat and a surface treatment industry. The present treatment of the wastewater was studied at the plants and the information was completed with a questionnaire to the responsible at each company. The contamination load released to the Chilean rivers is heavy. The rivers in southern Chile receive the biggest loads of BOD and SS and the rivers in central Chile were the most exposed to discharges of the metals Cr, Cu, Zn and CN as well as phenols. The industrial discharge into the rivers of Santiago RM and Region VII is also to a large extent characterized by high concentrations of BOD and SS. Large releases of oils and greases, nitrogen and phosphorus are also fairly common, as are too high or too low pH levels. The food industry is the most contaminating sector, but also tanneries have great problems with effluents exceeding limits. All five companies visited share the need to take measures towards more water saving technologies. The brewery, the producer of cooked meat and the surface treatment company also need end-of-pipe-treatment of their wastewater. In many cases, the recommended and most economic alternative is to separate the flows with the highest concentration of polluting substances for internal treatment, while releasing the rest of the wastewater to the outside sewage system. The costs of the suggested changes must be balanced against the present costs for treatment of wastewater and remaining solid waste as well as the costs for alternative treatments. The economic incentives for Chilean companies to invest in wastewater treatment plants or to optimize the processes until today have been few. Cost reductions may be achieved by savings in water consumption and reuse of raw material. Another motive could be to keep “one step ahead” if the discharge limits in the future are tightened up leading to rising costs. / Chile och Santiago brottas med omfattande miljöproblem till följd av urbanisering och industrialisering. I santiagoregionen är luftföroreningarna svåra och de flesta floderna klassas som gravt förorenade av CONAMA, det chilenska naturvårdsverket. Syftet med examensarbetet är att kartlägga situationen i santiagoregionen med avseende på industriell avloppsrening samt att ge förslag på förbättring av teknik eller förändring av processer. Dessutom är syftet att studera fem industrier närmare och att ge mer detaljerade förslag på åtgärder. Syftet är också att ge rekommendationer för fortsatt utveckling av relevant chilensk lagstiftning. Uppgifter från tillsynsmyndigheten för utsläpp till ytvattendrag har studerats och djupintervjuer har gjorts med myndigheter och konsulter. Fem olika industrier besöktes; ett bryggeri, ett mejeri, ett bageri, ett charkuteri samt en ytbehandlingsindustri. Nuvarande hantering av processvattnet studerades på plats och med hjälp av ett frågeformulär kompletterades uppgifterna av ansvariga på företagen. Föroreningsbelastningen på Chiles floder är stor. Floderna i södra delen av landet tar emot störst mängder organiskt material och suspenderat material medan centrala Chiles floder är värst drabbade av utsläpp av metallerna Cr, Cu, Zn och CN samt utsläpp av fenoler. Utsläppen från industrin till floderna i Region Metropolitana och Region VII kännetecknas också i stor utsträckning av höga halter BOD och suspenderat material. Relativt vanligt är också stora utsläpp av oljor och fetter, kväve, fosfor samt för höga eller låga för pH-värden. Det är främst flera olika typer av livsmedelsindustri, som har de största utsläppen till floderna, men även garverierna har stora problem med överskridande av gränsvärden. Gemensamt för de fem besökta företagen är att vattenbesparande åtgärder bör vidtas för att minska volymen avloppsvatten som går till extern eller intern behandling. Bryggeriet, charkuterifabriken och ytbehandlaren behöver även end-of-pipe-rening. Det kan ofta vara lämpligt och mer ekonomiskt att avskilja de flöden som har högst halt av föroreningar till den interna reningsanläggningen. Resten av avloppet kan i vissa fall släppas ut på avloppsnätet. Kostnader för föreslagna åtgärder måste vägas mot aktuella kostnader för behandling av avlopp och restprodukter, samt kostnader för alternativa behandlingar. Incitamenten, bl a de ekonomiska, för chilenska företag att skaffa eget reningsverk eller att resurseffektivisera produktionen har hittills varit små. Kostnadsminskningar kan uppnås genom sänkt vattenförbrukning samt återanvändning av råmaterial. Ytterligare en drivkraft kan vara att ”ligga steget före” om utsläppskraven i framtiden skärps och kostnaderna därmed ökar.

