Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carbonari_ca_dr_botfca.pdf: 1217670 bytes, checksum: 6d407192dfb369e22834aa0573d37fba (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na cultura da cana-de-açúcar a dinâmica dos herbicidas no ambiente e no solo pode ser afetada pelo sistema de produção agrícola adotado em relação à presença ou ausência de palha sobre o solo. A interceptação dos herbicidas pela palha pode promover a retenção e a exposição dos herbicidas a condições favoráveis à fotodegradação e volatilização até que seja levado ao solo, onde pode sofrer processos de sorção, lixiviação e/ou degradação por efeitos físicos, químicos e biológicos, além de ser absorvido pelas plantas daninhas e/ou plantas cultivadas. Estes processos desempenham um papel importante, pois determinam a quantidade do produto que estará disponível na solução do solo, em quantidades suficientes para promover o controle das plantas daninhas e garantir a seletividade à cultura e a segurança ambiental. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a lixiviação e disponibilidade do herbicida amicarbazone no solo quando aplicado em diferentes sistemas de produção da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em relação à presença de palhada sobre o solo e estabelecer uma correlação entre os níveis de amicarbazone nos diferentes sistemas produtivos e o controle de plantas daninhas da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de solo de 0 a 10, 10 a 20 e 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, em cinco experimentos conduzidos em áreas de cana crua em diferentes épocas, com aplicações do herbicida amicarbazone realizadas nos dias 27 de junho, 31 de agosto, 03 de outubro, 20 de outubro e 23 de novembro. Em cada um dos experimentos foram testadas as aplicações do herbicida amicarbazone na 2 dose de 1050 g ha-1, sob a palha de cana (aplicação na colhedora), sobre a palha e em área sem palha. Foram avaliados os níveis de controle de Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, Ipomoea quamoclit L., Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth., Merremia cissoides... / The herbicides dynamics in the environment and soil cultivated with sugarcane, can be very affected by the crop production system adopted in relation to the presence or absence of straw on the ground. The herbicide interception by straw may promote the herbicide retention and exposition to favorable conditions for the photodegradation and volatilization until it is taken to the soil, where it can suffer processes of sorption, leaching and/or degradation by physical, chemical and biological effects, and be absorbed by weeds and crops. In the sugarcane culture these processes are very important, because they determine the product amount that will be available in the soil solution, in enough quantities to promote the weed control, the herbicide selectivity and environment safety. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the amicarbazone leaching and availability in the soil, when applied in the different sugarcane 4 production systems in relation to the presence of the straw on the ground and to establish a correlation between the amicarbazone levels in different systems and the control of the most important weeds of the sugarcane. Soil samples were collected in the depths from 0 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm, in five experiments and application timings in the locations of São Paulo State – Brazil, with the applications on June 27th, August 31st, October 3rd and 20th and November 23rd. Two treatments without the application of the herbicide (with and without the mulch) were also set up to referee the efficacy evaluations. An evaluation was done for the control to the Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea quamoclit, Merremia cissoides, Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum and Digitaria spp and 80 soil samples were collected at each depth in each treatment at different periods. A method for extraction of soil solution by cartridges... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000794596.pdf: 2751340 bytes, checksum: 2472ddbc32b59ed8d44f63f270387c89 (MD5) / As alterações devido a manutenção de palha de cana-de-açúcar sobre o solo podem afetar a composição específica das plantas daninhas. A palha pode, além de outras consequências, proporcionar efeitos alelopáticos sobre a cultura e as plantas daninhas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito da palha sobre a composição da comunidade infestante bem como analisar o efeito dos ácidos hidroxâmicos presentes nas folhas da cultura sobre a germinação e desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas. No primeiro estudo foram realizados levantamentos da comunidade de plantas daninhas para obtenção da cobertura específica, utilizando-se os dados 241 talhões de cana-de-açúcar da região de Ribeirão Preto. Foi realizada a organização das comunidades de plantas daninhas em agrupamentos padrões utilizando a porcentagem de cobertura específica, relacionando-os com as características do ambiente em que a cana estava implantada. Nas áreas com a presença da palha houve uma menor ocorrência de plantas daninhas se comparada as com ausência de palha, a distribuição desuniforme facilitou a ocorrência de Digitaria spp. A longevidade dos canaviais afetou as comunidades infestantes, porém espécies como C. rotundus e cordas-de-viola tiveram alta infestação em todos os cortes nas áreas de cana crua. Os ambientes de produção tiveram maior diversidade de espécies nos ambientes C e D. A comunidade infestante sofreu efeito da palha e sua distribuição, da idade de corte e dos ambientes de produção. Em um segundo ensaio foram realizadas amostragens em 20 talhões comerciais. Em cada talhão foram feitas amostragens de plantas emergidas como a ocorrência, densidade específica e massa seca da parte aérea. Com os dados obtidos foram calculados os índices fitossociológicos, que permitiram observar que nas áreas com cana crua ocorreu menor diversidade de espécies, até o segundo corte ... / The alterations due presence of sugarcane straw on soil can affect the specific weed composition. The straw can, besides other consequences, promote allelopathic effects on crops and weeds. The aim of this research was to study the straw effect on weed community and test the hydroxamic acids present on sugarcane leaves on weed germination and growth. First essay it were carried out assesments from weed community to obtain specific cover, with 241 data from sugar mil at Ribeirão Preto city zone were used. It was conducted the community organization in pattern cluster using the specific cover percentage, relating with variables from sugarcane environment. In areas with straw presence a minor weed ocurrence was obtained compared to straw ausence, disuniform distribution facilitate the ocurrence of Digitaria spp. Age affected weed community, but species as C. rotundus and morning glory had high infestation in all periods in green sugarcane. The production environment had higher diversity of species on C and D environment. Straw and its distribution, period of harvest and production enviroment had effect on weed community. In a second essay, assesments were carried out in twenty sugarcane plots. In each plot, it was realized a weed evaluation: ocurrence, especific density and aerial dry mass. With the data were calculated the phytosociological indexes. Analyzing all data, despite burned sugarcane presented low number for species diversity, in general, it was not possible to confirm that green sugarcane until second harvest selected weed community when compared to burned cane, or that were different from it. Some essays were carried out to evaluate the possible allelopathy of sugarcane, for the first bioassay were analysed the crude aqueous extracts of green leaves of tem cultivars IAC911099, IACSP955094, IAC873396, CTC2, CTC15, CTC9, RB855156, RB867515, RB855453 and FIJI19. It were evaluated ...

