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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Interactive weathering for realistic image synthesis of urban environments / Vieillissement interactif pour la synthèse d'image réaliste des environnements urbains

Muñoz Pandiella, Imanol 05 December 2017 (has links)
Etre capable de capturer et de synthétiser des comportements réalistes est un sujet de recherche important en Informatique Graphique. Mais, pour produire des images réalistes, il ne suffit pas de représenter les matériaux de manière fiable, il faut également prendre en compte leurs évolutions dans le temps. La simulation des effets de vieillissement est le domaine de la recherche qui s’intéresse à la prise en compte de la détérioration des modèles virtuels. Après avoir étudié les travaux précédents dans ce domaine, nous avons constaté qu’il y a un manque d’estimation pour certains paramètres environnementaux importants ainsi qu’un besoin de modèles globaux qui tiennent compte des interactions des facteurs intervenants dans les grandes scènes. De plus, nous avons observées que l’amélioration des techniques actuelles nécessite intégrer les caractéristiques physiques réelles pour éviter la déconnection des processus réels, ce qui doit donc être analysés et compris. Dans cette thèse, nous visons à améliorer la simulation du vieillissement en Informatique Graphique sous les trois angles suivants. Concernant l’estimation des facteurs de vieillissement, nous proposons d’abord de traiter un facteur sous-estimé dans la littérature mais qui est très important dans les processus de vieillissement : le soleil. Plus spécifiquement, nous proposons une technique interactive qui estime l’exposition solaire sur des scènes urbaines détaillées. Compte tenu d’une carte d’exposition directionnelle calculée sur une période donnée, nous estimons le facteur de visibilité du ciel qui sert à évaluer l’exposition finale à chaque point visible. Ceci est fait en utilisant une méthode espace-écran basée sur une approche à deux échelles, qui est indépendante de la géométrie et qui a un coût bas en stockage. Notre méthode aboutit à une technique intéressante non seulement pour les simulations de vieillissement, mais également en architecture, dans la conception de bâtiments durables et dans l’estimation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments. Ensuite, nous introduisons un modèle global permettant de simuler les changements d’apparence des bâtiments liés aux dépôts de pollution. Ce processus est très visible sur les scènes urbaines et, jusqu’à présent, aucune technique n’a été proposée en utilisant une approche globale (sur une ville entière). Nous proposons ici une technique basée sur la physique considérant que les effets de la pollution dépendent de trois facteurs principaux : l’exposition au vent, à la pluie et au soleil. Cette approche prend en compte trois étapes : le dépôt, la réaction et le lavage. Avec un pré-calcul à bas coût, nous évaluons la distribution de la pollution dans la ville. Puis, par le biais d’opérateurs espace-écran, nous proposons une méthode efficace capable de générer des images réalistes en temps interactifs. De plus, le pré-calcul n’exige qu’une quantité réduite de mémoire pour stocker la carte de pollution et, comme la méthode utilisée est indépendante de la complexité de la scène, elle peut s’adapter à des modèles complexes et de grande taille en ajustant la résolution de la carte. Finalement, afin de mieux appréhender les processus de vieillissement, nous présentons une méthode permettant de prendre en compte l’effet d’écaillage sur les monuments en pierre avec très peu d’interaction de l’utilisateur. / Being able to capture and synthesize realistic materials is an important research topic in Computer Graphics. In order to render realistic images it is not enough to represent materials reliably, but we also need to represent its temporal component. Simulation of weathering effects is the research area that pursues the incorporation of decay to virtual models. After studying the previous work, we have found that there is a lack of estimation methods for some important environmental parameters and a need of global models that consider the interactions of the environmental factors in big scenes. Moreover, we have observed that the improvement of current techniques need to incorporate real effects characteristics to avoid the current disconnection from the real processes. But, this need to be first analyzed and understood. In this thesis, we aim to improve weathering simulation in Computer Graphics in these three fronts. Concerning weathering factors estimation, we first propose to deal with an undervalued factor in weathering literature which is very important in aging processes: the sun. More specifically, we propose an interactive technique that estimates solar exposure on detailed urban scenes. Given a directional exposure map computed over a given time period, we estimate the sky visibility factor that serves to evaluate the final exposure at each visible point. This is done using a screen-space method based on a two-scale approach, which is geometry independent and has low storage costs. Our method results in an interesting technique not only in weathering simulations, but also in architecture, in sustainable building design and in the estimation of buildings’ energy performance. After that, we introduce a global model to simulate the changes of appearance of buildings due to pollution deposition. This process is very noticeable on urban scenes and, so far, no technique has dealt with it using a global approach. We propose a physically-based technique that considers pollution effects to depend on three main factors: wind, rain and sun exposure, and that takes into account three intervening steps: deposition, reaction and washing. With a low-cost pre-computation step, we evaluate the pollution distribution through the city. Based on this distribution and the use of screen-space operators, our method results in an efficient approach that generate realistic images of polluted surfaces at interactive rates. In addition, the pre-computation demands a reduced amount of memory to store the pollution map and, as it is independent from scene complexity, it can suit large and complex models adapting its resolution. Finally, in order to improve the understanding of weathering processes, we present a method to identify and map “scaling” weathering effects on stone monuments with very little user interaction.
2

Paleo-Environmental Interpretations and Weathering Effects of the Mowry Shale from Geochemical Analysis of Outcrop Samples in the Western Margin of the Wind River Basin near Lander, Wyoming

Tuttle, Trevor Robinson 01 March 2018 (has links)
The Cretaceous Mowry Shale is an organic-rich, siliceous marine shale, and as such is a known source rock in the Western United States. Studies have documented that total organic carbon (TOC) in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming increases to the southeast. These studies cover large areas with limited sample sets. In this study, over 250 samples were collected near Lander, Wyoming to address spatial heterogeneity of TOC within the Mowry Shale at a much finer scale than previously examined. Samples were collected along five vertical sections at three localities, and following correlation of the vertical sections, which was strongly aided by the presence of regional bentonite horizons, samples were collected laterally from the same unit at regular 25-foot intervals. These samples were analyzed using pyrolysis and x-ray diffraction techniques. Average TOC values are fairly consistent within the study area (1.65%, with a range of 2.10% to 1.15%). Average Tmax values for vertical and lateral samples is 433 °C with a standard deviation of 7.25 °C suggesting immature to very early oil window thermal maturity. Kerogen types are determined to be dominantly type III, suggesting a dominance of terrestrial input, becoming slightly more mixed type II/III to the southeast. Redox-sensitive trace metals such as uranium, thorium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum values all suggest a slightly oxygenated sediment water interface during time of deposition. These pyrolysis and trace metal data suggest that the study area was in a prograding proximal marine/prodeltaic depositional environment during Upper Mowry time with influences from higher energy bottom flows. Lateral homogeneity of strata and the low variability in geochemical character across the study area suggest that the local basin in the study area was not segmented by structural or oceanographic conditions. While efforts were made to collect unaltered outcrop samples (digging back into what appeared to be unfractured, unaltered rock), alteration or weathering of organic material is a concern for source rock evaluation of near-surface outcrops. In order to address this concern, a 5-foot-deep trench was dug back into the outcrop at the target horizon in one locality. Samples were taken at regular three-inch intervals from this trench as it was excavated to determine the effect of weathering on TOC in the study area. Based on pyrolysis results, TOC was affected by weathering only along fracture sets (several samples intersected fractures in the shallow subsurface) and did not appreciably increase from the surface to a depth of five feet. Due to the impermeable nature of shale rock, decreases of TOC due to weathering appear to be limited to the immediate surface of samples and along fracture sets.

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