Demand for potable water and energy is increasing with growing populations and economies and many fear that scarcity of such resources will become a significant worldwide problem in the future. As such, promoting water and energy conservation in residential building environments has become an important focal area for research. Providing feedback of water or energy consumption to residential building occupants has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting water and energy conservation separately. However, although water and energy are inexorably connected, we lack research that investigates the bridge between water and energy in the representation of feedback to promote water conservation. In this paper, we describe a study that was designed to investigate the impact of two different representations of water consumption feedback on water conservation. Water consumption was represented to consumers in one of two different ways: 1) gallons and 2) gallons along with the estimated embodied energy of water consumption. The study was conducted in 18 residential halls at Virginia Tech and lasted approximately six weeks. The outcome of the study suggests that representing water consumption in terms of gallons together with the embodied energy associated with water consumption can lead to a statistically significant reduction in water conservation while representing water consumption only in terms of gallons may not. This has significant implications for future water feedback designed to promote water conservation and the study indicates that non-monetary approach can be taken. / Master of Science

[EN] SUMMARY It is a fact that in our environment there is a water shortage that affects the agricultural and urban freshwater consumption. The environmental conditions of climate change will aggravate the situation in the coming years. The efficient management of water resources is, and will be, an important issue for society that must be addressed from a social and technological point of view. Although nonfarm consumption represents only 30% of the total demand for freshwater, the urban water use is the more worrying because it directly affects the lives of people. A shortage of water resources is answered from two points of view. On the one hand, increasing supply through an increase in water uptakes, transfers from surplus basins, or desalination. On the other hand the reduction of demand, or efficient demand management. It is from this approach where this research takes place. The aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology to select the most appropriate water saving system to equip a building. The selection process arises from two approaches, each corresponding to a different use of the building. For buildings intended to develop a productive activity a cost-benefit selection method is used. For other buildings, a multicriteria selection method is used. For this last situation, application of analytic hierarchy process to selection of water saving systems is chosen. For the implementation of the multicriteria selection method, a series of selection criteria have to be defined and considered: water conservation, energy conservation, social and environmental impact, design, and economic viability. Each device or water saving system should be characterized on the basis of each of these criteria. In the thesis has been developed the way to characterize the "water efficient systems" for every of the selection criteria defined. As part of the characterization process, it is necessary to know drinking water demand patterns produced in the building. To do this, a water consumption audit can be performed, for the existing buildings, or results of similar buildings can be extrapolated, in the event that the building were a new construction that is going to be equipped with water efficient systems. The thesis shows how to carry out an audit of water consumption of the building. Also, some studies of water demand patterns in residential buildings are set. A self-done study on water patterns demands in the area of Valencia is presented. For the economic viability of implementing water saving systems it is very important that the size of all its equipments are as tight as possible to the use made of them in the building. Therefore, a study of the optimal and economic dimensioning of rain water harvesting systems has been made. It has also been theoretically studied the generating capacity of water condensation in air conditioning systems, for its use in water supply facilities. This information is used for equipment sizing of this water saving system. As there was no verified information on the validity of the theoretical method, measurements have been performed to contrast them. Finally, in this thesis measurements, studies, analysis, and equipment characterization, had been performed to make available a complete methodology for multi-criteria selection of the most suitable water efficient systems to equip a given building. / [ES] RESUMEN Es una realidad que en nuestro entorno existe un déficit hídrico que afecta tanto al consumo agrícola de agua dulce como al consumo urbano de agua potable. Las condiciones ambientales de cambio climático agravarán la situación en los próximos años. La gestión eficiente de los recursos hídricos es, y será, un tema importante para la sociedad que debe ser abordado desde un punto de vista social y tecnológico. Aunque el consumo no agrícola supone sólo una 30% de la demanda total de agua dulce, es el uso urbano del agua, que consume la mayor