Orientador: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback / Banca: Luis Gustavo Frediani Lessa / Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim / Banca: Antonio Geraldo Ferreira / Banca: Osmar Delmanto Junior / Resumo: O manejo ambiental que melhor se adapta ao desenvolvimento sustentável é a abordagem do gerenciamento ambiental da bacia hidrográfica, que implica numa visão integrada de manejo dos recursos naturais, a qual abrange interesses multidisciplinares. O sensoriamento remoto tem assumido um papel importante no monitoramento e na estimativa dos diversos fenômenos meteorológicos e ambientais servindo de suporte para compreender, de forma mais precisa em uma escala regional, os fenômenos meteorológicos e as mudanças climáticas. No semiárido brasileiro, devido à semiaridez do clima, o monitoramento do uso da água, com técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, tem sido um tópico de interesse para o seu manejo sustentável, sendo de fundamental importância conhecer a evapotranspiração (ET) que é um importante componente do balanço hídrico. Por meio do algoritmo SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land - que utiliza imagens de satélites e possibilita a obtenção dos fluxos de energia à superfície o presente estudo objetivou estimar o balanço de energia, e então, determinar a evapotranspiração real diária na sub-bacia hidrográfica do riacho Jardim-CE localizada no semiárido cearense. Utilizou-se 08 (oito) imagens do satélite LANDSAT 5 TM correspondente aos anos de 1992, 1994, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2008, 2009 e 2011. O algoritmo SEBAL teve bom desempenho em escala regional da bacia hidrográfica na estimativa dos fluxos de energia e da evapotranspiração real diária podendo ser utilizado em áreas onde há escassez de dados meteorológicos. / Abstract: The environmental management best suited to sustainable development is the approach to environmental management of the watershed, which implies a vision of integrated natural resource management, which includes multidisciplinary interests. The remote sensing has been an important tool in monitoring and estimation of various meteorological and environmental phenomena serving as support to understanding, more accurately on a regional scale, meteorological phenomena and climate changes. At the Brazilian semiarid region, due to semiarid climate, monitoring the water use, with remote sensing techniques has been a topic of interest for their sustainable management, being of fundamental importance the knowledge of evapotranspiration (ET), which is a relevant component of the water balance. The algorithm SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land - uses satellite images and enables the achievement of the energy flux to the surface and determination of ET, along the lack of studies that allow the determination of evapotranspiration in Brazilian semiarid basins, highlights the need employment of remote sensing techniques. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the energy balance, and determine the evapotranspiration through the SEBAL algorithm at Riacho Jardim Watershed in Ceará State, located in the Brazilian semiarid region. The SEBAL algorithm had good performance in regional scale of the watershed estimating the energy fluxes and evapotranspiration, and it can be used in areas where there is shortage of meteorological data. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 belluta_i_me_botfca.pdf: 1244360 bytes, checksum: c495af14c935d90d96d6831387f17db4 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Bacia hidrográfica é a unidade geográfica que se ajusta aos objetivos de planejamento agrícola e ambiental, cuja área é sensível e imprescindível para sua integridade física e qualidade da água, devendo ser protegida pela vegetação. A sub-bacia do Córrego do Cintra (1.136,8ha) está localizada à noroeste de Botucatu SP, tem suas nascentes no Campus da UNESP de Rubião Junior e segue fluxo ao norte até o Rio Tietê. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar a estrutura e o estádio sucessional da mata ripária, avaliar a qualidade da água e detectar fontes de poluição pontual e difusa naquela sub-bacia. O método fitossociológico utilizado foi o de ponto-quadrante, aplicado em três áreas de mata ripária; os índices Dr, Dor, IVC, Diversidade e Similaridade foram obtidos através de cálculo em planilha eletrônica e do programa Past; o estádio sucessional foi determinado pela proporção de espécies de cada grupo ecológico. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e espécies químicas da água foram amostrados em oito pontos no período de 2007 a 2009 e para avaliar o comportamento de cada variável nos locais de amostragem, foram realizadas análises de variâncias seguidas do teste de Tukey e também a análise de componentes principais. Estes parâmetros, as análises microbiológicas e as dos metais mais tóxicos foram determinados pelo Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater e comparados aos valores máximos permitidos (VMP) do Conama, Classe II, e quanto para os defensivos agrícolas utilizou-se o método cromatográfico. Nas três áreas de amostragem foram encontradas 2.241 indivíduos arbóreos de 145 espécies... / Watershed is the geographic unit that meets the goals of agricultural and environmental planning, the area of which is sensitive and essential for its physical integrity and water quality and thus must be protected by the vegetation. The subwatershed of Cintra Stream (1,136.8ha) is located northwest to Botucatu, São Paulo State, and has its springs in the Campus of UNESP at Rubião Junior, flowing towards north until Tietê River. The general aims of this study were to characterize the structure and the successional stage of the riparian forest, to assess the water quality and to detect punctual and diffuse pollution sources in that subwatershed. The adopted phytosociological method was the point-quadrant, applied to three areas of riparian forest; the indexes RD, RDo, CVI, Diversity and Similarity were obtained by calculation in spreadsheet and the software Past; the successional stage was determined based on the proportion of species of each ecological group. The physico-chemical parameters and the chemical species of water were sampled at eight sites from 2007 to 2009, and to assess the behavior of each variable at the sampling sites, analyses of variance were done followed by Tukey’s test and analysis of the main components. These parameters, microbiological analyses and analyses of the most toxic metals were determined according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and compared to Conama’s maximal allowed value (MAV), Class II; for pesticides, the chromatographic method was used. In three sampling areas, 2,241 arboreal individuals and 145 species were found; they belonged to 55 botanical families, and the most representative family was Fabaceae with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000756933.pdf: 3817942 bytes, checksum: 2005aa5bbd8398a4de5af2d58835f0f5 (MD5) / O manejo ambiental que melhor se adapta ao desenvolvimento sustentável é a abordagem do gerenciamento ambiental da bacia hidrográfica, que implica numa visão integrada de manejo dos recursos naturais, a qual abrange interesses multidisciplinares. O sensoriamento remoto tem assumido um papel importante no monitoramento e na estimativa dos diversos fenômenos meteorológicos e ambientais servindo de suporte para compreender, de forma mais precisa em uma escala regional, os fenômenos meteorológicos e as mudanças climáticas. No semiárido brasileiro, devido à semiaridez do clima, o monitoramento do uso da água, com técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, tem sido um tópico de interesse para o seu manejo sustentável, sendo de fundamental importância conhecer a evapotranspiração (ET) que é um importante componente do balanço hídrico. Por meio do algoritmo SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land – que utiliza imagens de satélites e possibilita a obtenção dos fluxos de energia à superfície o presente estudo objetivou estimar o balanço de energia, e então, determinar a evapotranspiração real diária na sub-bacia hidrográfica do riacho Jardim-CE localizada no semiárido cearense. Utilizou-se 08 (oito) imagens do satélite LANDSAT 5 TM correspondente aos anos de 1992, 1994, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2008, 2009 e 2011. O algoritmo SEBAL teve bom desempenho em escala regional da bacia hidrográfica na estimativa dos fluxos de energia e da evapotranspiração real diária podendo ser utilizado em áreas onde há escassez de dados meteorológicos. / The environmental management best suited to sustainable development is the approach to environmental management of the watershed, which implies a vision of integrated natural resource management, which includes multidisciplinary interests. The remote sensing has been an important tool in monitoring and estimation of various meteorological and environmental phenomena serving as support to understanding, more accurately on a regional scale, meteorological phenomena and climate changes. At the Brazilian semiarid region, due to semiarid climate, monitoring the water use, with remote sensing techniques has been a topic of interest for their sustainable management, being of fundamental importance the knowledge of evapotranspiration (ET), which is a relevant component of the water balance. The algorithm SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land - uses satellite images and enables the achievement of the energy flux to the surface and determination of ET, along the lack of studies that allow the determination of evapotranspiration in Brazilian semiarid basins, highlights the need employment of remote sensing techniques. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the energy balance, and determine the evapotranspiration through the SEBAL algorithm at Riacho Jardim Watershed in Ceará State, located in the Brazilian semiarid region. The SEBAL algorithm had good performance in regional scale of the watershed estimating the energy fluxes and evapotranspiration, and it can be used in areas where there is shortage of meteorological data.

