Urban drinking-water supplies are still implicated as pathways for the transmission of waterborne disease. A move toward risk informed, proactive water system management has occurred over the past decade and is advocated in current international drinking water guidelines. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is a tool with potential for aiding health risk management; however the refinement of scientific based practical methods to support that philosophy still requires development. This thesis focused on the water utility, its responsibility to manage microbial water safety, and how probabilistic QMRA may aid in developing management strategies. A framework for waterborne disease risk assessment from urban supply systems was derived and tested on an Australian case study. The main premise was that, in order for risk assessment outcomes to inform the management process, the steps should incorporate the concepts of risk variability, the explicit event conditions that can drive it, and that examination of QMRA sensitivity to various risk scenarios/model uncertainties is undertaken. The identified management uses were: (i) prioritising for attention issues hampering the system's ability to meet or the assessor's ability to interpret against (e.g. knowledge gaps about the system), a water quality health target; and (ii) identifying potential strategies or control points for addressing those issues. Additionally, rarely occurring, high impact, adverse fluctuations in treated water quality (and consumer infection risks), especially from source water contaminant "peaks", are highly, nearly totally, influential over the extent of risks averaged over longer, say annual, periods. As such, a case is made calling for widespread adoption of health targets that refer to tolerable consumer risks per exposure, rather than or as well as the current common practice of expressing targets in terms of risks from exposure over a year or lifetime. Doing so may provide incentive and opportunities for improved management, and the future derivation of specific microbial treatment or treated water quality targets, with a view toward protecting the community from extreme high risk periods associated with disease outbreaks.

This thesis focuses on lead related drinking water quality issues in general and on hydraulic transient induced lead pipe corrosion events in water distribution systems in particular. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and particularly in water distribution systems, when its already challenging electro-chemical processes are influenced by numerous other physical and chemical factors. Lead pipe corrosion can itself be influenced by both the hydraulic transients and water chemistry events. To understand the relationship among hydraulic, chemical and material processes, an existing numerical 1-D transient-corrosion model for iron-pipe based systems is modified and extended to apply for systems having lead-pipes connected in series. The coupled hydraulic transient and advection-dispersion-reaction model with improved data handling facilities is applied for analyzing the transient induced lead pipe corrosion behaviors in the system for a range of options and establishes interrelationships among the parameters.

This thesis focuses on lead related drinking water quality issues in general and on hydraulic transient induced lead pipe corrosion events in water distribution systems in particular. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and particularly in water distribution systems, when its already challenging electro-chemical processes are influenced by numerous other physical and chemical factors. Lead pipe corrosion can itself be influenced by both the hydraulic transients and water chemistry events. To understand the relationship among hydraulic, chemical and material processes, an existing numerical 1-D transient-corrosion model for iron-pipe based systems is modified and extended to apply for systems having lead-pipes connected in series. The coupled hydraulic transient and advection-dispersion-reaction model with improved data handling facilities is applied for analyzing the transient induced lead pipe corrosion behaviors in the system for a range of options and establishes interrelationships among the parameters.

Urban drinking-water supplies are still implicated as pathways for the transmission of waterborne disease. A move toward risk informed, proactive water system management has occurred over the past decade and is advocated in current international drinking water guidelines. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is a tool with potential for aiding health risk management; however the refinement of scientific based practical methods to support that philosophy still requires development. This thesis focused on the water utility, its responsibility to manage microbial water safety, and how probabilistic QMRA may aid in developing management strategies. A framework for waterborne disease risk assessment from urban supply systems was derived and tested on an Australian case study. The main premise was that, in order for risk assessment outcomes to inform the management process, the steps should incorporate the concepts of risk variability, the explicit event conditions that can drive it, and that examination of QMRA sensitivity to various risk scenarios/model uncertainties is undertaken. The identified management uses were: (i) prioritising for attention issues hampering the system's ability to meet or the assessor's ability to interpret against (e.g. knowledge gaps about the system), a water quality health target; and (ii) identifying potential strategies or control points for addressing those issues. Additionally, rarely occurring, high impact, adverse fluctuations in treated water quality (and consumer infection risks), especially from source water contaminant "peaks", are highly, nearly totally, influential over the extent of risks averaged over longer, say annual, periods. As such, a case is made calling for widespread adoption of health targets that refer to tolerable consumer risks per exposure, rather than or as well as the current common practice of expressing targets in terms of risks from exposure over a year or lifetime. Doing so may provide incentive and opportunities for improved management, and the future derivation of specific microbial treatment or treated water quality targets, with a view toward protecting the community from extreme high risk periods associated with disease outbreaks.