MSc. (Geography) / Growing concerns with regards to the environmental and economic impacts related to the application of herbicides to control the spread and abundance of weeds in agricultural crops have created a need for the development of novel agricultural management systems that are less dependent on herbicide usage and tillage. Such concerns have given rise to the need for the variable spatial treatment of croplands aimed at the minimization of requirements for the application of herbicides and the subsequent minimization of excess materials released into the surrounding environment. Remote sensing provides an opportunity for the fast and cost-effective delineation of weed patches in croplands over large areas where traditional scouting techniques would be impractical. The differences in spectral reflectance from different plants at certain wavelengths due to species specific variations in biochemical and physical characteristics is what lays the basis for the distinction of vegetation species within remotely sensed images and ultimately the potential detection of weed-species in croplands. This study investigates the potential spectral characterisation of maize and commonly occurring weed-species by (1) making use of reflectance spectra collected at leaf-level to identify statistically significant differences in reflectance between individual species throughout the visible (VIS), Near-Infrared (NIR) and Shortwave-Infrared (SWIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, determining the potential of the Red-Edge Position (REP) and slope for this particular application and testing the accuracy at which reflectance spectra may be classified according to vegetation species based on spectral reflectance at specific wavebands and REP as input predictor variables, (2) testing the potential effect of mixed spectral responses and soil-background interference through the analysis of reflectance spectra collected at canopy-level, and (3) determining the potential effect of the spectral generalisation associated with multispectral reflectance through the analysis of spectral responses resampled to the spectral band designations of representative high spatial resolution multispectral sensors. The results showed that maize may be spectrally distinguished from all of the weed-species included in the analysis based on leaf-level hyperspectral reflectance throughout the Visible-to-Near-Infrared (V-NIR) and SWIR-regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, however, the unique characterisation of weed-species is not possible for all species and where it is possible, it is highly wavelength-specific and would require high spectral resolution hyperspectral data. The wavelengths most suitable for the spectral characterisation of maize-crops and weed species in the study area were identified as: 432.1nm, 528.2nm, 700.7nm, 719.4nm, 1335.1nm, 1508.1nm, 2075.8nm, 2164.5nm and 2342.2nm. The output predictor model was able to classify reflectance spectra associated with maize crops and weeds in the study area at an overall accuracy of 89.7 per cent and it was shown that the inclusion of the REP as predictor variable did not improve the overall accuracy of the classification, however, may be used to improve the classification accuracies of certain species...