Orientador: Valdemir Antonio Rodrigues / Banca: Renato Farias do Valle Junior / Banca: Valdir de Cicco / Resumo: As matas ciliares vêm sofrendo impactos, causando perturbação, degradação ou substituídas por outras atividades no entorno das nascentes, que acabam prejudicando os recursos hídricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar e comparar a qualidade da água de quatro nascentes em diferentes coberturas de solo e estado de conservação da vegetação, bem como o enquadramento de cada nascente na Resolução CONAMA 357/05. A nascente um (N1) apresenta cobertura de floresta natural em condições adequadas previstos no código florestal e preservadas em relação ao seu estado de conservação da vegetação. A nascente dois (N2) tem cobertura de floresta natural, porém não está em condições adequadas na legislação e se encontra em estado de perturbação. A nascente três (N3) possui cobertura de bambuzal/floresta natural em estado degradado. A nascente quatro (N4) tem cobertura de pastagem e está degradada. As coletas de água foram monitoradas mensalmente durante um ano. A N1 e N2 apresentaram os valores inferiores nos parâmetros de temperatura, turbidez, cor, nitrato, nitrito e ferro; e os valores mais próximos a neutralidade do pH. A N3 teve os valores inferiores para condutividade elétrica, TDS, salinidade e pH. A N1 teve as médias dentro dos padrões da classe II, enquanto a N2 se classificou na classe III e a N3 e N4 não apresentaram resultados dentro do aceitável para o abastecimento público da água. As nascentes com cobertura de floresta natural mostrou que a qualidade da água foi melhor, nos parâmetros de temperatura, turbidez, cor, pH, nitrato, nitrito e ferro, demonstrando que a mata ciliar auxilia em sua proteção qualitativa da água. As nascentes com floresta natural foram as que apresentaram padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/05 para o abastecimento público da água / Abstract: The riparian forests been suffering impacts, causing disturbance, degradation or replaced by others activities in the vicinity of the sources, that end up hurting water resources. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the quality of the water four sources in different land covering and condition of vegetation, as well as the framing of each source in CONAMA Resolution 357/05. The first source (N1) has one natural forest cover in adequate conditions specified in the code and preserved in relation to their conservation status vegetation. The second source (N2) also has natural forest cover, but it's inadequately in the legislation and is in a state of perturbation. The third source (N3) has bamboo brakes/native forest in degraded state. The fourth source (N4) has covering pasture and is degraded. The water samplings were monitored monthly for one year. The N1 and N2 showed lower values in the parameters of temperature, turbidity, color, nitrate, nitrite and iron; and values closer to neutral pH. The N3 had lower values of electrical conductivity, TDS, salinity and pH. The N1 had the average within the standards of the class II, while N2 is classified in class III and N3 and N4 did not show results within of acceptable for public supply of water. The sources with natural forest cover showed that water quality, at the parameters of temperature, turbidity, color, pH, nitrate, nitrite and iron, demonstrating that riparian vegetation helps their qualitative water protection. The sources with natural forest showed the standards established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05 for the water public supply / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000759035.pdf: 1989331 bytes, checksum: 32dfa9ee8003b11ffa8d066267ae55be (MD5) / As matas ciliares vêm sofrendo impactos, causando perturbação, degradação ou substituídas por outras atividades no entorno das nascentes, que acabam prejudicando os recursos hídricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar e comparar a qualidade da água de quatro nascentes em diferentes coberturas de solo e estado de conservação da vegetação, bem como o enquadramento de cada nascente na Resolução CONAMA 357/05. A nascente um (N1) apresenta cobertura de floresta natural em condições adequadas previstos no código florestal e preservadas em relação ao seu estado de conservação da vegetação. A nascente dois (N2) tem cobertura de floresta natural, porém não está em condições adequadas na legislação e se encontra em estado de perturbação. A nascente três (N3) possui cobertura de bambuzal/floresta natural em estado degradado. A nascente quatro (N4) tem cobertura de pastagem e está degradada. As coletas de água foram monitoradas mensalmente durante um ano. A N1 e N2 apresentaram os valores inferiores nos parâmetros de temperatura, turbidez, cor, nitrato, nitrito e ferro; e os valores mais próximos a neutralidade do pH. A N3 teve os valores inferiores para condutividade elétrica, TDS, salinidade e pH. A N1 teve as médias dentro dos padrões da classe II, enquanto a N2 se classificou na classe III e a N3 e N4 não apresentaram resultados dentro do aceitável para o abastecimento público da água. As nascentes com cobertura de floresta natural mostrou que a qualidade da água foi melhor, nos parâmetros de temperatura, turbidez, cor, pH, nitrato, nitrito e ferro, demonstrando que a mata ciliar auxilia em sua proteção qualitativa da água. As nascentes com floresta natural foram as que apresentaram padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/05 para o abastecimento público da água / The riparian forests been suffering impacts, causing disturbance, degradation or replaced by others activities in the vicinity of the sources, that end up hurting water resources. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the quality of the water four sources in different land covering and condition of vegetation, as well as the framing of each source in CONAMA Resolution 357/05. The first source (N1) has one natural forest cover in adequate conditions specified in the code and preserved in relation to their conservation status vegetation. The second source (N2) also has natural forest cover, but it’s inadequately in the legislation and is in a state of perturbation. The third source (N3) has bamboo brakes/native forest in degraded state. The fourth source (N4) has covering pasture and is degraded. The water samplings were monitored monthly for one year. The N1 and N2 showed lower values in the parameters of temperature, turbidity, color, nitrate, nitrite and iron; and values closer to neutral pH. The N3 had lower values of electrical conductivity, TDS, salinity and pH. The N1 had the average within the standards of the class II, while N2 is classified in class III and N3 and N4 did not show results within of acceptable for public supply of water. The sources with natural forest cover showed that water quality, at the parameters of temperature, turbidity, color, pH, nitrate, nitrite and iron, demonstrating that riparian vegetation helps their qualitative water protection. The sources with natural forest showed the standards established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05 for the water public supply

AGNPS, a nonpoint source pollution model, was selected to stimulate sediment yield and chemical loadings from Owl Run watershed. The model was validated to demonstrate its applicability to Virginia Piedmont conditions. The validation was carried out by comparing simulation results with measured data including runoff, sediment yield, and nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to downstream water bodies. Statistical measures, including simple linear regression, determination of root mean square errors, and test on differences between simulated and measured data, were used in this study to evaluate errors. Results from these statistical procedures indicated that the errors between simulated and measured results are within acceptable limits. An annualization procedure was used to provide the basis for evaluating the long-term impact of various BMP’s. Critical areas in the watershed, which are responsible for majority of the pollutant loadings, were identified by the model using the annulization procedure. A FORTRAN program was developed to convery critical areas for individual events to “annualized critical areas” so that evaluations were made on long-term basis. BMPs currently installed in Owl Run watershed and several alternative BMP implementation scenarios were simulated. Their impacts on reducing pollutant loadings and their cost effectiveness were evaluated by using the AGNPS model and the annualization procedure. The current BMP scenario will eventually reduce sediment yield, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loadings by 26%, 32%, and 32% respectively. Some of the proposed scenarios can reduce these pollutant loadings by up to 59%, 66%, and 67% respectively. / Master of Science

Most recently, research on stormwater detention ponds has focused on designs and operations that will improve the water quality of the discharge. Historically stormwater detention ponds were used to reduce the rate of runoff from the watershed area of using temporary storage to attenuate flow rates. The study site was located near Orlando, Florida, and consisted of a detention pond, namely Lake Angel, which received stormwater runoff from a 131-acre area. Hydrologic data such as precipitation, runoff, and pond outflow were measured at the site. Total and suspended solids data for the pond outflow and stormwater runoff also were collected at the site. Using these data both the hydrologic budget and solids removal efficiency of the detention pond were determined. Pond outflow was measured continuously and 319 solids determinations were made. However, all data were simulated on an hourly basis. A computer program, STORCALC, was written to simulate inlet and outlet flow rates and solids concentrations. Groundwater inflow rates were determined from a hydrologic balance verified by water table measurements and equations for groundwater flow. Solids removal efficiencies were determined based on concentration and mass. There was a significant difference between concentration and mass removal efficiencies, thus, it was concluded that detention ponds with groundwater inflow can have a negative removal efficiency of total and suspend solids based on the runoff and pond outflow mass while having a positive removal efficiency of total and suspended solids based on concentration.