Diversos estudos têm relacionado melhores condições de saneamento básico ao incremento nos índices de saúde da população. Investimentos em saneamento básico tendem a promover um benefício econômico, já que o custo para as intervenções necessárias é inferior à despesa com tratamento das enfermidades causadas pela falta de saneamento. Esta pesquisa visou caracterizar a problemática do abastecimento de água em pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando-se a vulnerabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento e da população atingida por meio de critérios próprios voltados à situação de interesse. Definiu-se uma amostra com locais escolhidos por método estatístico e um índice de vulnerabilidade composto por quatro dimensões de análise, dez indicadores e cinco níveis de vulnerabilidade cada. Com isso, caracterizou-se a problemática com base nos dez indicadores propostos, analisaram-se estatisticamente os resultados do índice de vulnerabilidade com o cálculo do índice médio para o Estado e em termos de subpopulações, e estimou-se a proporção da população abastecida e sistemas considerados vulneráveis. Apresentaram-se, portanto, conclusões quanto ao método empregado e resultados encontrados, além de recomendações que podem ser aplicadas para mitigar as vulnerabilidades encontradas e no desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros. Os resultados demonstraram que o nível de tratamento se mostrou um importante critério de análise de vulnerabilidade, havendo diferenças significativas nos resultados do índice para os sistemas sem tratamento e aqueles com tratamento considerado adequado. / According to several studies, there is an association between progresses in drinking water and sanitation to improvements in health indices. Investments in safe drinking water and sanitation may yield in an economic benefit, as the health-effect costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the required interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate small community water supply systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, assessing the vulnerability of the systems and population that depends on them. The survey followed statistical sampling techniques to design the sample size and a water vulnerability index tool that included four dimensions, ten indicators and five vulnerability ratings was constructed. The condition was characterized by the ten proposed indicators, while statistical analysis of the vulnerability index was performed with mean estimates for the State and subpopulations. It was also estimated the proportion of the target population and water supply systems considered vulnerable. Conclusions were presented with respect to the method applied and the main results found in the survey. Recommendations were proposed in order to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the systems and protect public health. The results demonstrate that the level of treatment is a major vulnerability criteria, as significant differences in the index were related to systems that distribute water without treatment and those with an appropriate treatment technology.

Diversos estudos têm relacionado melhores condições de saneamento básico ao incremento nos índices de saúde da população. Investimentos em saneamento básico tendem a promover um benefício econômico, já que o custo para as intervenções necessárias é inferior à despesa com tratamento das enfermidades causadas pela falta de saneamento. Esta pesquisa visou caracterizar a problemática do abastecimento de água em pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando-se a vulnerabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento e da população atingida por meio de critérios próprios voltados à situação de interesse. Definiu-se uma amostra com locais escolhidos por método estatístico e um índice de vulnerabilidade composto por quatro dimensões de análise, dez indicadores e cinco níveis de vulnerabilidade cada. Com isso, caracterizou-se a problemática com base nos dez indicadores propostos, analisaram-se estatisticamente os resultados do índice de vulnerabilidade com o cálculo do índice médio para o Estado e em termos de subpopulações, e estimou-se a proporção da população abastecida e sistemas considerados vulneráveis. Apresentaram-se, portanto, conclusões quanto ao método empregado e resultados encontrados, além de recomendações que podem ser aplicadas para mitigar as vulnerabilidades encontradas e no desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros. Os resultados demonstraram que o nível de tratamento se mostrou um importante critério de análise de vulnerabilidade, havendo diferenças significativas nos resultados do índice para os sistemas sem tratamento e aqueles com tratamento considerado adequado. / According to several studies, there is an association between progresses in drinking water and sanitation to improvements in health indices. Investments in safe drinking water and sanitation may yield in an economic benefit, as the health-effect costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the required interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate small community water supply systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, assessing the vulnerability of the systems and population that depends on them. The survey followed statistical sampling techniques to design the sample size and a water vulnerability index tool that included four dimensions, ten indicators and five vulnerability ratings was constructed. The condition was characterized by the ten proposed indicators, while statistical analysis of the vulnerability index was performed with mean estimates for the State and subpopulations. It was also estimated the proportion of the target population and water supply systems considered vulnerable. Conclusions were presented with respect to the method applied and the main results found in the survey. Recommendations were proposed in order to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the systems and protect public health. The results demonstrate that the level of treatment is a major vulnerability criteria, as significant differences in the index were related to systems that distribute water without treatment and those with an appropriate treatment technology.