parte de ese porcentaje, el más preocupante por cuanto afecta directamente a las condiciones de vida de las personas. A la escasez de recursos hídricos se responde desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado el aumento de la oferta, a través de un aumento de las captaciones, trasvases desde cuencas excedentarias, o desalación. Por otro lado la reducción o gestión eficiente de la demanda. Es desde este enfoque desde donde se desarrolla este trabajo de investigación. El objetivo de la tesis doctoral es desarrollar una metodología para la selección de los sistemas de ahorro de agua potable más adecuados para equipar en un edificio. El proceso de selección se plantea desde dos aproximaciones, correspondiendo cada uno de ellos a un uso diferente del edificio. Para los edificios destinados a desarrollarse una actividad productiva se utiliza un método de selección coste-beneficio. Para el resto de edificios se utiliza un método de selección multicriterio. Para esta situación se ha optado por aplicar el método del proceso analítico jerárquico a la selección de sistemas de ahorro de agua. Para la aplicación de la selección multicriterio, se han definido una serie de criterios a tener en cuenta: ahorro de agua, ahorro de energía, impacto socio-ambiental, diseño, y viabilidad económica. Cada dispositivo o sistema de ahorro de agua debe ser caracterizado en base a cada uno de estos criterios. En la tesis se ha desarrollado la forma de caracterizar los denominados "sistemas de hidroeficiencia" para cada uno de los criterios de selección definidos. Como parte del proceso de caracterización, es necesario conocer la forma de consumir agua potable que se produce en el edificio. Para ello se puede realizar una auditoría de demandas, en el caso que el edificio exista, o se debe extrapolar resultados de edificios similares, en caso que el edificio sea un edificio de nueva planta que se quiere equipar con los sistemas de hidroeficiencia, ya de partida. En la tesis se indica cómo llevar a cabo una auditoría del consumo de agua del edificio. Igualmente se exponen algunos estudios de patrones de consumo en edificios de viviendas, y se presenta un estudio propio sobre patrones de demanda en la zona de Valencia, para la que no existía información. Para la viabilidad económica de la implantación de los sistemas de ahorro tiene gran importancia que su tamaño sea lo más ajustado posible al uso que se hace de ellos en el edificio. Por ello, se ha hecho un estudio del dimensionado óptimo y económico de los sistemas de aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales. Igualmente se ha estudiado de forma teórica la capacidad de generación de agua de condensación de los sistemas de climatización, para su aprovechamiento en las instalaciones de suministro de agua. Dicha información se utiliza para el dimensionado de los equipos de ese sistema de hidroeficiencia. Como no había información contrastada sobre la validez del método teórico, se han realizado mediciones para contrastarlos. Con todo, en la tesis que se presenta se han realizado las mediciones, estudios, análisis y caracterización de equipos necesarios para que se disponga de una metodología completa para la selección multicriterio de los sistemas de hidroeficiencia más adecuados para equipar un determinado edificio. / [CA] RESUM És una realitat que en el nostre entorn hi ha un dèficit hídric que afecta tant el consum agrícola d'aigua dolça com al consum urbà d'aigua potable. Les condicions ambientals de canvi climàtic agreujaran la situació en els pròxims anys. La gestió eficient dels recursos hídrics és, i serà, un tema important per a la societat que ha de ser abordat des d'un punt de vista social i tecnològic. Encara que el consum no agrícola suposa només una 30% de la demanda total d'aigua dolça, és l'ús urbà de l'aigua, que consumix la major part d'eixe percentatge, el més preocupant ja que afecta directament les condicions de vida de les persones. A l'escassetat de recursos hídrics es respon des de dos perspectives. Per un costat l'augment de l'oferta, a través d'un augment de les captacions, transvasaments des de conques excedentàries, o dessalatge. Per un altre costat la reducció o gestió eficient de la demanda. És des d'este enfocament des d'on es desenrotlla este treball d'investigació L'objectiu de la tesi doctoral és desenrotllar una metodologia per a la selecció dels sistemes d'estalvi d'aigua potable més adequats per a equipar en un edifici. El procés de selecció es planteja des de dos aproximacions, corresponent cada un d'ells a un ús diferent de l'edifici. Per als edificis destinats a desenrotllar-se una activitat productiva s'utilitza un mètode de selecció cost-benefici. Per a la resta d'edificis s'utilitza un mètode de selecció multicriterio. Per a esta situació s'ha optat per aplicar el mètode del procés analític jeràrquic a la selecció de sistemes d'estalvi d'aigua. Per a l'aplicació de la selecció multicriterio, s'han definit una sèrie de criteris a tindre en compte: estalvi d'aigua, estalvi d'energia, impacte socioambiental, disseny, i viabilitat econòmica. Cada dispositiu o sistema d'estalvi d'aigua ha de ser caracteritzat basant-se en cada un d'estos criteris. En la tesi s'ha desenrotllat la forma de caracteritzar els denominats "sistemes de hidroeficiencia" per a cada un dels criteris de selecció definits. Com a part del procés de caracterització, és necessari conéixer la forma de consumir aigua potable que es produïx en l'edifici. Per a això es pot realitzar una auditoria de demandes, en el cas que l'edifici