In the Northern Great Plains (NGP), weed management within organic systems remains a challenge. Experiments were conducted at two distinct sites in North Dakota to investigate effects of deep mulch no-till (NT) on soil quality indices, weed densities, and weed seedbank densities. We hypothesized that alfalfa mulch no-till and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculant would be associated with reductions in weed densities and improvements to soil quality and vegetable yield. NT treatments were associated with reductions in weed densities and time required for weeding, with improvements in soil quality, such as increased AMF biomass, and yield for snap pea, onion, beet, and butternut squash compared to tilled treatments. Our findings suggest deep mulch no-till using alfalfa residue may be a viable option for small-scale organic vegetable producers in the NGP. Additional research is required to determine costs associated with sowing, harvesting, baling, and applying alfalfa mulch compared to tilling.

<p><a>In the United States and Canada, weed interference in corn (<i>Zea mays </i>L.) costs farmers nearly $4 billion per year. Weed control has been achieved primarily through herbicides and tillage. As no-till corn acres have increased, dependence on herbicides has also increased. Herbicide-resistant weed infestations have pressured many growers into other weed management practices, such as adding winter cover crops into crop rotations. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 through 2018 and 2018 through 2019 at three locations in Indiana to determine residual herbicide efficacy applied at cereal rye termination and after corn planting in cereal rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.) and winter-fallow no-till corn. Weed biomass and density suppression was dependent on weed species and was influenced by cereal rye biomass at termination. Weed biomass was suppressed by up to 84% by cereal rye alone. Weed biomass reduction by a residual herbicide premix was similar in both cereal rye and non-cover crop treatments in most site-years, however cereal rye and the residual herbicide premix together resulted in decreased giant ragweed (<i>Ambrosia trifida </i>L.) and summer annual grass biomass compared to the residual herbicide premix applied alone in one site year. Late-season grass weed density was reduced by residual herbicides, but was unaffected by cover crop treatment. Late-season common cocklebur density and biomass increased in cereal rye treatments compared to non-cover crop treatments. </a></p> <p>Other field experiments were conducted at the same locations in 2017 through 2018 and 2018 through 2019 to determine the effect of cover crop species, termination timing, and chemical cover crop termination strategies on weed control and corn yield. Crimson cover (<i>Trifolium incarnatum </i>L.), cereal rye, and a cereal rye/crimson clover mix were terminated two weeks before, at, and two weeks after corn planting. All plots were terminated using glyphosate and atrazine, however others were also terminated with dicamba and acetochlor. The addition of acetochlor generally reduced early-season weed biomass or density, but not in cereal rye and cover crop mix treatments that were terminated at or after corn planting. Late-season summer annual grass biomass was reduced when cover crop biomass at termination was over 8000 kg ha^-1. Late-season common cocklebur density in 2018 was 450% to 800% higher in cover crops containing cereal rye, compared to crimson clover treatments. Corn yield was reduced by 23% to 67% in cereal rye and cover crop mix treatments in two out of three site-years in 2018, however corn yield was not reduced by crimson clover in either year, nor by cereal rye or the cover crop mix in 2019.</p>

The ability of Cytisus scoparius L. and Spartium junceum L. to acclimate to different levels of light and water stress was studied to understand ecological constraints on distributions of these plants. A reaction norm experimental design was used to determine growth and physiological responses of each to imposed conditions. Light treatments were stressful for both species. Increases in shade led to decreases in relative growth rates (RGR); however, light was more of a limiting factor for S. junceum because of the greater decrease in its growth rate at lowest light intensities. As light decreased, stem allocation increased in S. junceum. More differences in allocation to leaves and roots among light treatments were found in C. scoparius. Correspondingly, the greatest changes in photosynthetic characters were found in S. junceum stems and C. scoparius leaves. Differences in physiological traits did not prove to be acclimation to low light levels because quantum yield decreased when light decreased. Neither species exhibited rapid growth rates, normal allocation patterns, or proper adjustments of photosynthetic characters under light conditions below 50% full intensity. Water treatments did not cause any critical changes in growth or physiology of either species. Neither species' RGR was greatly decreased. Water availability is more of a determining factor of growth for C. scoparius because of its continued, small decline in RGR as watering frequency decreased. Spartium junceum appeared to be better adapted to the imposed water treatments with its smaller number of leaves, leaf surface area, percentage leaf weight, specific leaf area, and leaf area / stem area ratio. Spartium junceum also displayed larger root / shoot ratios in drier conditions. The magnitude of these shifts was typically greater in C. scoparius, but the RGR of this species decreased more than that of S. junceum under drier conditions. More stress was imposed on C. scoparius because its lowest water potential measurements were 40% lower than those of S. junceum and below the water potential value at turgor loss point during midday hours. When water potential decreased, Spartium junceum showed signs of acclimation because stem photosynthesis increased and leaf photosynthesis decreased while C. scoparius did not adjust its rates of photosynthesis. Water treatments did not impose enough stress to cause osmotic adjustments. Performance under these light and water treatments explained the habitat preference of each to areas where these species have become invaders along the Pacific Coast of the Unites States. / Master of Science