Diversos estudos têm relacionado melhores condições de saneamento básico ao incremento nos índices de saúde da população. Investimentos em saneamento básico tendem a promover um benefício econômico, já que o custo para as intervenções necessárias é inferior à despesa com tratamento das enfermidades causadas pela falta de saneamento. Esta pesquisa visou caracterizar a problemática do abastecimento de água em pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando-se a vulnerabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento e da população atingida por meio de critérios próprios voltados à situação de interesse. Definiu-se uma amostra com locais escolhidos por método estatístico e um índice de vulnerabilidade composto por quatro dimensões de análise, dez indicadores e cinco níveis de vulnerabilidade cada. Com isso, caracterizou-se a problemática com base nos dez indicadores propostos, analisaram-se estatisticamente os resultados do índice de vulnerabilidade com o cálculo do índice médio para o Estado e em termos de subpopulações, e estimou-se a proporção da população abastecida e sistemas considerados vulneráveis. Apresentaram-se, portanto, conclusões quanto ao método empregado e resultados encontrados, além de recomendações que podem ser aplicadas para mitigar as vulnerabilidades encontradas e no desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros. Os resultados demonstraram que o nível de tratamento se mostrou um importante critério de análise de vulnerabilidade, havendo diferenças significativas nos resultados do índice para os sistemas sem tratamento e aqueles com tratamento considerado adequado. / According to several studies, there is an association between progresses in drinking water and sanitation to improvements in health indices. Investments in safe drinking water and sanitation may yield in an economic benefit, as the health-effect costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the required interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate small community water supply systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, assessing the vulnerability of the systems and population that depends on them. The survey followed statistical sampling techniques to design the sample size and a water vulnerability index tool that included four dimensions, ten indicators and five vulnerability ratings was constructed. The condition was characterized by the ten proposed indicators, while statistical analysis of the vulnerability index was performed with mean estimates for the State and subpopulations. It was also estimated the proportion of the target population and water supply systems considered vulnerable. Conclusions were presented with respect to the method applied and the main results found in the survey. Recommendations were proposed in order to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the systems and protect public health. The results demonstrate that the level of treatment is a major vulnerability criteria, as significant differences in the index were related to systems that distribute water without treatment and those with an appropriate treatment technology.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24898号 / 工博第5178号 / 新制||工||1988(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 松田 知成, 教授 越後 信哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2208532 bytes, checksum: c4d580156a26972d2d77e4c26c5e78fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Water and energy are two essential resources for society and have a strong interdependence. Among the major energy consumers, the sanitation sector stands out as one of the most demanding users. The electricity is in the top three most important companies cost items and, in many cases, is the second spending, second only to personnel expenses. Some studies estimate that power consumption to pump, treat and distribute water for urban populations is 2-3% of the total electricity consumed in the world. Faced with the search for more efficient alternatives, this paper aims to study the comparative energy efficiency of water supply systems for different pressures available at the entry points of buildings. Basically, the study compares the costs of implementation and operation of water distribution systems designed to supply buildings with facilities supplied directly and indirectly by the network. In the first system, the facilities have storage tanks for water from the distribution system, then it is pumped through its own system of impulse to a high reservoir, and the water then reaches the final consumer by gravity. The second system adopts a direct pumping system in buildings, eliminating the use of domestic reservoirs. The methodology adopted in this study used the optimized design of distribution networks through LENHSNET method, which determines the optimum design of the systems and facilities, and the EPANET simulation