existisca, o s'ha d'extrapolar resultats d'edificis semblants, en cas que l'edifici siga un edifici de nova planta que es vol equipar amb els sistemes de hidroeficiencia, ja de partida. En la tesi s'indica com dur a terme una auditoria del consum d'aigua de l'edifici. Igualment s'exposen alguns estudis de patrons de consum en edificis de vivendes, i es presenta un estudi propi sobre patrons de demanda en la zona de València, per a la que no existia informació. Per a la viabilitat econòmica de la implantació dels sistemes d'estalvi té gran importància que la seua dimensió siga el més ajustat possible a l'ús que es fa d'ells en l'edifici. Per això, s'ha fet un estudi del dimensionat òptim i econòmic dels sistemes d'aprofitament d'aigües pluvials. Igualment s'ha estudiat de forma teòrica la capacitat de generació d'aigua de condensació dels sistemes de climatització, per al seu aprofitament en les instal·lacions de subministrament d'aigua. La dita informació s'utilitza per al dimensionat dels equips d'eixe sistema de hidroeficiencia. Com no hi havia informació contrastada sobre la validesa del mètode teòric, s'han realitzat mesuraments per a contrastar-los. Amb tot, en la tesi que es presenta s'han realitzat els mesuraments, estudis, anàlisi i caracterització d'equips necessaris perquè es dispose d'una metodologia completa per a la selecció multicriterio dels sistemes de hidroeficiencia més adequats per a equipar un determinat edifici. / López Patiño, G. (2016). Análisis y caracterización de las instalaciones interiores de suministro de agua desde el punto de vista de ahorro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61476

Atualmente a visão sistêmica na compreensão dos problemas tem sido uma poderosa ferramenta e esta Dissertação aplicou estes conhecimentos aliados à economia de água, fonte de várias pesquisas atuais devido à preocupação deste bem cada vez mais escasso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a compreensão dos fenômenos hidráulicos em bacias sanitárias, utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Mendes, envolvendo várias áreas da engenharia: perdas de cargas em tubulações, verificações de Normas Brasileiras de produtos e sistemas prediais, aplicações de Quantidade de Movimento, estudos de jatos utilizando-se a teoria de Abramovich e o efeito Splash e as respectivas utilizações destas ferramentas nas análises do desempenho do sistema hidrossanitário. A sugestão da obtenção de informações através do hidrograma de saída da bacia sanitária estudada permitiu, utilizando-se um reservatório de descarga graduado, a variação do nível e, consequentemente, informações hidráulicas relevantes: duração da descarga, volume consumido, a força de arraste induzida pelo escoamento ( ação motriz da remoção dos sólidos) e as máxima e mínima tensões de cisalhamento. A performance do equipamento estudado foi obtida devido a vários fatores, entre eles: o formato tronco-cônico com escoamento helicoidal interno às paredes do equipamento e o sifão trompa que difere dos sistemas atuais por permitir uma menor perda de energia quando do transporte de sólidos. O modelo estudado apresentou resultados que, apesar de permitir melhoramentos, são otimistas quanto ao volume consumido (4 litros), além do fato de evitar o desconforto (dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos) do efeito Splash aos usuários quando do ato de defecar e a remoção (simulada em softwares) dos resíduos no ramal de saída. A principal conclusão deste trabalho é que as melhorias de desempenho em bacias sanitárias necessariamente passam pelo bom uso da Mecânica dos Fluidos e da Hidráulica. / Currently, the systematic approach of problems comprehension has been a powerful tool. This knowledge was used on the present work, as well as information about water saving, subject of a lot of nowadays researches, considering the concern about this natural resource (water), scarcer with each passing day. The purpose of this work was to understand the hydraulic phenomena at sanitary basins, using the model considered by Mendes, relating several engineering areas: load loss on tubings, verifications of Brazilian Norms about building products and systems, applications of motion quantity measuring, jets studies under the Abramovich theory, the \"Splash\" effect and the respective uses of these tools on the performance analysis of the hydro-sanitary system. The suggestion of the information attainment through the exit hydrogram of the studied sanitary basin allowed, by using a graduated water flush reservoir, the level variation and, consequently, relevant hydraulic information: flush duration, volume of water consumed, drag force induced by drainage and the maximum and minimum shear tensions. The performance of the studied equipment was obtained because of several factors, such as: truncated cone format with helical drainage internal to the equipment walls and the siphon tube that differs from the current ones, because it allows a smaller energy loss when transporting the solids. The studied model has presented results that, despiste possible improvements, are optimistic about the volume of water consumed (4 liters), beyond the fact that prevents the discomfort of the \"Splash\" effect on the users (according to the established parameters) and facilitates the residues removal (simulated by softwares) from the exit branch. The main conclusion of this work is that the performance improvements on sanitary basins are essentially related to good use of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.