<p>  </p> <p>In Midwestern soybean [<em>Glycine max </em>(L.) Merr.] systems, especially in Indiana, three summer annual weed species are among the most common and troublesome for soybean producers: tall waterhemp (<em>Amaranthus tuberculatus</em>), giant ragweed (<em>Ambrosia trifida</em>), and horseweed (<em>Conyza canadensis</em>). Evolved resistance to current herbicides [e.g. glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) ihibitors], coupled with a dearth of new herbicide active ingredients being commercialized in the last two decades, has made controlling these problematic weeds particularly challenging. Trifludimoxazin is a novel protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide that is currently under development for use in soybean and is likely to be commercially applied either alone or in combination with the herbicide saflufenacil. Research herein was conducted to investigate foliar control of tall waterhemp (including genotypes that are resistant to applications of other PPO inhibitors), giant ragweed, and horseweed following applications of trifludimoxazin alone and in combination with other herbicides. Additionally, the efficacy of soil-residual applications of trifludimoxazin and trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil was evaluated for tall waterhemp and compared to other preemergence herbicides commonly used in soybean. Finally, soybean response to preplant applications of trifludimoxazin and trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil at various preplant timings was investigated along with impact of adding the WSSA Group 15 herbicides acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, and <em>S</em>-metolachlor to preemergence applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil.</p> <p>Applications of 12.5 g ha-1 trifludimoxazin were highly efficacious in foliar applications on tall waterhemp (94% control) at 28 days after application (DAA), less effective when applied to giant ragweed (78% control, 21 DAA), and ineffective on horseweed (9% control, 28 DAA). When applied in combination with glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or saflufenacil, foliar control for these species was 91% to 100%, except for trifludimoxazin plus glyphosate applied to a glyphosate-resistant population of horseweed (17%). Furthermore, foliar efficacy of trifludimoxazin applied to tall waterhemp or Palmer amaranth (<em>Amaranthus palmeri</em>) was not impacted by the presence of target-site mutations (ΔG210 or R128 in waterhemp, ΔG210 or V361A in Palmer amaranth) that confered resistance to saflufenacil and fomesafen.</p> <p>Near complete soil residual control [≥ 98% at 2 weeks after application (WAA)] of tall waterhemp was initially observed with 12.5 to 50 g ha-1 of trifludimoxazin but were less effective (39% to 69%) relative to commercial standards of pyroxasulfone (91%) or sulfentrazone (95%) by 6 WAA. Combining saflufenacil at 25 or 50 g ha-1 with soil-residual applications of trifludimoxazin improved efficacy on tall waterhemp at 6 WAA relative to trifludimoxazin alone. With the exception of 12.5 + 25 g ha-1 (74%), applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil, respectively, resulted in comparable residual tall waterhemp control (84% to 92%) as the commercial standards. </p> <p>Soybean injury following applications of trifludimoxazin was relatively low (< 10%), regardless of preplant application timing [0 to 28 days before planting (DBP)] or rate (6.25 to 25 g ha-1). However, the addition of saflufenacil increased soybean injury, especially when environmental conditions were more conducive to soybean response. For instance, at Pinney Purdue Agriculture Center (PPAC) in 2019 soybean injury 4 weeks after planting (WAP) was 28%, soybean population was reduced by 39%, and yield was reduced by 27% when trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil was applied at 25 + 50 g ha-1. The experimental conditions that corresponded to this elevated soybean injury were coarse-texture soil, low temperatures, and high precipitation at the time of soybean emergence. Lower rates of this herbicide combination resulted in less injury, and soybean response was minimized (≤ 8%) when applications were made at least 14 DBP. The addition of Group 15 herbicides to applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil at planting did not impact soybean response, except for at PPAC in 2019, where the addition of acetochlor (51%) or pyroxasulfone (46%) to 25 + 50 g ha-1 was greater than without these Group 15 herbicides at 4 WAP (22%). Field research indicated soybean response to combinations of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil differed by cultivar in some instances, and greenhouse experiments determined the response was attributable to differential soybean cultivar sensitivity to the saflufenacil component of the mixture.  </p>

Sacramento County has many types of Agriculture and many weed pests which compete with the crops. Stock may be poisoned by certain weeds and weeds may also act as hosts for fungus diseases, virus diseases and insect pests of cultivated crops. Many plants may be weeds in one locality and harmless or beneficial in other parts. The author has made a thorough study of the country's agriculture and its weeds. Latest control practices were also studied.

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