model. Later, the implementation and operation costs of the alternatives were calculated and evaluated. The results showed that, in economic terms, the system with direct pumping to the facilities is more expensive, because the system requires the pumps to run 24 hours a day. / Água e energia são dois recursos essenciais para a sociedade e possuem uma forte interdependência. Dentre os grandes consumidores de energia, o setor de saneamento se destaca como um dos usuários de maior demanda. A energia elétrica está entre os três principais itens de custo das companhias e, em muitos casos, representa a segunda despesa, perdendo apenas para as despesas com pessoal. Alguns estudos estimam que o consumo de energia para bombear, tratar e distribuir água para as populações urbanas representa de 2 a 3% do total de energia elétrica consumida no mundo. Diante da busca por alternativas mais eficientes, este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo comparativo da eficiência energética de sistemas de abastecimento de água para diferentes pressões disponíveis nos pontos de entrada das edificações. Basicamente, o estudo compara os custos de implantação e operação dos sistemas de distribuição de água projetados para atender edificações com instalações abastecidas diretamente e indiretamente pela rede. No primeiro sistema, as instalações possuem reservatórios para armazenamento da água proveniente da rede de distribuição, em seguida esta é bombeada por meio de um sistema de impulsão próprio para um reservatório elevado, e daí a água chega ao consumidor final por gravidade. Enquanto o segundo sistema adota um sistema de bombeamento direto nas edificações, dispensando o uso de reservatórios domiciliares. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho adotou o dimensionamento otimizado de redes de distribuição através do método LENHSNET, que determina o dimensionamento ótimo dos sistemas e instalações, e o modelo de simulação EPANET. Posteriormente, foram calculados e avaliados os custos de implantação e operação das alternativas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, em termos econômicos, o sistema com bombeamento direto para as instalações é mais caro, em virtude do sistema requerer que as bombas funcionem 24 horas por dia.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Considering the importance of the sanitation sector for the development of a country and energy costs and the potential environmental impacts associated with it, this paper proposes the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to calculate the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) Water Supply System of Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). They were identified in the supply chain system steps with higher energy costs and proposed improvement scenarios. The production chain of chemical inputs, transportation of supplies, electricity and replacement of pipes in the network to maintain the system were considered. Energy intensity - IE the total system was 3.51 kWh/m3 of water consumed. The step of capturing and distributing water were the most important in IE, because the consumption of electric pumping energy represented 86% of IE. For the impact category chosen in the IPCC method (2007) 100 years, GHG emissions from the SIAA-FSA were 0.47 KgCO2eq / m3de water actually consumed, 75% resulting from the use of electricity. Alternative scenarios evaluated showed significant improvements over the current setting and more rational use of inputs water, electricity and chemicals. / Considerando a import?ncia do setor de saneamento para o desenvolvimento de um pa?s e os encargos energ?ticos e os potenciais impactos ambientais associados a ele, o presente trabalho prop?e a aplica??o da Avalia??o do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), para o c?lculo da intensidade energ?tica e a emiss?o de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) do Sistema de Abastecimento de ?gua de Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). Foram identificadas na cadeia produtiva as etapas no sistema com maiores encargos energ?ticos e propostos Cen?rios de melhoria. A cadeia de produ??o dos insumos qu?micos, transporte dos insumos, energia el?trica e substitui??o dos tubos na rede para a manuten??o do sistema foram consideradas. A intensidade energ?tica ? IE total do sistema foi 3,51 kWh/m3 de ?gua consumida. A etapa de capta??o e distribui??o de ?gua foram as mais relevantes na IE, pois o consumo de energia el?trica do bombeamento representou 86% da IE. Para a categoria de impacto escolhida no m?todo IPCC (2007) 100 anos as emiss?es de GEE do SIAA-FSA foram de 0,47 KgCO2eq/m3de ?gua efetivamente consumida, 75% decorrente do uso de energia el?trica. Os Cen?rios alternativos avaliados demonstraram melhorias significativas em rela??o ao Cen?rio atual, com usos mais racionais dos insumos ?gua, eletricidade e produtos qu?micos.