Atualmente a visão sistêmica na compreensão dos problemas tem sido uma poderosa ferramenta e esta Dissertação aplicou estes conhecimentos aliados à economia de água, fonte de várias pesquisas atuais devido à preocupação deste bem cada vez mais escasso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a compreensão dos fenômenos hidráulicos em bacias sanitárias, utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Mendes, envolvendo várias áreas da engenharia: perdas de cargas em tubulações, verificações de Normas Brasileiras de produtos e sistemas prediais, aplicações de Quantidade de Movimento, estudos de jatos utilizando-se a teoria de Abramovich e o efeito Splash e as respectivas utilizações destas ferramentas nas análises do desempenho do sistema hidrossanitário. A sugestão da obtenção de informações através do hidrograma de saída da bacia sanitária estudada permitiu, utilizando-se um reservatório de descarga graduado, a variação do nível e, consequentemente, informações hidráulicas relevantes: duração da descarga, volume consumido, a força de arraste induzida pelo escoamento ( ação motriz da remoção dos sólidos) e as máxima e mínima tensões de cisalhamento. A performance do equipamento estudado foi obtida devido a vários fatores, entre eles: o formato tronco-cônico com escoamento helicoidal interno às paredes do equipamento e o sifão trompa que difere dos sistemas atuais por permitir uma menor perda de energia quando do transporte de sólidos. O modelo estudado apresentou resultados que, apesar de permitir melhoramentos, são otimistas quanto ao volume consumido (4 litros), além do fato de evitar o desconforto (dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos) do efeito Splash aos usuários quando do ato de defecar e a remoção (simulada em softwares) dos resíduos no ramal de saída. A principal conclusão deste trabalho é que as melhorias de desempenho em bacias sanitárias necessariamente passam pelo bom uso da Mecânica dos Fluidos e da Hidráulica. / Currently, the systematic approach of problems comprehension has been a powerful tool. This knowledge was used on the present work, as well as information about water saving, subject of a lot of nowadays researches, considering the concern about this natural resource (water), scarcer with each passing day. The purpose of this work was to understand the hydraulic phenomena at sanitary basins, using the model considered by Mendes, relating several engineering areas: load loss on tubings, verifications of Brazilian Norms about building products and systems, applications of motion quantity measuring, jets studies under the Abramovich theory, the \"Splash\" effect and the respective uses of these tools on the performance analysis of the hydro-sanitary system. The suggestion of the information attainment through the exit hydrogram of the studied sanitary basin allowed, by using a graduated water flush reservoir, the level variation and, consequently, relevant hydraulic information: flush duration, volume of water consumed, drag force induced by drainage and the maximum and minimum shear tensions. The performance of the studied equipment was obtained because of several factors, such as: truncated cone format with helical drainage internal to the equipment walls and the siphon tube that differs from the current ones, because it allows a smaller energy loss when transporting the solids. The studied model has presented results that, despiste possible improvements, are optimistic about the volume of water consumed (4 liters), beyond the fact that prevents the discomfort of the \"Splash\" effect on the users (according to the established parameters) and facilitates the residues removal (simulated by softwares) from the exit branch. The main conclusion of this work is that the performance improvements on sanitary basins are essentially related to good use of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.