Nature provides essential services to humans, including climate regulation, water provisioning and regulation. These so-called ecosystem services have economical, societal and environmental value. This research aims at improving the knowledge on the linkages between selected hydrological ecosystem services and current and proposed land uses within the water-limited Mpushini/Mkhondeni Catchments in South Africa. The research contributes to the recognition of feedback and linkages within the complex ecological-human system, so that informed land use decisions can be made. The research aim is achieved by first reviewing the literature on hydrological ecosystem services, land use in an ecosystem services context and the links between the two. The study area is then sub-delineated into land use determined hydrological response units for baseline natural land cover, as well as for current and proposed land use scenarios. Using an appropriate model, selected hydrological processes are simulated in order to isolate the effects of individual land uses on hydrological responses, both on a local and a more catchment-wide scale. Various land uses were found to affect hydrological responses, such as runoff and its components of stormflows and baseflows, as well as transpiration and sediment yields, differently. These responses were found to be suitable indicators of selected ecosystem services such as water provisioning or flow regulation. Irrigation and high biomass crops, such as sugarcane and wattle plantations were found to reduce downstream water provisioning services. Degraded lands were found to reduce physical water quality through increased sediment yield, to reduce water provisioning during low flow periods, while the degraded lands increased stormflows, thereby reducing regulation of high flows. Urban land uses were found to significantly increase runoff, with increased impervious areas causing a shift from evaporation and transpiration towards runoff. Stormflows increased, with high flow regulation being reduced. Baseflows increased as well, as a result of a spill-over of runoff from impervious to pervious urban areas, which led to increased low flow regulation. In addition, in this study area urban return flows are generated from externally sourced water, further increasing streamflows and especially low flows. While urban areas showed an increase in downstream water quantity provision, the water quality was reduced. The combined effects of the current land use mosaic on the annual streamflows partially cancel each other out, while the proposed urbanisation dominated hydrological responses. Influences of various land uses on hydrological ecosystem services were thereby shown, which contributes to a better understanding of the linkages between the two. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.

Since 1971, a number of flood frequency models have been developed for river basins in Malawi for use in the design of hydraulic structures, but the varied nature of their results have most often given a dilemma to the design engineer due to differences in magnitudes of calculated floods for given return periods. All the known methods for flood frequency analysis developed in country so far have not used a homogeneity test for the river basins from which the hydrological data has been obtained. This study was thus conducted with a view to resolving this problem and hence improve the design of hydraulic structures such as culverts, bridges, water intake points for irrigation schemes, and flood protection dykes. In light of the above, during the course of this study the applicability of existing methods in the design of hydraulic structures was assessed. Also, the study investigated how land use and land cover change influence the frequency and magnitude of floods in the study area, and how their deleterious impacts on the socio-economic and natural environment in the river basins could be mitigated / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)